Law Of Contradiction Research Articles

Analysis of Technological Innovation and its Utilization in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic, in the Light of Zedong’s Law of Contradiction in Things

Despite the devastation caused by the novel COVID-19 pandemic, its outbreak ushered in an era of fortunes in the sectors of global technology, education, health and economy. This paper analyzes the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic to technological innovation and utilization in the context of Zedong’s law of contradiction in things. The law postulates that everything and even phenomenon contains a contradiction, and the struggle between the mutually contradictory aspects in things determine their existence and development. The paper argues that the outbreak of the pandemic triggered the reminiscence and actualization of human’s innate technological and innovational potential that had hitherto been untapped. Had it not been for the outbreak of the pandemic, perhaps such innovations would not have been actualized in this era. In the event of such a phenomenon, it’s devastating effects activate the human’s rational faculty to figure out measures on how to mitigate it and in the event, such endeavour sets into motion a series of activities that culminate in research and emergence of technological innovation. It is recommended that an understanding of the correlation between catastrophic phenomena and emergence of technological innovation would form frontiers of research in education, science and technology

Когнитивная интерпретация феномена «фейк» как жанра медиадискурса

The article is dedicated to the description of the cognitive mechanism of fake messages implementation in the media discourse. The controversial nature of this phenomenon is due to a number of linguistic and extralinguistic features, which determines a comprehensive cognitive-discursive analysis of the fake phenomenon in order to identify the sources of its destructiveness, the mechanisms that ensure the successful manifestation of the fake. The crucial violations of the basic laws of formal logic which function as a source of fake conflictogenity are examined in the paper, their productivity is revealed in this aspect, and several recommendations for verifying fake information are provided. The analyzed material is taken from the Internet pages of print and online media of various levels and formats, blogs functioning in the course of the media discourse. It is established that fake is a complex multi-stage cognitive-communicative action. The deliberate unreliability of a fake message determines the mandatory application of various kinds of violations of the norms of communication, first of all – the laws of formal logic. Violations of the laws of identity and sufficient reason are most often used, less often – the law of contradiction; the law of the excluded third, due to its specificity, is not used at all. Violation of the latter law inevitably leads to disavowal of falsification. Structural violations taking place in the cognitive model of a fake message contribute to the successful masking of fake information, as well as blocking the recipient’s critical thinking and, as a result, the intensification of speech effects on the addressee. In addition, the communicative perspective of a fake is associated with causing damage to the addressee. All these aspects make it possible to qualify fake as a destructive type of communicative actions involving the spreading of obviously unreliable socially significant information and aimed at the realization of speech influence on the addressee.

The Way of Truth and Principles of Logic in Parmenides

Antik Yunan düşüncesinin mitolojiden ayrılıp sistematik bir düşünceye evrilmesini izleyen süreçte Elea Okulu’nun kurucusu Parmenides, zamanının ve belki de genel olarak sağduyunun tam karşıtı tezlerle düşüncelerini biçimlendirmiştir. Onun ünlü şiiri Doğa Üzerine (Peri physeōs/Περὶ Φύσεως), içerdiği mantıksal ilke, çıkarım, çözümlemeler ışığında, yapı ve imkânı bağlamında bilgi; zaman, mekân, hareket gibi nitelikler çerçevesinde de varlık felsefelerini derinden etkilemiştir. Söz konusu dönemde Parmenides’in ve takipçilerinin mantıksal iç tutarlılığı, savlarındaki rasyonel düzey, Antik Yunan felsefesini biçimlendirmiştir. Onun özellikle doğa felsefesinde ve metafizikte oynadığı rol yadsınamaz. Bununla birlikte aktarılan tek eseri olan şiiri hakkında, ortaya konulan tezler ve bunların yorumları bağlamında belirsizlikler günümüze kadar giderilememiştir. Bu gizemin boyutları, salt klasik düşünce ile ilgili de değildir. Fizik yaklaşımlarına bağlı varlık felsefeleri, bunlara dair kuramsal ve kurumsal inançlar, çeşitli kozmogoni ve dil anlayışları, bir şekilde Parmenides’le ilişkilendirilebilir. Aristoteles’in kurguladığı ve bu nedenle haklı bir şöhreti elde ettiği mantık felsefesinin temellerini oluşturan ve metafizik kökenleri de bulunan bazı içeriklerin erken biçimlerini de Parmenides’te bulmak mümkündür. Dedüktif (deductive/tümdengelimsel) yaklaşımın yanında özellikle özdeşlik, çelişmezlik, üçüncü hâlin imkânsızlığı ve yeter sebep ilkeleri, dile getirilenler arasında en önemli kavramlardır. Doğrudan formüle edilmeyen söz konusu ilkeler, Parmenides’in bilgi, varlık ve ilintili kavramlar hakkında ortaya koyduğu savlar bağlamında kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda, Parmenides’in kaleme aldığı şiirin önemli noktalarına değinerek, dile getirdiğimiz ilkelerin kavramsal boyutta kullanım biçimini, mantıksal yapılarını incelemeye, söz konusu sürecin izlerini takip etmeye ve etkilerini irdelemeye çalışacağız. Bu gayretin temel nedeni; Parmenides’in ortaya koyduğu içeriğin, günümüzde de tartışılmaya devam edilmesi, yukarıda dile getirdiğimiz pek çok alanda etkisini sürdürmesi, felsefenin gelişiminde önemli bir köşe taşı olmasıdır.

On Parmenides and the Law of Contradiction

On Parmenides and the Law of Contradiction

Eight Laws of Logic for the Forensic Construction Expert

Forensic experts’ primary and additional professional education does not include such a subject as logic. At the same time, knowledge of logic is crucial at all stages of the examination process. Filling this gap, the authors of this article reveal the content of the fundamental laws of logic and demonstrate their role in the cognitive activity of knowledgeable persons who implement their specialized (primarily construction and technical) knowledge in court proceedings. This paper deals successively with such laws of logic as the law of identity, the law of contradiction, the law of the excluded middle, the law of sufficient reason, the law of double negation, Clavius’s law, the law of contraposition, and laws of division (the dichotomy of logic) concerning various investigative and forensic situations. The projection of these laws of logic on the intellectual operations performed by experts will allow, from the authors’ point of view, to give the process of forensic examinations greater clarity and consistency, which, ultimately, should ensure an increase in its efficiency and quality of results. Logically verified approaches to work will also reduce time and financial costs.

A Non-alethic Multi-agent Doxastic Logic as a Solution to Epistemic Conflicts

The non-alethic systems N1 of da Costa and A of Grana are both paraconsistent and paracomplete. Based on them, a multi-agent doxastic logic NADK can be obtained by logical expansion. The soundness and completeness of NADK are proved and its special theorems are also presented. In this logic, the belief version of the laws of contradiction and excluded middle, as well as the principle of explosion are all invalid. Therefore, it may provide a reliable logical basis for any theory which has paraconsistent or paracomplete epistemic conflicts, such as true contradictions, true contrarieties, and belief paradoxes. We also explain in detail how a non-alethic doxastic logic provides a reliable logical basis for tolerating these three types of epistemic conflicts. The present paper is the deepening and development of system N1 and A.

Explanatory Basis of Metaphysics and the Prospect for a Complete Description of Everything that Exists

The article deals with the problem concerning the principles of the metaphysics explanatory basis, which provide the achievement of the goals in this most general, most abstract, and, at the same time, the most debatable field of knowledge. Different kinds of explanatory basis in metaphysics are analyzed – cosmic mereological monism, structural cosmic monism, cosmic modal monism, natural substance monism, transcendent substance monism, existential monism, abstract monism as well as the similar kinds of metaphysical pluralism including atomism and space-time pluralism . The implausibility of pluralism and its inefficiency for solving the problems of metaphysics is argued, while for metaphysical monism the need for its clarification as a grounding force is stated. The conception of super-monism is proposed. It is based on the logic of fundamental reality which differs from generally accepted formal logic in that it lacks logical laws, primarily the law of contradiction. The fundamental reality is defined as pure being which is identical with a difference, identity, existence, and the existing. By the identification of the various, this reality is defined as one. By identity with distinction, this reality is defined as the ground of all world diversity. Being which is expressed in terms of difference and identity is reflected in the metaphysical formula, which is proposed as the only tool for describing everything that exists at the extremely abstract level.

THE PARADIGM OF MATN HADITH CRITICISM AND ITS TRANSFORMATION IN THE MODERN ERA

<p><em>Hadith</em><em>s</em><em> or Prophetic traditions as primary sources after Quran in Islamic teachings are important to examine and criticize in terms of authenticity and contents. This research </em><em>aims at</em><em> discover</em><em>ing</em><em> the paradigm of matn hadith criticism used by hadith scholars by looking at the</em><em>ir</em><em> methodology. It is also an attempt to answer some Orientalist opinions about classical hadith scholars who only </em><em>focus</em><em> on the criticism of sanad and ignore the </em><em>matn </em><em>criticism. Through the inductive method</em><em>,</em><em> it can be said that the paradigm believed by hadith scholars in </em><em>matn </em><em>critique is the law of contradiction where it is impossible for two authentic hadith</em><em>s</em><em> to </em><em>oppose</em><em> each other as well as it is impossible for </em><em>sahih and daif </em><em>hadiths to be </em><em>different</em><em> </em><em>(</em><em>ikhtil</em><em>â</em><em>f</em><em>)</em><em>. Then this research also tries to discover the form of transformation of the matn hadith criticism in the modern era and that Islamic values </em><em>are still very relevant in all places a</em><em>nd times. This research</em><em> also</em><em> shows that there are two forms of transformation</em><em>, n</em><em>amely internal and external transformation, both of which are driven and influenced by the development and progress of the modern era.</em><em></em></p>

Metaphysical Discourse and the Logics of the Absolute

The article deals with the problem concerning the language of metaphysics. Metaphysics is understood as knowledge about the world as a whole. It is argued that such a perspective needs specific language tools for the description of metaphysical reality. The principal characteristic of the terms of the language aimed at describing the world metaphysically is their ultimate abstractness. It is stated that this abstractness not just corresponds but coincides with the ultimate simplicity of metaphysical reality, that is to say, the reality of the world as a whole. The analysis of the ultimate reality or the absolute leads to the conclusion that both such reality and its depiction is ruled by a special logic different from what is conventionally considered to be logical. Elements of this logic are the ultimate abstractions. As it turned out, logical laws do not apply to extremely abstract objects, first of all, the law of contradiction. In the logic of the absolute, mutually exclusive statements point both to the same and not the same reality. The analysis shows that this is not the dialectical logic of contradiction and denial, it is the logic of the consistent unity and coexistence of identity and difference. The use of identities and differences in their ultimate sense allows us to determine the basic concepts of a metaphysical description – being, existence, the existing, difference, identity. Basic concepts serve as a necessary and sufficient basis for a complete metaphysical description of the entire existing, that is, the world as a whole. Going beyond the basic concepts, we, however, move from the logic of ultimate reality to the usual logic of empirical (physical and mental) reality.

Problems of defining legal concepts in laws and other normative legal acts

Each legal concept has not only content (content), but also a form. The form requires compliance with the rules for the definition and construction of concepts. Improving legal terminology is impossible without deep development and observance of the rules of analysis and the precise construction of the conceptual apparatus. Gaps in legislation and regulations are derived from inaccuracy, lack of clarity and simplicity of conceptual constructions. The inconsistency of certain legal norms found in various laws and regulatory legal acts, the inconsistency of norms with the prevailing realities of legal life in the state and society impede the fulfillment by state authorities, including law enforcement, of their functional responsibilities. Mistakes made in the preparation of draft laws and regulations, methodological recommendations mainly boil down to the violation of the requirements of the unified laws of logic: the law of identity, the law of contradiction, the law of the excluded third and the law of sufficient reason. The use of inappropriate terminology causes complications in the application of legal norms. The Constitution of Ukraine assigns to the prosecutor the function of representing the interests of a citizen or state in court in cases specified by law. The term representation is not exactly chosen. The word "representation" means: the performance of the duties of a representative; an institution representing the interests of someone; elections, as well as the law, the procedure for the election of representatives to any bodies; representation is a legal relationship in which one party (representative) is obligated or entitled to make a transaction on behalf of the other party that it represents; representation means activity on behalf of someone, on behalf of a person. By its legal nature, a representative can only be authorized for transactions that the person he represents is entitled to carry out. The representation of the prosecutor's office in court is specific, since this body does not need instructions, contracts or other documents. The prosecutor or his deputy should act not on behalf of someone, but on behalf of the state in favor of the person and citizen, state or society, within the limits established by law. In the legislation there is a conflict (conflict) in the law regarding the term «representation». To eliminate such a conflict, it is necessary to amend the Law of Ukraine «On the Prosecutor's Office». Key words: definition of concepts, laws and regulations, accuracy, clarity, brevity of terms.

Analysing the Concept of “Paradox” in the Liar Paradox Arguments

Abstract: This paper examines the concept of “paradox” in the Liar paradox. The paradox in the “Liar Paradox” arguments is created with the support of law of contradiction. Four arguments consist of different versions of the Liar paradox are analysed. The author explains the issues related to communication, beliefs and the principle of identity in the various arguments of the Liar paradox leading to inconsistencies. There are ambiguities in these arguments and if the ambiguities are removed, then there is no contradiction which constitutes the paradox. Thus, the “paradox” in the “Liar Paradox” arguments is questionable.

Exploring the Axiom of Excluded Middle and Axiom of Ontradiction in Fuzzy Sets

Fuzzy sets are considered as a fine extension of classical sets (crisp) in which the elements possess diverse degrees of membership functions. Zadeh is the initiator of fuzzy sets that predominantly deal with imprecision and vagueness. In this paper, the Law of Excluded middle and the Law of Contradiction were discussed in an exemplary mode. In addition to that the definitions of fuzzy sets, crisp sets and the various operations on them were presented in a consecutive manner.

Aristotle’s law of contradiction and Einstein’s special theory of relativity

Objective: The aim of this study is to re-evaluate the relationship between Aristotle’s law of contradiction and Einstein’s special theory of relativity.
 Methods: In order to clarify the relationship between Aristotle’s law of contradiction and Einstein’s special theory of relativity, several different approaches were chosen and appropriate theorems were developed.
 Results: It was possible to provide the proof that Aristotle’s law of contradiction is observer dependent too but does not contradict Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Furthermore, a derivation of Aristotle’s law of contradiction from the identity law (principium identitatis) was provided.
 Conclusions: Aristotle’s law of contradiction and Einstein’s special theory of relativity are compatible with each other.
 Keywords: principium identitatis, principium contradictionis, causality, Einstein’s special theory of relativity

모순율과 회의주의 : 라이프니츠, 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스, 헤겔을 중심으로

라이프니츠는 회의주의를 물리칠 수 있다고 확신하였다. 그가 제시한 해결책은 회의주의를 논박하는 데 있어 대표적이고 매우 전형적인 것으로 간주될 수 있다. 그는 모순율이야말로 가장 확실한 이성의 진리이기 때문에, 어떤 회의주의자라도 이것을 받아들일 수밖에 없다고 여겼다. 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스의 저작을 살펴보면, 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스조차 모순적인 주장을 받아들이는 것을 불가능한 일을 시도하는 것으로 보고 있음을 알 수 있다.BR 그러나 라이프니츠는 정말 승리를 거둔 것일까? 내 생각에는 그렇지 않다. 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스에게 진짜 자기 입장이란 존재하지 않는다. 그는 모든 것에 대해 긍정하지도 않고 부정하지도 않는다. 다만 독단적 주장에 대해 독단적 주장을 맞서 세움으로써 모든 독단주의를 쓸어버리려고 할 뿐이다. 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스는 라이프니츠를 물리치기 위해 분명 헤겔을 끌어들일 것이다. 모순율에 대해 모순을 대립시킴으로써 양자를 효과적으로 패퇴시키려는 회의적 전략을 그는 구사하고자 하는 것이다.BR 그렇다면 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스의 기획은 성공할 것인가? 내가 보기에, 그는 모순을 인정하지 않고 모순율만을 고집했던 라이프니츠 철학을 물리치는 데는 어려움이 없겠지만, 헤겔의 사변 철학 앞에서는 좌절할 것이다. 왜냐하면 사변 철학에서는 타자에 맞서는 타자란 존재하지 않기 때문이다. 모순율과 모순은 이제 더 이상 양립 불가능한 타자로서 맞서지 않는다. 사변 철학에서 모순율은 모순 안에 지양된 타자이고, 모순의 자기 관계 안으로 편입된 타자인 것이다.BR 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스는 라이프니츠 철학과 헤겔 철학을 포함하여 모든 철학을 무화(無化)하려 하였다. 그러나 헤겔 철학에서 무화되는 철학이란 없다. 라이프니츠 철학도 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스의 회의주의도 모두 지양된 타자로서 총체적 철학 안에 포섭되며, 이것이 바로 헤겔이 회의주의를 극복한다고 할 때 그가 의미하고자 한 것이다.BR 모순율과 회의주의와 관련해서 이 세 철학자가 전개한 논의는 단순히 이들에게만 중요한 것이 아니라, 이 주제를 다루려는 한 하나의 전범으로서의 위상을 지닌다고 나는 생각한다.

Una scienza lemma della mente: il potenziale del Sutra Kegon (Sutra della ghirlanda di fiori)

The paper argues for a new perspective on the relationship between Buddhism and European psychology, or sciences of the mind, based in the Kegon Sutra, a text that emerged in the early stages of Mahayana Buddhism (3rd - 5th century CE). The basis of European science is logos intellection, formalized by Aristotle as following three laws: the law of identity, the law of contradiction and the law of the excluded middle. Logic in the Buddhist tradition, by contrast, is based in lemma (meaning to understand as a whole not with language, but with intuition). Lemma-based science born in the Buddhist tradition shows that rational perception is possible even without the three laws of logos. The Kegon Sutra, which explains what Buddha preached only a week after he attained enlightenment, is unified under the logic of lemma and can be seen as an effort to create a ‘lemma science of the mind’. The fundamental teaching of the Kegon Sutra is explored, and its principles are compared with primary process thinking and the unconscious as outlined by Freud and Jung. Jung’s research of Eastern texts led him to create a science of the mind that went further than Freud: his concept of synchronicity is given by way of example and can be seen anew within the idea of a lemma-based science.

A lemma science of mind: the potential of the Kegon (Flower Ornament) Sutra.

The paper argues for a new perspective on the relationship between Buddhism and European psychology, or sciences of the mind, based in the Kegon Sutra, a text that emerged in the early stages of Mahayana Buddhism (3rd - 5th century CE). The basis of European science is logos intellection, formalized by Aristotle as following three laws: the law of identity, the law of contradiction and the law of the excluded middle. Logic in the Buddhist tradition, by contrast, is based in lemma (meaning to understand as a whole not with language, but with intuition). Lemma-based science born in the Buddhist tradition shows that rational perception is possible even without the three laws of logos. The Kegon Sutra, which explains what Buddha preached only a week after he attained enlightenment, is unified under the logic of lemma and can be seen as an effort to create a 'lemma science of the mind'. The fundamental teaching of the Kegon Sutra is explored, and its principles are compared with primary process thinking and the unconscious as outlined by Freud and Jung. Jung's research of Eastern texts led him to create a science of the mind that went further than Freud: his concept of synchronicity is given by way of example and can be seen anew within the idea of a lemma-based science.

The Ludic Logic of Tragedy

Logical argumentation and reasoning have been embedded in tragedies, beginning already two generations before Aristotle formulated the principles of logic. Therefore, these logical principles can also be extracted from tragedies, here exemplified by examining Sophocles' Antigone and Oedipus Tyrannus. Looking more closely at the 'use' of logic in these plays—in particular the use of deductive syllogism and the law of contradiction—the article draws attention to the fact that logical reasoning often collapses and is even subverted, in particular in contexts where someone attempts to define what it means to be human. While rationality and logic are seen as the defining characteristic of being human in philosophical contexts, the theatrical uses of logic contradicts and even subverts this logic, by logical means. Arguing with rational means that there is something contradictory (and irrational) in human nature creates a paradoxical situation on which what I term the ‘ludic logic of tragedy’ is based.

Modern Philosophy, the Subject, and the God of the Bible

In my paper, I undertake to show that the God of the Bible is the subject of modern philosophy, i.e., that philosophy is biblical and that the Bible is philosophical. Central to the argument of my paper is an analysis of the fundamental difference between the philosophy of Aristotle (consistent with Socrates and Plato), as based on the law of contradiction and thus on the contradictory opposition between necessity and existence, and the philosophy of, in particular, Spinoza and Kant, as based on the transcendental logic of the necessary relationship of thought and existence. Thus, I argue that the ontological argument (proving the existence of God) demonstrates the necessary existence of the thinking subject and of the subject thought, at once human and divine. In short, metaphysics is practical reason, the practice of doing unto others what you want others to do unto you, and reason is metaphysical practice, the practice of proving that there is one thing that you, a subject, cannot think without it necessarily existing, and that is the other subject (the neighbor/God).

If A, then B: how the world discovered logic

PrefaceIntroduction: What Is Logic?1. The Dawn of Logic2. Aristotle: Greatest of the Greek Logicians3. Aristotle's System: The Logic of Classification4. Chrysippus and the Stoics: A World of Interlocking Structures5. Logic Versus Antilogic: The Laws of Contradiction and Excluded Middle6. Logical Fanatics7. Will the Future Resemble the Past? Inductive Logic and Scientific Method8. Rhetorical Frauds and Sophistical Ploys: Ten Classic Tricks9. Symbolic Logic and the Digital Future10. Faith and the Limits of Logic: The Last Unanswered QuestionAppendix: Further FallaciesNotesBibliographyIndex

Ghérasim Luca, Mental Capture, and the Omega Point

In the Second Manifesto of Surrealism (1929), Breton reoriented the movement's focus toward the “supreme” or omega point where opposites including life and death, destruction and construction would no longer be “perceived” as contradictory. This creates a dialogue with later Surrealist poet Ghérasim Luca. Even at his most satirical, Luca pursues his distinct version of the omega point. To surpass its threshold, he uses paronomasia and other sound- and sense-shifting techniques (disarranging and recombining sounds, words, ideas) in order to attack logic's law of contradiction, Cartesian metaphysics, and the Oedipus complex, all at the heart of modern oppressions. Luca attaches his poetics to precursors like Desnos and Leiris who manipulated language with similar liberating impulse.