Biological Laws Research Articles

In memory of the glorious son of Kazan University, Dr. V. N. Zolotnitsky

(Based on the materials from the archive of the Department of Social Hygiene of Kazan University) ..
 Another old doctor-populist and social activist, the glorious son of Kazan University, V Ladimir Nikolaevich Zolotnitsky, has passed away; left at a ripe old age - 77 years old, but continued to work almost until his last days. His work until his last days was to take an active interest in the life of the present and the past. In particular, he was keenly interested in the anniversary of our university. One of the first responded to my letter "To old doctors - citizens of Kazan" on the occasion of the anniversary with a request to send materials to the history of the university, VN was one of the first to respond. During January and February of this year, he corresponded with me; he delivered valuable materials about his life to our department , memories of the past, sent all his published works. He put me in touch with Prof. A?. V. Portugalov, the son of a scholar, writer - publicist, until the anniversary and will be a guest of honor at this university festival as the oldest student of the university. But the laws of biology decided otherwise: V.N.Zolotnitsky celebrated his 50th anniversary of medical and social activity, celebrated the 75th anniversary of his life, celebrated the formal historical date of the 125th anniversary of his university, but did not live 21/2 months before the solemn anniversary.

Investigating the effectiveness of fantasy stories for teaching scientific principles

Educational media often contain fantastical information. Although some prior research suggests that this information interferes with children’s learning, other work shows that fantasy benefits learning under certain circumstances. To investigate this issue and to clarify how different types of fantastical events might affect children’s learning, we presented preschoolers (N = 99 in Study 1; N = 101 in Study 2) with stories that contained events that violated real-world physical laws, violated real-world biological laws, or did not violate any real-world laws. Within each story, we embedded two pieces of educational information, one each from the domains of biology and physics, to test (a) whether there are benefits of fantastical information on learning and (b) whether such benefits are domain specific. Across both studies, we found that children generally learned both types of information best from the story with physical violations, suggesting that such events can bolster children’s learning.

IRONY IN THE X-MEN FILM SERIES AS A PROBLEM OF EVOLUTIONARY ETHICS

Dawkins / Wilson’s debate about should the stronger win (according to the laws of evolutionary biology) and whether evolutionary ethics can be built on these principles has been reflected in many stories, memes, and contemporary cinema. The most famous is the film adaptation of this controversy in the franchise of X-Men, which has recently become very different from the original comics of the 60s. The restart of the franchise made the problems of evolutionary ethics brighter and added a great deal of irony. The main problem of modern bioethics is reasons and mechanism of selection. Should only the stronger survive? Natural selection based on a more complex principle than «the strongest survives». Recent biology studies have shown that for the survival of the species as a whole, even bacterial colonies (Pseudomonas fluorescens) can sacrifice the strongest for the weakest, show altruism and self-sacrifice. The theory of collective survival has caused much controversy among biologists, who have denied such a «non-classical» understanding of evolution. In particular, Dawkins argued that evolution was «the greatest show on earth», which removed uninteresting things. This approach raises the question: is humanity an interesting thing? Trying to reduce ethics to biology and the idea of «survival of the fittest» can catch up with us at any point in our lives. The feeling of one’s «elitism» and the desire to be the «best branch of evolution» that must subdue others is, paradoxically, a sign of the «mass man» (the same «mass uprising» that Ortega y Gasset spoke of when people considered themselves better than others). To go beyond standardized thinking, there is a very simple exercise – periodically doing something for other people. Protect the weak, as suggested by Charles Xavier (X-man). The mass man is definitely not capable of such an act.

Urban Scaling as Validation for Predictions of Imperviousness From Population

AbstractStrategies for creating quantitative projections for human systems, especially impervious surfaces, are necessary to consider the human drivers of climate and ecosystem change. There are models that generate predictions of how impervious surfaces may change in response to different potential futures, but few tools exist for validating those predictions. We seek to fill that gap. We demonstrate a statistically robust sublinear scaling relationship between population and urban imperviousness across a 15 year history. We show that Integrated Climate and Land‐Use Scenarios (ICLUS) urbanization projections are also consistent with theory. These results demonstrate a theory that can be used to validate other models' predictions of urban growth and land cover change, analogous to the ways in which allometric scaling laws in biology have been used to validate process‐based models of ecosystem composition under different climate scenarios.

A Novel Explanation for the Constitution of the Universe—Solar System—Planets—Earth. Part II

A principally new view on the constitution of the Universe, the Solar System, and the Earth on the basis of a correct scientific reading and understanding of the Holy Scripture is proposed alongside with the interpretation of the God’s message in the form of the Bible, which is started from the book of Genesis describing the creation of the world and the life of the first peoples and terminated by the prophetic book of Revelation, which tells about the last times and the Second Coming of Christ. Previously, it has been shown by the authors that the first day of creation is the day when the primary foundations of everything, i.e., the cores of the Sun (stars) and planets, which are composed of protons and neutrons in different ratios, were created and the thermonuclear processes were started; the second day is the formation of the Earth’s mantle and primary crust, the hydrosphere, and the Earth’s atmosphere; and the most important day is the third, when the Earth’s crust, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere were formed as the future cradle of humanity. This paper considers 4—6 days of world creation according to the Bible: the fourth day as the epoch of the Cambrian burst of biological diversity emerging on the Earth due to the flaring Sun and the appearance of the second luminary—the Moon; the fifth day is the epoch when transparency of the atmosphere and its nitrogen–oxygen composition caused an evolution burst in the development of terrestrial life, i.e., the appearance of fishes, animals, and birds. Before this moment, the life “evolved” at the level of viruses, bacteria, and protozoal algae. In this paper, the main focus is laid on the appearance of viruses as the most mysterious Earth’s creatures, which may also be born in the space, have unique properties, and represent the most numerous biological forms able to injure all the types of archaeon organisms up to the human. It has been shown that water is the cradle of life, and its evolution and the development of cell life occurs in it only as a deuterium concentration of 150 ± 50 mg/dm3. At different concentrations, water becomes an unsuitable medium for any biological life. As a result of the sixth day, the creation of the Earth was terminated and the foundations and the evolution processes launched by God were laid for the further development of the vegetal and animal world in compliance with biological laws. The events reflected in the Bible are real, the predictions are true, and we merely need to draw the correct conclusions about our past, present, and future.

Biomechanical modelling as a method of studying athlete’s motor actions

Topicality. One of the common methods of biological objects study is modelling. Using basic laws of physics, mechanics, mathematics, biology, physiology and other sciences, this method allows explaining the functional structure of the studied process, identifying its significant connection with external objects, internal organization, and evaluating quantitative characteristics. The model is referred as to such a mentally represented or materially realized system, which, reflecting or reproducing the object of study, is able to replace it so that its study gives new information about this object. The search for an analogue for the original is possible on the basis of the following types of models as deterministic models, i.e. models based on systems of algebraic, regression and differential equations, equations in partial derivatives; statistical models that predict the probability of various events. The task of the research is to conduct a comparative biomechanical analysis of a side kick performing technique at close reach by athletes of different qualification who specialize in hand-to-hand combat and on this basis to determine the model characteristics of sport technique. Research methods. To achieve the set tasks, we have applied such research methods as analysis of scientific and methodological literature as well as documentary materials, methods of registration and analysis of athlete's movements (system of video recording and analysis of athlete's movements, 3D recording of human movements "Qualisys Motion Capture"). The results obtained during the study have been processed with the help of mathematical statistics methods. Results of the research. It should be noted that the surveyed skilled athletes who specialize in hand-to-hand combat do not apply a preparatory phase of acceleration, as it is characteristic for highly skilled athletes. After the initial position, qualified athletes perform a forward movement in the course of a future blow. For highly skilled athletes a counter-movement is typical – first backwards (that increases the path and creates the conditions for clearer twisting), afterwards there are a few moments of movement forward with active pelvis movement thus overtaking the shoulder axis by the pelvic axis. Conclusions. Highly skilled athletes have a fairly high consistency of the inclusion of individual bio-links when performing a side hook with the help of the hand at close reach. At the same time, a slight advance of the elbow joint maximum speed at the time of strike indicates the need for further work on the technique of masters of sports. Significant reserves in this regard are available to qualified athletes, namely there is usually no preliminary phase associated with the pelvis and shoulder joint movements of the athlete who beats back after taking the initial position (in strike actions this phase is called swing or propulsion); there is an inconsistent inclusion of individual bio-links in the work, as evidenced by the dynamics of changes in the resulting rate of individual bio-links.

Genetic psychology: problems and perspective (basics of concept)

Modern practical psychology is rather a many-colored and, at the same time, a sad picture. A great number of empirical data (which very often tell about something they do not know), handmade, everyday in their essence theoretical schemes, which usually describe only one thing – peculiarities for mental process of their authors and somewhere quite apart – the fundamental philosophic methodological provisions about being and awareness, activity, essence and phenomenon, etc.
 The important motive of our higher attention to methodological bases for genesis of psychics is the desire to get moving a number of problems in psychological practice. The absence of efficient theoretical basis causes, for example, to the situation when such necessary and important work in the sphere of child developmental psychology is just absent or is based only on everyday notions of general psychologist.
 Our data also tell that the integrity in ontogenesis of psychics should be considered in another plane – as integrity of human life journey since birth until death. Hereby we should not abstract from anatomic morphological structures (dispositions), about which our psychology shyly kept silence for many years. So, the specificity of ontogenetic human development is that it is subject to effect of biological laws (as development of animals) and effect of social historical laws.
 Thus, the object of genetic psychology is personality, spiritual physical individual, born by its own subject-based practical activity, which later is transformed into its own activity in some aspects.

AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH OF MASS, LENGTH AND WIDTH OF CALVARIA IN ONTOGENESIS OF ROMANOV BREED SHEEP

This article presents the results of scientific studies of morphometric indicators of calvary in the pre-and postnatal ontogenesis of Romanov breed sheep. Changes related to the sex of experimental animals were also studied. In order to detect general patterns of growth of calvari morphological parameters, the age stages of selecting material for research were determined: from a 2-month-old fetus to 12 months of postnatal life and from adult sheep 5-6 years old. We measured the mass, length and width of the studied material. The data obtained were subjected to statistical processing. The calvary maturity at each age in percentage, was determined. As a result of our studies, we were able to establish that the growth of linear indicators of calvary subjected to general biological laws of a decrease in its intensity with age, i.e. more rapidly, it proceeds in uterine development compared with postnatal. As for the changes in sex-related animals, it was found that growth of mass, length and width of calvary occurs in both sexes simultaneously and with almost the same intensity. In their growth, two decreases are observed: the first - before birth and the second - from 3 to 6 months. Throughout the entire periods of research, the calvary mass in females approaches its final value faster, and its length, on the contrary, in males. As for its width, in uterine development it grows somewhat faster than in females, and after birth in males. By one-year-old age of sheep, none of the calvari indicators in either males or females reaches its definitive state.

Effect of autumn feeding on dynamics of rectal congestion with excrement in carpathian breed honey bees

Basic biological laws that govern the life of the bee family, as well as considering it as a whole organism, are necessary instruments for implementing effective methods of beekeeping and increasing the productivity of the industry. The study of the exterior features of bees must be carried out from different points of view for the concept of the complex activity of the bee family and in order to recommend methods for improving the preparation of bees for winter. Study of the mass of working bees and their rectum began to be used as the main indicator that affects the nature of the preparation of bee individuals for wintering. From the point of view of both theory and practice, filling the rectum with excrement in the autumn period will be an important indicator of an effective wintering in terms of preserving and further developing bee colonies. Effect of two kinds of liquid top feeding acidified with apple cider vinegar on the rectum congestion with excrement in working bees in the autumn, and the safety of bee colonies after winter was discussed in the article. The results of the indicators of the mass of working bees and intestinal mass when feeding two types of top dressing in the form of sugar syrup and honey solution with the addition of apple cider vinegar for the purpose of acidification are presented. The dynamics of rectal congestion in this group of bees is less compared to the group of bees receiving food in the form of sugar syrup. After wintering, during the spring audit, it was found that the safety of bees fed the autumn top dressing in the form of a honey solution with the addition of apple cider vinegar was 95% compared to bee families that received sugar syrup, the safety was 80.5%, with the detection of liquid excrement on the walls of hives and honeycombs

Challenges to Breastfeeding among Women Attending the Infant Welfare Clinic in a Selected Primary Health Care Center In Lagos, Nigeria

The transport phenomena mean the variation in time and space of generalized forces when they generate flows for which conservation laws apply. After we describes: mass-, impulse-, energy- and electric-charge-transport and their mathematical characteristic equations. In the living organisms, flows are not generated only by the conjugated generalized forces, but also by the simultaneous action of other forces, so frequencies of the crossing-effects in the human organism. The biophysical modeling offer a „language” of quantitative and qua¬litative process¬sing of expe¬rimental data, being compatible and adequate to the laws of biology.

The Biophysical Modeling of Crossing-Effects in Living Organisms

The transport phenomena mean the variation in time and space of generalized forces when they generate flows for which conservation laws apply. After we describes: mass-, impulse-, energy- and electric-charge-transport and their mathematical characteristic equations. In the living organisms, flows are not generated only by the conjugated generalized forces, but also by the simultaneous action of other forces, so frequencies of the crossing-effects in the human organism. The biophysical modeling offer a „language” of quantitative and qua¬litative process¬sing of expe¬rimental data, being compatible and adequate to the laws of biology.

The Biophysical Modeling of the Transport Phenomena in the Living Systems

This article describes the principles of biological transport. The transport phenomena mean the variation in time and space of generalized forces when they generate flows for which conservation laws apply. After we describes: mass-, impulse-, energy- and electric-charge-transport and their mathematical characteristic equations. It emphasizes the physical aspects of transport and examines the assumptions and concepts underlying the equations most widely used to characterize transport. In the living organisms, flows are not generated only by the conjugated generalized forces, but also by the simultaneous action of other forces, so appears the cross-effects. The biophysical modeling offer a „language” of quantitative and qua­litative process­sing of experimental data, being compatible and adequate to the laws of biology.
 

Turning Back to Nature: Perspectives of Biosemiotics in a Post-Pandemic Humanity

The paper represents a view on a plausible way of development of scientific methods and methodologies of the humanitarian studies in the post-pandemic society. Starting with the analysis of the current state of “lockdown” and “isolation” in the atmosphere of fear and insecurity, the idea of better understanding the reasons of such a situation is connected with the possibilities of interdisciplinary approach, called “biosemiotics”. In the context of paradigmatic change in the humanities, caused by the interpretative turn of deconstruction of the XX century, today’s situation with COVID-19 is also regarded to be a turning point in the history of post-modern humanity. As it often happens in the periods of change and transformation, the humanity searches for the answers to the questions of ontological character: What do we know about the world today? How our knowing of the world can help us in solving current problems and preventing further disasters? Is human knowledge sufficient to treat global problems? Biosemiotics, as a interdisciplinary scientific project, based on the assumption that life and culture are fundamentally grounded in the semiosis and are subject to biological laws of nature (Hoffmeyer, 2010) can unite a century long divide in scientific tradition of separation Nature and Culture, Body and Mind.

Periodization models used in the current sport

Traditional periodization has some characteristics that are the individualization of the training load, training load response based on biological laws and most of these models have the objective of the athlete archive the peak. The contemporary periodization has the following characteristics: individualized training load with monitoring of the physiological adaptation, training of the specific motor capacities of the modality, use of the evolution time and of the residual training effect for the coach prescribes the session, much attention with technical and tactical training and attention in the training with the injury level. Which periodization (traditional and contemporary) models are indicated to be used in contemporary sports? The objective of the review was to determining the types of periodization (traditional and contemporary) for each sport (individual, team, and combat). Traditional periodization has four types of periodization for the coach prescribes the training. The periodization models are the traditional periodization of Matveev, the pendular periodization of Arosiev and Kalinin, the high load system of Vorobiev and the periodization of the structural scheme of high-intensity loads of Tschiene. Contemporary periodization are for the individual sport (block periodization, individualized periodization and ATR periodization), a model for the individualized and collective sports (periodization of the structural bells), five periodization for the collective sports games (periodization of long-form state, microstructure periodization, tactical periodization, non-linear periodization and selective load periodization) and a model for the volleyball (specific periodization for the volleyball). In conclusion, the coach that knows the periodization has more probability of success during a championship.

Hydrodynamic justification of the movement of microorganisms in deep regions of the periodontal

Relevance. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that the efforts of doctors seeking to minimize damage that occur against the background of infectious load and deformation of periodontal tissues do not lead to a decrease in the prevalence and intensity of periodontitis. At present, it is not known how the kinetics of microorganisms increases to the semen, allowing it to overcome the pressure of the gingival fluid that is filtered through periodontal fibers.Purpose. Since infection plays the main role in the occurrence and development of periodontitis, the aim of the work is to search for hydrodynamic mechanisms that complement the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis and explain the difficulties of its treatment.Materials and methods. The article discusses the existence of biota in film – static and plankton – dynamic forms. As a result of a review of literature data, it is proved that the transition of biota from one form to another is determined by a wide range of factors, the most relevant of which is the quality of the environment. Staying in a biota habitat optimal for life, it transforms into a planktonic form of existence, which allows it to colonize the deeper sections of the periodontium. Colonization of surfaces is possible by diffusion, i.e. leveling the concentration of microorganisms in available volumes of biological fluids. This aspect of the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases is called “hydrodynamic”. Separation of the hydrodynamic aspect allows us to consider the pressure gradient in the volume of the gingival sulcus as a factor determining the direction of filtration of biological fluids.Results. It was not possible to identify well known hydrodynamic mechanisms, that explain the possibility of microorganisms reaching the deep parts of the periodontium.Conclusion. The article presents arguments showing that biological laws linking the quality of the environment with the dynamics of increasing population numbers do not work in the area of the periodontal sulcus, or their action is blocked by laws of a different nature. Discussing the planktonic (dynamic) form of the existence of biota, based on the laws of hydrodynamics, taking into account the type of tooth movement, it becomes possible to substantiate the hydrodynamic mechanism of reaching the deep departments of periodontal biota, to clarify preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the incidence of periodontal diseases.

VG1 Cipher – A DNA Indexing Cipher

When it comes to providing security to information systems, encryption emerges as an indispensable tool, as it has been used intensively in past few decades for securing stationary data as well as data in motion. Earlier, the security of an encryption algorithm lied in the manipulation of characters among a word or group of words, which is called the classical age of cryptography. This age ended when indigenous mathematical equations came into play and modern ciphers like DES and RSA were designed to mark the modern cryptographic era. This period witnessed two world wars and rise of machines instead of manual calculation for data secrecy. But, the time kept moving on and new advances in the information security field surfaced like Elliptical Curve Cryptography and Quantum Cryptography which added new dimensions to the secret world of confidential communication over unsecure channels. The latest addition in this count is the DNA cryptography which has combined the laws of biology with computing to form unbreakable ciphers at least theoretically. This paper introduces a new DNA cipher which is bound to provide more robust ways to safeguard vital data.

Development, upbringing and socialization of personality

In order for a person to become an individual as a social being, the conditions and upbringing of the social environment are necessary. As a result of this, a person develops as a person and becomes an individual. The development of a child's personality is based on the philosophical teaching that man is a social being. At the same time, man is a living, biological being. Consequently, the laws of nature development are also important in its development. Also, when a person is assessed as a whole, his or her development is influenced by biological and social laws that cannot be separated from each other.

A new biological definition of life.

Here we have proposed a new biological definition of life based on the function and reproduction of existing genes and creation of new ones, which is applicable to both unicellular and multicellular organisms. First, we coined a new term "genetic information metabolism" comprising functioning, reproduction, and creation of genes and their distribution among living and non-living carriers of genetic information. Encompassing this concept, life is defined as organized matter that provides genetic information metabolism. Additionally, we have articulated the general biological function of life as Tetz biological law: "General biological function of life is to provide genetic information metabolism" and formulated novel definition of life: "Life is an organized matter that provides genetic information metabolism". New definition of life and Tetz biological law allow to distinguish in a new way living and non-living objects on Earth and other planets based on providing genetic information metabolism.

Diagnostics of the manifestation of biological laws in animals

Rearing young farm animals in the early stages of postnatal ontogeny is a critical point. There are many aspects of theoretical and practical research on improving the safety and prevention of diseases of calves, but one of the main ones is a comprehensive knowledge of the morphofunctional and adaptive features of calves during the newborn period. To continue to exist in a modified environment is to maintain vital activity and some aspects of homeostasis that are characteristic of organisms of this species, this level of development of its nervous and hormonal mechanisms. When analyzing the incidence and death of calves, it was found that the transfer of calves from individual cells to General ones and the change of milk feeding to hay and mixed feed provokes the growth of diseases at the age of 10 days and older than one month (70%), and also dies at this age (58%). Morpho-physiological features of newborns are the impenetrability of the placenta of hoofed productive animals to the immunoglobulins of the mothers ’ blood. Nature has created a unique mechanism for receiving immunoglobulins in the body of newborn ungulates. After direct maternal immune protection during pregnancy ceases, nature replaces it with colostrum immune protection. To confirm and derive biological laws, the dynamics of immunoglobulins in the blood and colostrum of cows and pigs before and after childbirth were studied.

The Right Stuff

I consider Kant’s theory of matter, examine his distinction between “formal” and “material” purposiveness, review the related secondary literature, and interpret the role of the stuff of which organs consist in his conception of the special characteristics of organisms. As organisms ingest or absorb compounds, they induce chemical changes among those materials to grow and repair organs. Those organs have their functions with respect to each other in part on account of the materials of which they are composed. A Kantian biological law, I argue, is a coordinated system of lower-order chemical and mechanical regularities that an organism instantiates in the relations that its organs have to each other. I interpret Kant’s contention that organisms resist cognition as claiming that a “discursive understanding” can have no conception of why a particular biological law instantiates whichever lower-order mechanical and chemical regularities it does.