Law Enforcement Sectors Research Articles

Public Satisfaction with The Performance of The Government of Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla

AbstractOne of the parameters of leadership success is the public's satisfaction with the performance. The pair of President and Vice President Joko Widodo - Jusuf Kalla who led Indonesia in 2014-2019 also did not escape this assessment. Public voices can be used as an evaluation of the government that has been carried out for the future to formulate policies that can protect and side with the people. Based on this, the purpose of the research was to determine the extent of the public's response to the performance of the Jokowi-JK government, as well as which sectors were considered good or not by the public. This research uses mixed methods with a descriptive approach. The theory used is the concept of Governments, Performance Theory, Political Communication, and Community Satisfaction. Primary data was obtained using a questionnaire distribution technique to respondents, with a simple random sampling technique. Meanwhile, secondary data were obtained through literature studies relevant to this topic. The results showed that the economic and law enforcement sectors had a low level of satisfaction with Jokowi-JK's performance, namely 30% and 40%, respectively. Meanwhile, the social welfare sector and the political and security sector have a high level of satisfaction at 80%.

Barriers to Help-Seeking for Domestic Violence in Kyrgyzstan: Perspectives of Criminal Justice, Social, Health, and Educational Professionals.

Research with survivors of domestic violence (DV) suggests that most do not seek supportive services from formal organizations. The purpose of this study is to understand the structural and legal barriers that prevent survivors of DV from seeking help in Kyrgyzstan from the perspectives of professionals within the areas of law enforcement, judicial system, social, health, and educational sectors working directly with survivors. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews and 8 focus groups with 83 professionals who are employed as domestic violence or legal advocates, psychologists, healthcare providers, educators, and law enforcement officials who had worked with the survivors of DV in their current positions. We analyzed the data using a multistep strategy derived from grounded theory methods. The findings of the study highlighted six structural barriers: (1) financial dependence on the abuser, (2) stigma and shame of seeking help, (3) few crisis centers and rigid acceptance criteria for temporary protection, (4) the normalization and societal acceptance of abuse, (5) a lack of property rights for women, and (6) distrust of formal services. The participants indicated five legal barriers, including the following: (1) insufficient sanctions for abusers, (2) unclear provisions and inadequate enforcement of law, (3) a low likelihood of prosecution, (4) poor procedures, stereotypes of survivors, and revictimization during investigations, and (5) protection for abusers who work in positions of power. The structural and legal barriers that survivors face when seeking help are formidable challenges that will require extensive support from professionals working in the fields of criminal justice, social work, and public health. Findings suggest that both short-term and longer-term interventions that require sustainability of prevention efforts are necessary to address barriers to help-seeking identified in the study.

Mental Health and Well-Being Needs among Non-Health Essential Workers during Recent Epidemics and Pandemics.

Essential workers, those who work in a variety of sectors that are critical to sustain the societal infrastructure, were affected both physically and mentally by the COVID-19 pandemic. While the most studied group of this population were healthcare workers, other essential non-health workers such as those working in the law enforcement sector, grocery services, food services, delivery services, and other sectors were studied less commonly. We explored both the academic (using MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Sociological s, and Web of Science databases) and grey literature (using Google Scholar) to identify studies on the mental health effects of the six pandemics in the last 20 years (2000–2020). We identified a total of 32 articles; all of them pertained to COVID-19 except for one about Ebola. We found there was an increase in depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health issues among non-health essential workers. They were more worried about passing the infection on to their loved ones and often did not have adequate training, supply of personal protective equipment, and support to cope with the effects. Generally, women, people having lower education, and younger people were more likely to be affected by a pandemic. Exploring occupation-specific coping strategies of those whose mental health was affected during a pandemic using more robust methodologies such as longitudinal studies and in-depth qualitative exploration would help facilitate appropriate responses for their recovery.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПРОЄКТНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ У ПУБЛІЧНОМУ УПРАВЛІННІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article deals with the peculiarities of the project management application in public administration of Ukrainian institutions. Changes in the financial management of Ukraine, reforms in the administrative, security, educational, medical, cultural, law enforcement sectors have led to the developments in the system of public administration. Decentralization reform has been a particularly important stimulus. Ukraine has developed and applied a regulatory framework for the development of strategies, programs, projects, with defined methods of calculation and investment support. As in the business environment, the project management in public administration uses the connection of projects, programs with the strategy of the state, communities and industries. The forms and directions of the project approach application have been expanded both at the state and local levels, which contributes to the change of management from the process approach to achieving results of public importance, strengthening the funds efficiency, and public involvement in control over public expenditures. Projects in public administration in Ukraine are used in the following forms: public investment projects, projects financed by ministries and departments (internal and distributed externally on the basis of competitions); public-private partnership projects; projects submitted for financing by international organizations, banks; participative public budgets. The base for financing projects has expanded with extensive use of international finance. Project management also affects the organizational structure of institutions. In Ukraine, project departments / offices have appeared in local governments, institutions, and ministries, which helps to expand the application of the project approach. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has an Office of Reforms of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine to assist in the development and implementation of reforms in the country. The article identifies weaknesses in the application of project management, in particular the need to improve the training of public administration in the organization of teamwork, improve monitoring and project control, risk assessment; improving communication between state, local authorities and the public.

Foreign experience of interaction of forensic science institutions with law enforcement agencies and possibility of its use in Ukraine

The law enforcement sector of our state is a separate mechanism which each element performs a clearly defined functional role that ensures social justice, protection and security of population, territorial integrity of Ukraine. These factors are an incomplete list of features that explain the importance of state activity in law enforcement or human rights. The latter brings together a large array of different actors each of which is entrusted with part of power or socially significant tasks. However, when carrying out law enforcement activities, authorized entities cannot always be able to address certain complex issues that require specific professional knowledge, skills and abilities. Therefore, for their resolving, law enforcement agencies cooperate with specially authorized entities that powers include conducting forensic examinations, in particular, forensic science institutions. In this context, it should be emphasized that ensuring effective cooperation between forensic institutions and law enforcement agencies is virtually impossible without creating appropriate administrative and legal framework for implementation of legal relations in this direction.
 It should be noted that in recent years, the legislator scientific circles pays more and more attention to activities of forensic science institutions and law enforcement agencies. However, this does not preclude existence of a number of organizational and legal issues in implementation of these entities of their joint activities.
 Thereby in the framework of the presented research we aimed to find out essence, content and features of administrative and legal bases of interaction of forensic science institutions with law enforcement agencies, make maximum use of foreign experience, and develop proposals and recommendations to improve legislation in this area.

A Wavelet-Based Approach to Rapidly Identify Drug-Addicted Individuals Using Voice Signal Analysis

Recognizing and classifying signals plays a pivotal role across diverse disciplines such as classification, pattern recognition, data preprocessing, and predictive science. This study specifically investigates the use of Haar and Symlet (Sym2) wavelet transforms in analyzing short voice signals to distinguish between drug-addicted and non-addicted individuals. The primary aim is to uncover distinctive features in voice signals that correlate with addiction. Haar and Symlet wavelet transforms are employed to process substantial segments of speech signals, extracting meaningful insights that can aid law enforcement agencies and addiction researchers. Each signal undergoes visualization and analysis to unveil patterns and discrepancies brought to light by different wavelet transformations. Following the wavelet transformation process, the study evaluates the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) using MATLAB's wavelet toolbox. These metrics serve as crucial indicators for decision-making processes aimed at identifying drug-addicted individuals based on unique voice signal characteristics. Beyond advancing signal processing techniques, this research aims to have practical applications in recognizing behavioral patterns associated with addiction. Ultimately, the goal is to leverage these insights to develop more effective intervention and support strategies within relevant communities and healthcare settings. By integrating wavelet analysis with voice signal processing, this study not only enhances our understanding of addiction-related behaviors but also contributes valuable tools for real-world applications in law enforcement and healthcare sectors. These efforts are geared towards fostering more targeted and efficient responses to addiction issues in society.

Digitalisation in the Health Sector: A South African Public Law Perspective

The landscape of the health sector in South Africa as seen from a regulatory perspective is rapidly changing under the disruptive impact of digitalisation. Drawing on a paradigm of "strong rights" protection, particularly a robust privacy law fit for the digital age and sourced in the nation's Constitution, the operationalisation and application of health privacy regulation in post-apartheid society is briefly described. The note then enumerates and assesses a number of specific digital health technologies currently in use in interventions in South Africa. To do so, we adopt the international World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of digital health interventions. We also cover the recent South African response to the COVID-19 pandemic, noting the establishment in South Africa of the COVID-19 Tracing Database and subsequent technological interventions aimed at enhancing contact tracing and other responses to the pandemic. The establishment of the initial database was a development at the interface of the law enforcement and health sectors, which raised concerns regarding its risks to privacy, but it also raised hopes regarding its potential rewards in protecting public health.

Assessing endangerment of archaeological heritage in Latvia: legal framework and socio-economic aspects

The aim of the article is to reflect the currently existing regulatory environment for damages caused to archaeological sites by illegal human intervention and its implementation by law enforcement sector and the courts in Latvia. The article is mostly focused on legal and socio-economic consequences of endangerment of archaeological sites. It analyses liability aspects, examines case law, determines the existing challenges and proposes basis for improvement in administrative and legal procedures. Methods applied in the research are literature review, legal framework and documentary analysis, statistical and case law analysis. The results of the research could be used inter alia for the purposes of criminal, civil and administrative proceedings, amending legal regulation and damage assessment mechanisms.

Violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected children’s risk of violence in their homes, communities and online, and has compromised the ability of child protection systems to promptly detect and respond to cases of violence. However, the need to strengthen violence prevention and response services has received insufficient attention in national and global pandemic response and mitigation strategies. In this paper, we summarize the growing body of evidence on the links between the pandemic and violence against children. Drawing on the World Health Organization’s INSPIRE framework to end violence against children, we illustrate how the pandemic is affecting prevention and response efforts. For each of the seven INSPIRE strategies we identify how responses to the pandemic have changed children’s risk of violence. We offer ideas for how governments, policy-makers, and international and civil society organizations can address violence in the context of a protracted COVID-19 crisis. We conclude by highlighting how the current pandemic offers opportunities to improve existing child protection systems to address violence against children. We suggest enhanced multisectoral coordination across the health, education, law enforcement, housing, child and social protection sectors. Actions need to prioritize the primary prevention of violence and promote the central role of children and adolescents in decision-making and programme design processes. Finally, we stress the continued need for better data and evidence to inform violence prevention and response strategies that can be effective during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gender and Police Leadership: An Analysis of Metropolitan Police Departments in South Africa

Despite a number of initiatives aimed at improving the representation and progressive of women in the law enforcement. Studies continue to document the persistence of gender inequality within law enforcement agencies all over the world and South Africa is not an exception. This article bring to light gender inequalities in the law enforcement sector where women in leadership ranks remains low. Historically, the police career was male-dominated and females were not allowed to work in the police. Therefore, equal gender representation in the workplace should by now be at an advanced developmental stage in South Africa since the abolition of discrimination rules. The Commission on Employment Equity of South Africa reported that women comprised 44.8% of the economically active population, yet males were still in charge of senior management positions in South African industries including the law enforcement environment. The data was collected from female officers from Metropolitan Police departments in Gauteng province. The findings suggest that culture, stereotypes, economic and socio-political dynamics, and physical fitness were perceived as barriers that hindered the representation of women into senior leadership positions.

Diversity Climate and Discrimination: The Moderating Roles of Social Identity and Team Composition

Many scholars have highlighted the importance of workforce diversity in advancing public organizations’ legitimacy and responsiveness. During the past several decades, diversity recruitment efforts have considerably increased the ratios of women and ethnic minorities in the public sector. However, an increased ratio of minority employees may increase between-subgroup tension and discrimination within an organization, which has negative implications for employee work attitudes and well-being. This research attempts to understand the role of a positive diversity climate in reducing discrimination based on evidence from the law enforcement sector. Specially, this research examines the relationship between diversity climate and experienced discrimination at the team- and individual-level, using population data collected through multiple surveys from a law enforcement state agency. Results provide support for the relationship between workgroup diversity climate and group-level reports of discrimination, which is contingent on gender composition. Specifically, workgroup diversity climate has a more substantial impact on group-level reports of discrimination in a unit of a high ratio of women. Also, workgroup diversity climate has a negative association with individual reports of discrimination for women and nonwhite employees but not for men or white employees.

Juridical Analysis of Implementation of a Virtual Trials for Criminal Case during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in human order and patterns of life by implementing a new normal life. One of those affected is the law enforcement sector in Indonesia. Enforcement of Criminal Law ultimately applies an adjustment mechanism when conducting a case review in court. If during this time the examination of the case bases KUHAP with face-to-face directly methods, then with COVID-19 turn it into a mechanism of remote trial electronically (virtual) using the Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) as the basis. Further research is needed to ensure the legality of the use of PERMA in the application of such electronic hearings. This research method is a normative approach that combines conceptual approach in the form of prevailing views and doctrines, statute approach by attracting conformity between rules, sociological, philosophical, juridical and case approach as a form of implementation or application of norms. The results of the study stated that PERMA is a legal product that is legally binding and have binding legal force. It's just that the arrangement of this virtual trial needs to be raised to the level of law so that it has parallels with Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), or at has the force of law least can be proposed to the President to be published into Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws or Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang (Perppu).

Big Data an Interesting Tool for Policing and Law Enforcement to Ensure the Safety, Health, Possessions of Citizens, and To Prevent Crime and Civil Disorder

This research paper portrays a small contribution towards the exploration of big data application; particularly in the policing and legal departments around the world. It showcases the concept of real time study of ever growing, constant and large amount of data being put into use and showcasing how this data in the coming world is not less than any physical asset. This paper provides a good understanding about the implementation of big data and how out of multiple sectors it is being utilized in the policing and law enforcement sectors of numerous countries with the help of technical advancements like Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Software. An understanding in the working of Predictive Analysis Softwares & AI with the policing bodies that already are into existence and running. This includes system-oriented reproductions for producing road segment-based lawbreaking forecasts. The big data proved to be very useful for the policing and law enforcement sectors during the global pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus when social distancing is critical.

Профилактика гендерного насилия: множество точек зрения, единый дискурс? / пер. с исп. Н. Дормидонтовой, А. Кашина, К. Персовой, Е. Яниной

Органический закон 1/2004 о комплексных мерах защиты от гендерного насилия (LO 1/2004) предполагает формальное признание мужского шовинизма и связанного с ним насилия вопросом государственной важности в Испании, так как речь идет о нарушении прав человека. Такой вид насилия можно расценивать как результат исторически сложившегося неравноправия мужчин и женщин и постоянной дискриминации женщин, поэтому необходимо предпринимать комплексные меры и сделать ставку на профилактику. Спустя годы после принятия LO 1/2004 наше общество все еще страдает от последствий гендерного насилия. Задача по профилактике остается нерешенной на всех этапах, равно как отсутствует и исчерпывающая оценка применения этого закона. Цель настоящей работы заключается в формулировании критических замечаний о так называемой вторичной профилактике гендерного насилия, о трактовке этого понятия и его применении в различных сферах: социальной, правоохранительной и юридической.

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING:

The relevance of the problem described in the article is due to the need to improve the interaction between law enforcement agencies and financial institutions in the field of combating money laundering in Ukraine, despite the low level of interdepartmental relations between the law enforcement and financial sectors and the high level of economic crime. The purpose of the study is to study the foreign experience of interaction between law enforcement agencies and financial institutions in the field of combating money laundering and establishing the possibility of its use in Ukraine. The study is based on the methods of analysis and generalization, and the formal logical method. The article states that the need for interaction between law enforcement agencies and financial institutions against money laundering is recognized internationally. The authors consider the process of interaction between law enforcement agencies and financial institutions in Ukraine in terms of information exchange and monitoring of bank accounts and analyze the foreign experience of interaction between these entities. It is concluded that Ukraine cannot fully borrow foreign experience related to the interaction of law enforcement agencies with financial institutions in this area, but the study and adapted implementation of certain provisions into the practice is possible and necessary. The results obtained can be the basis of legislative proposals for improving the interaction of these entities, which, in turn, will allow bringing the interaction to a new level.

КОНТРАБАНДА НАРКОТИЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ЯК ГЛОБАЛЬНА МІЖНАРОДНА ЗАГРОЗА

На основі ретроспективного аналізу у статті досліджено феномен контрабанди наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин, їх аналогів та прекурсорів, як глобальну міжнародну суспільно-небезпечну загрозу. Встановлено еволюцію та тенденції розвитку контрабанди наркотичних речовин у світі, історичні процеси та причини розвитку контрабанди наркотичних речовин.
 Проаналізовано шляхи переміщення наркотиків у світових масштабах, в тому числі транзитні, що пролягають територією України, визначено маршрути їх потрапляння на територію України, окреслено характерні особливості вчинення контрабанди наркотичних речовин та основні способи її здійснення.
 Як встановлено, на сьогодні, експортна контрабанда наркотичних засобів, в основному, проявляється у вигляді переміщення в Україну: важких наркотиків – переважно через морські торгівельні порти, а також з території Російської Федерації (героїн та опій афганського походження); наркотичних речовин рослинного походження – з Республіки Молдова (марокканський гашиш та наркотичні продукти, вироблені на території Молдови із марихуани та снодійного маку); амфетамінів, метамфетамінів, екстазі та ЛСД – з територій Західної Європи; ефедрину. При цьому, структуризація злочинних угрупувань наркобізнесу, як правило, відзначається організованою формою злочинності транснаціонального характеру, до складу яких входять як громадяни України, так і іноземці.
 Також, встановлено чинники і фактори, які мають вплив на розвиток злочинної діяльності, та тенденції розвитку даного негативного явища у майбутньому. Наркоситуація, в дійсний час, в Україні залишається складною та має тенденції до загострення, на що, першочергово, впливають наслідки світової фінансово-економічної кризи 2020 року та глобального поширення інфекційного захворювання «Cоvid-19». Дані фактори спричинили ускладнення криміногенної ситуації в країні та погіршення соціального аспекту значної кількості громадян, а відповідно збільшення вірогідності залучення соціально-вразливих верств населення до наркобізнесу.
 Відповідно, сформульовані пропозиції у сфері боротьби з контрабандою наркотичних речовин і основні заходи щодо вдосконалення стану протидії злочинності як у правовому полі, так і правоохоронного сектору.

Quantifying the social costs and benefits of tobacco in Estonia

BackgroundThe tobacco cost literature has predominantly focused on estimating direct healthcare costs and productivity losses from morbidity and mortality. This study places a greater focus on the effects that arise...

TYPES OF MEASURES IMPLEMENTED BY THE NATIONAL POLICE AND THE PLACE OF ADMINISTRATIVE COERCION AMONG THEM

The relevance of the article is that the creation of the National Police of Ukraine has become a radically new stage in reforming the law enforcement sector of our state. This central executive body was called not only to ensure the protection and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, but also to increase the general level of public confidence in the state in general and its law enforcement sector in particular. At the same time, in carrying out their activities, the police implement a number of measures, among which a special place belongs to administrative coercion. The latter, in turn, emphasize the legal relationship between the state and the law enforcement system. Therefore, establishing the place, role and importance of the National Police in the system of law enforcement agencies of the state is of great importance for their proper functioning and efficiency. The article, based on the analysis of scientific views of scientists and the norms of current legislation, identifies the types of measures implemented by the National Police of Ukraine. The content of some measures is revealed. It is stated that in the system of measures implemented by the National Police, one of the key places is given to administrative coercion. The author's definition of the concept of administrative and coercive measures implemented by the National Police of Ukraine is proposed. It is determined that administrative-coercive police measures occupy the main place in the administrative activity of the police, as they provide, in particular: unimpeded preventive measures to prevent offenses; protection of human rights, freedoms and interests, citizens and public order and public safety; cessation of committed offenses; gathering evidence; identification and detention of the offender; bringing perpetrators to justice; restoration of justice in society, etc. Therefore, the more effective the measures of administrative coercion that can be used by the National Police of Ukraine, the better the fight against crime and the more effective the process of crime prevention.

Legal Services and Advocacy in the Industrial Revolution 4.0: Challenges and Problems in Indonesia

THE INDUSTRIAL revolution 4.0 had a significant influence in various sectors, including the law enforcement sector. Law enforcement, legal aid, legal services and advocacy in the industrial revolution 4.0 era have their own characteristics of challenges. This edition of the Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services raises the theme of Legal Services and Advocacy in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the hope of providing a new picture, discourse, and treasury in the provision of services and legal assistance, advocacy and community assistance.

IEEE Access Special Section: Digital Forensics Through Multimedia Source Inference

With the prevalence of low-cost imaging devices (smartphones, tablets, camcorders, digital cameras, scanners, wearable, and IoT devices), images and videos have become the main modalities of information being exchanged in every walk of life. The ever-increasing convenience of image acquisition has facilitated instant distribution and sharing of multimedia on digital social platforms. In the meantime, powerful multimedia editing tools allow even unskilled people to easily manipulate digital content for malicious or criminal purposes. In all cases where multimedia serves as critical evidence, forensic technologies that help to determine the origin, the authenticity of multimedia sources, and the integrity of multimedia content become essential to forensic investigators. Imaging devices and post-acquisition processing software leave unique “fingerprints” in multimedia content. This allows many challenging problems faced by the multimedia forensics community to be addressed through source inference. Source inference is the task of linking digital content to the source device or platform (e.g., social media such as Facebook) responsible for its creation. It can facilitate applications such as identification and verification of source device and platform, common source inference, content integrity verification, and source-oriented image clustering. It also allows the establishment of digital evidence or the history of multimedia processing steps applied to the content, starting from the acquisition procedure and up to tracking the spread. The recent adoption of multimedia source inference techniques in the law enforcement sector (e.g., U.K. Sussex Police, Guildford Crown Court, and INTERPOL) in real-world criminal cases and child sexual exploitation databases has manifested the significant value of multimedia source inference in the fight against crime. This Special Section in IEEE Access aims to collect a diverse and complementary set of articles that demonstrate new developments and applications in digital forensics through multimedia source inference.