Department Of Law Research Articles

Democratic Traditions of the European Universities as the Development Assurance of Ukrainian Higher Education Institutions in Interwar Period

The article deals with the study of the Ukrainian scientists’ activities in one of the largest and most notable centres of Ukrainian political emigration since the early twenties of the 20th century – in the Prague one. It has been pointed out that the Ukrainian intellectuals in foreign countries did not abandon their thoughts about the restoration of a united sovereign state. The Ukrainian state and legal thought development were associated both with the functioning of the Ukrainian Free University as well as other higher education institutions and with the broad involving of European democratic traditions during the emigration period. The professors had to solve such important and difficult tasks as: to create independent university courses on many disciplines for Law Department which programmes had already been significantly expanded in Prague. Having a complicated scientific and methodological work the Ukrainian scientists performed a responsible task successfully; dozens of legal courses were compiled and partially published, most of the specializedcourses differed in originality and made a significant contribution to the development of legal thought and science. Regarding the teaching activity of scientists in emigration, and in the past many of them were lawyers-practitioners and statesmen, we should note that their reports and lecture materials are characterized by deep preparation, content, thoughtfulness and consistency of the basic idea development. The training of Ukrainian youth in higher education institutions in Czechoslovakia was completely saturated not only with European worldview and methodological approaches, but also retained progressive national-state traditions. The forced situation, in which legal scientists got, brought them to such a theoretical and practical level of training of legal staff, to which we are only approaching today. This stage was viewed by young people as temporary and did not even imagine that they would remain in the West forever; prepared to “return home not empty-handed”. Thus, modern legal education and science need advanced more thorough research on the legal refinement of legal scholars in exile. University students and postgraduate students should take an active part in events where scientists and students of law faculties of Ukrainian higher schools in Europe are popularized. It is advisable to organize discussions about state-legal, socio-political views, cultural activities of figures. It is also necessary to intensify the individual search for the scientific activities of Ukrainian emigration in certain areas of law.

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO PHARMACOTHERAPY OF SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Introduction. In the current context of the spread of the coronavirus pandemic, the role of pharmacotherapy in the maintenance of immunopathological syndromes among patients with systemic diseases and patients with dual health disorders is growing. The need to adjust the pharmacotherapy regimens of systemic autoimmune diseases arises when addressing issues of quality, economic and physical availability of drugs in accordance with wholesale and retail prices. In continuation of the research, the aim of the work was to study and implement innovative approaches in the pharmacotherapy of systemic autoimmune diseases by content analysis on the example of antiviral drugs for international nonproprietary name (INN) Acyclovir. Materials and methods. The information base of the study consisted of scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists on the topic of the article. The review of scientific sources of literature was carried out taking into account the recommendations of the Cochrane Society for PICO. The names of drugs were systematized by INN, trade names, the number of drugs, dosage forms. For the content analysis, the method of drug selection developed by the Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Law, General and Clinical Pharmacy of the Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education was used, which included seven criteria. Discussion. At the first stage of the study, a marketing analysis of the range of drugs for INN Acyclovir was performed. Medicines were selected, which according to the State Register of Medicines of Ukraine as of November 2020 were registered and allowed for circulation in health care facilities. After summarizing the processed data, a marketing list of drugs was compiled under the ATC code J05AB01 in accordance with the INN Acyclovir, which has 36 names of drugs. During the study, a discrete variation series of drug distribution was compiled, which indicates that the studied quantitative indicator of drug manufacturers fluctuates within the first group with the highest frequency (fi = 8). A graphic discrete variation in the form of a distribution polygon was created. Conclusions. Innovative approaches to the pharmacotherapy of systemic autoimmune diseases are the use of content analysis as an additional method in the study of pharmacotherapy of drugs. The study is based on the formalized method of qualitative and quantitative analysis of documents, which allows you to get a detailed picture of the selected clinical and pharmacological group of drugs – drugs by INN Aciclovir PBX code J05AB01. The analysis allows obtaining a complete description of the range and manufacturers of drugs approved for use.

Jesus in Asia. By Rasiah S.Sugirtharaja. Pp. v, 311, Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2018, US$29.95.

The Heythrop JournalVolume 62, Issue 1 p. 171-172 Book Review Jesus in Asia. By Rasiah S. Sugirtharaja. Pp. v, 311, Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2018, US$29.95. Edmund Ryden SJ, Edmund Ryden SJ Law Department, Fu Jen Catholic UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Edmund Ryden SJ, Edmund Ryden SJ Law Department, Fu Jen Catholic UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 December 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/heyj.13734Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume62, Issue1January 2021Pages 171-172 RelatedInformation

ACADEMIC PLAGIARISM AND SELF-PLAGIARISM AS ELEMENTS OF VIOLATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

KUPRATA Nadia – PhD (Philology), Associate Professor of Language and Psychological & Pedagogical Training Department, Odessa National Economic University, 8 Preobrazhenska Str., Odesa, 65000, Ukraine E-mail address: kupratan@gmail.comORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-9701ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/1932759//9 MENSO Iryna – PhD (Law), Senior Lecturer of Civil and Labor Law Department, Odesa National Maritime University, 34 Mechnykova Str., Odesa, 65000, UkraineE-mail address: irinamenso1@icloud.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0211-1567ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/4037760/iryna-menso/To cite this article: Kuprata, N., & Menso, I. (2020). Academic plagiarism and self-plagiarism as elements of violation of academic integrity. Human Studies. Series of Pedagogy, 11/43, 75‒90. doi: https://doi.org/10.24919/2413-2039.11/43.220455Article history Received: September 6, 2019Received in revised form: October 11, 2020 Accepted: November 23, 2020Available online: December 30, 2020Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2020 The Authors. Human studies. Series of Pedagogy published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). The article examines such violations of academic integrity as “academic plagiarism” and “self-plagiarism”. Since the concept of “academic integrity” etymologically consists of two words “academic” and “integrity”, it makes it an ethical and scientific concept, and such types of violations of academic integrity as academic plagiarism, self-plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, deception, bribery refer it to the legal category. The concept of the “academic integrity” is associated with the scientific integrity, including the teaching integrity, and correlates to some extent with the intellectual ownership. The observance of academic integrity by scholars and educators refers not only to the moral principles and protection of the interests of others, but also to the honor and dignity of a person who adheres to the principles of academic integrity and contributes to the formation of his/her business reputation in science and education.The relationship between the concepts of “plagiarism” and “academic plagiarism” has been elucidated. The understanding of the concept of “plagiarism” contained in the Law of Ukraine “On Copyright and Related Rights” is significantly narrower than the understanding of the academic plagiarism in the laws on education. At the same time, the scope of the concept of “plagiarism” is much wider than the scope of the concept of “academic plagiarism”. Academic plagiarism is limited to objects, a range of subjects and the scope. The characteristic features of the legislative definition of the concept of “academic plagiarism” are highlighted, which together form the legal structure of the academic plagiarism. It has been found that the concept of “self-plagiarism”, reflected in the Law of Ukraine “On Education”, is of English origin and first appeared in the United States as student slang. No regulatory enactment of foreign countries contains the concept of “self-plagiarism”, it is newly introduced in the national legislation and has already caused a lot of discussion among scholars.The necessity of introducing the concept of “self-plagiarism” into the national legislation is substantiated. The need to consolidate the concept of “self-plagiarism” was caused by a deep crisis of academic integrity in the scientific and educational environment. Self-plagiarism reduces the trust in scientific results, misleads scientists who use the work with self-plagiarism and contributes to an unjustified increase in research results, which affects the competitiveness of scientists in obtaining financial support for research, employment, etc. It has been determined that adding information to that in the previous scientific research is not always self-plagiarism. A re-evaluation of previously published data may be justified by technological advancements, new scientific developments, the emergence of new scientific theories, etc. When improving one’s previous work, it is necessary to distinguish between the old and the new data and clearly define the relevance of their use.Funding. The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

OMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL AND MUNICIPAL LAW SCHOOL (PART II)

The coming calendar year is marked by the fulfillment of the sixtieth anniversary of the Patrice Lumumba University of Peoples' Friendship (later was renamed to Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, RUDN) was founded. Within these sixty years the Faculty of Economics and Law, the Faculty of Law have been operated until the Law Institute, maintaining continuity, took the place. As one of the university graduates and a student of prominent Soviet scholars who stood at the origins of several schools of comparative law that currently exist, the author attempted to follow the dialectical process of formation, development and systematization of the scientific school of comparative constitutional and municipal law that is connected not only with the special nature and features of teaching foreign and domestic students, but also with significant achievements in the field of preparation of candidates in and doctors in this specialty. Contrary to other universities, comparative legal analysis was using as a basis for preparation of domestic law specialists for the states set free from colonial dependence and that explains the choice of regional and country-specific research model for forms of government, administrative organizational structures, political regimes of leading Asian, African and Latin American states with “socialistic” or “capitalistic” orientation. These mentioned states took the path of independent civilizational development, came through the periods of sovereignization and “decolonization” of wide range of political, economic and social relations. The formation of the “grounds” for African, Latin American, Arab-Muslim, Indian comparative studies is connected with the Department of Theory and History of State and Law, within which the scientific foundation of the school of comparative constitutional and municipal law was laid, the “baton was picked up”, at first, by the Department of Constitutional, Administrative and Financial law, and then by the Department of Constitutional and Municipal law, Constitutional law and Constitutional justice and Municipal law that maintained and updated the best traditions related to the training of Russian and foreign students, postgraduate students and doctoral students. At the present stage, comparative law is experiencing a new stage, caused by interest in the processes taking place in the United States and the European Union.

Higher Education Languages of Instruction in Morocco and their impact on the Receptive Vocabulary Size of Moroccan EFL Master Students

Having a clear vocabulary profile of Moroccan master students might reveal where these participants stand compared to other countries. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the effect of languages of instruction in Morocco (e.g., Arabic vs. French) on the receptive vocabulary size of EFL Moroccan master students (e.g., departments of letters, science, and law). To this end, Meara’s (2010) Yes/No test was used as an instrument to measure the overall vocabulary size of these participants. A total of 325 EFL master students took the aforementioned test. The main research question is: Does the medium of instruction have any effects on the receptive vocabulary size of these students? Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the overall receptive vocabulary size of test-takers. It was found that Moroccan EFL master students have a total of (M= 2293) lemmas. An independent samples t-test was run to check for any statistical significance. The t-test statistic reveals that the significance level is less than the p-value (t=-4.068, p< .05, df= 323). Thus, it was concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the French group and the Arabic group. The results of this study confirm that students who were instructed in French (M= 2417, sd= 903, N=185) outperformed the other students who were taught in Arabic (M= 2058, sd= 903, N= 140). In the current study, among various suggestions, it is proposed that the volume of 30 hours in the English module is not sufficient and should be complemented with vocabulary-based activities.

International Migration Law

With his textbook, International Migration Law, Vincent Chetail (Professor of International Law, Head of the International Law Department and Director of the Global Migration Centre at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) offers a much-needed reference book for all – scholars, students, practitioners, and policymakers – who work on migration and mobility at the international and regional levels. As we know, migration is a natural and global phenomenon that characterizes the essence of human presence on earth; yet, it is more visible in a globalized world, and more sensitive politically. Meanwhile, international migration law is too frequently denied or discarded. Of course, it does exist and provides a receptacle of binding duties for States. The corpus of legal rules that deals with migration is particularly important and significant. As Chetail recalls in the book’s introduction, the term ‘international migration law’ was used by Louis Varlez in 1927 in his course at The Hague Academy, and by Richard Plender as the title of a text first published in 1972, with a second edition in 1988 (p 10). Subsequently, the academic literature has developed in a rather piecemeal manner alongside the different branches of international law. It has thus needed a genuine masterwork to present in a complete and inclusive manner the various international norms that govern the movement of persons between States, whether they are countries of emigration, transit, or immigration.

STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARD SPADA UPGRIS AS DIGITAL PLATFORM IN LEARNING PROCESS

This research is trying to figure out the students’ perceptions and difficulties arise in the application of SPADA (Sistem Pembelajaran Daring) UPGRIS. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. There are 150 Indonesian students of the third semester in Universitas PGRI Semarang as the sample of the study. Those samples come from five different majors, namely English education department, Indonesian language education department, management department, engineering,department and law department of Universitas PGRI Semarang (UPGRIS). It is based on the fact that the third-semester students had joined SPADA UPGRIS platform as it was required by the lecturers. The finding shows that most students have positive feelings and perceptions of the application of SPADA UPGRIS. They consider SPADA UPGRIS as a new experience in learning which gains their capability in technology competence. On the other hand, some difficulties were faced by the students such as personal internet connection, less communication with friends, material file size provided, and inability in using a computer.

Organizing a Business Law Department Within a Law School

This article argues that legal education needs to get its act together by getting organized. Unlike the rest of the university, law schools are over a century behind in recognizing the need for the greater organization that departments can provide. Specialization, which did not exist many years ago, has become so universal that some members of any faculty either cannot understand or care about, much less govern wisely, what goes on around them. Ignorance is compounded by non-professional agendas driven by ideologies and interdisciplinary interests. One probable result of disorganization in legal education has been a decline in bar passage rates and enrollments. This article provides a road map to a cure.

Многонациональный народ в конституционно-правовой системе власти России

Associate Professor of the Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) Leading Research Scientist of the Department of Theory of State and Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law of the South Ural State University (National Research University) PhD (Law),Associate Professor

UNREALIZED PUBLISHING PROJECTS OF ODESSA HISTORIANS AS A FACT OF THE HISTORIOGRAPHIC PROCESS OF THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY.

The purpose of this article is to reconstruct a number of scientific publishing projects of Odessa historians of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, which were never fully completed. The problem was not considered comprehensively in historiography, although several publications mention certain aspects. We have used a wide base of sources, primarily narrative, that is, the available texts of historians. Auxiliary were for us act, epistolary, newspaper sources. Some of these sources are archived. One of the first joint publishing projects of two Odesa scientists known to us falls on the initial period of the existence of Novorossiysk University. Professors of the department of canon law O. S. Pavlov and the history of Russian law F. I. Leontovych worked on the preparation of a collection of the most important monuments of Old Russian law. But the project was not implemented due to the move of O.S. Pavlov to Moscow. For a long time, Professor of the Department of Russian History I. A. Lynnychenko cherished plans to publish documentary sources of the medieval history of Western Ukraine. The project of the professor of the Department of History of Russian Law A. Ya. Shpakov “History of the secularization of church property in Novgorod under Ivan III” remained in its infancy. At the best stage of readiness was the project of publishing an illustrated atlas on the history of medieval and Byzantine art by the professor of the Department of Theory and History of Arts of the Faculty of History and Philology. O.A. Pavlovsky. The deepening of the process of institutionalization of historical research caused collective projects that contributed to the identification of scientific schools, consolidation of the traditions of Odesa historiography. In 1911–1914, a group of professors worked on the publication of a large collection of scientific papers in honor of the anniversary of F. I. Uspensky. The collection was to be published as the twenty-first volume of the periodical of the Historical and Philological Society at Novorossiysk University. In the early 1910s, the professors worked on a project to publish a large work on the history of Novorossiysk University for the fiftieth anniversary of the institution. In fact, the publishing archive of this project is a part of O. P. Dobroklonsky, which is stored at number 157 in the State Archives of the Odessa region. Here are presented valuable autobiographies and biographies of a number of professors, statistical summaries. However, all these cases indicate that the project hardly managed to move further than the preparatory stage. War, revolution prevented. There have been cases when the creative heritage of deceased historians, thanks to their relatives and colleagues, became the property of descendants. This is how the works of P. K. Bruna, P. O. Yurchenko, S. I. Ilovaisky. So, the reason for the failure to implement a number of creative publishing projects of Odessa historians in the late XIX – early XX century was in different planes. Sometimes this reflected the peculiarities of the life rhythm of historians, a decrease in the pace of their intellectual work, primarily due to pedagogical workload, health problems. It was often said about the material reasons that haunted historians at all stages of history up to the present day. A specific circumstance was the limitations of the then historians regarding the mechanisms of remote labor, their mental unpreparedness for the implementation of joint projects at a distance from each other. In general, firstly, the history of unrealized publishing projects almost always reflects the features of the common heritage of scientists; secondly, it allows one to dive deeper into the features of the intellectual mechanism; thirdly, it demonstrates the interconnection of social, political, economic, scientific, psycho-emotional factors; and fourthly , shows the advantages and disadvantages of collective projects, fifthly, expands our understanding of bibliometric indicators at the prosopographic and personal levels. Revealing of manuscripts, archaeographic publication of the most relevant of them is a promising direction for further historiographic, bibliological and bibliographic research.

Celebration of the World Bioethics Day in the Volgograd state medical university

The article presents the results of research activities which were undertaken in Volgograd Medical University to celebrate the World Bioethics Day. The theme of scientific events organized on the basis of the Department of Bioethics, Philosophy and Medical Law with a course of the sociology of medicine with the participation of the Department of Ethical, Legal and Sociological Expertise in Medicine of Volgograd Medical Scientific Center is “Benefit and Harm”. The article presents the Program of holding a scientific online conference with international participation and the results of the essay competition among students and young scientists.

On the History of the creation of the Tax Law Department and its frst head Raisa Fedotovna Zakharova

On the History of the creation of the Tax Law Department and its frst head Raisa Fedotovna Zakharova

The 110th birth anniversary of Professor Leszek Winowski (1910–1979), expert in Canon Law, historian of state and law

Prof. Leszek Józef Egidiusz Winowski was born on 23 January 1910 in Skałat, Tarnopol Voivodeship, in the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic. He studied in the Faculty of Law of Jan Kazimierz University in Lvov, where he earned the Master’s degree (1932), Doctor’s degree (1935), and in 1936 began his scientific work in the Chair of Church Law; from 1942 he was working in conspiracy in Lvov and cooperated with theBaltic Institute in Sopot; in Olsztyn he organized a branch of the Baltic Institute, which was operating in the Masurian District. In 1945, Leszek Winowski was employed in the Department of Law and Administration of Wrocław University and in 1974 he was granted the title of Full Professor. At the same time he worked in the Catholic University of Lublin, where he held the post of Dean of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences in the years 1945-1946 and – following its liquidation – he worked in the Faculty of the Canon Law where he lectured in Roman law and ecclesiastical law. In 1957, L. Winowski resigned from his work in the Catholic University of Lublin. Between 1957 and 1968, he was employed in the Teacher’s Training College in Opole, still working for Wrocław University. As regards the fields of scientific studies developed by Prof. Leszek Winowski, one candistinguish three main directions dealing with the legal situation of dissenters from the earliest Middle Ages, the state and law of Islam, and lastly – history of the Church in Silesia. Prof. Leszek Winowski was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. He was a member of many scientific societies. He died in Wrocław on 16 November 1979.

Greek students’ attitudes toward rape

Literature on sexual harassment and violence against women describes a variety of myths and stereotypes regarding partial or total responsibility of rape victims and their “enjoyment” of sexual violence. Rape stigma and rape myths are aspects of generalized attitudes toward victims of rape and rapists, while it seems that sexual violence remains a taboo in today’s western societies. This study explores Greek university students’ attitudes towards rape. A questionnaire created for the purpose of this study was administered to 950 Greek students at the University of Athens and at the University of Ioannina, divided into three groups: a group of students from the Faculty of Law, a group from Departments orientated to Humanistic and Social Sciences and a group of students from other Faculties and Departments of Applied Sciences. Factor analysis revealed four factors: “Rape victim’s responsibility”, “Defining the concept of rape”, “Rape motivation” and “Rapist’s characteristics”. In line with previous research findings, the results indicated that women were less accepting of conservative attitudestowards rape than men; they also seemed to reject attitudes of “blaming the victim” more, and to hold negative views of rapists. Additionally, the results showed that students of rural origin retain more conservative attitudes with respect to the victim’s responsibility and the rapist’s characteristics than students of urban origin. Finally, students in Law Departments seemed to have accepted more moderate attitudes than the other two groups of students; they mostly disagree with conservative attitudes regarding victim’s responsibilities along with the Social Science students, but they agree more with Applied Sciences students in defining rape.

A Critical Reflection on Neoliberalism

: In this interview, we first scrutinise the meaning of classical liberalism and its revision by New liberalism in the twenties as social liberalism to demonstrate the conceptual confusion in using the term ‘neoliberalism' as an economic doctrine. We then discuss the emergence of American neoliberalism as developed by the economic and law departments of the University of Chicago in the seventies notably by the Monetarist school. The anti-inflation program of Milton Friedman and Washington consensus provide a particular version of neoliberalism as economic policy. However, neoliberalism also pertains to a transitional, and non viable post-Fordist accumulation regime that has collapsed by 2007-2008 crisis. We also demonstrate the opposition against neoliberal economic policy not only by left critics but also by many right and center economists, politicians and scholars. Finally, we refute the idea of considering the political economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) as neoliberal. Borrowing Vahabi’s theoretical framework, we characterise parallel institutions and foundations as political capitalism with the predominance of predatory para-statal sectors. The limits of reformist and transformationalist discourses are revisited in light of political economy of the IRI, and the need for a social and political revolution is concluded.

The ignored heritage of Western law: the historical and contemporary role of Islamic law in shaping law schools

ABSTRACT Whilst Islam’s role in shaping science as a whole has been well documented and reasonably recognised, its role in shaping Western law has been almost ignored. Arguably the most famous works on Islam’s contribution to Western humanities and law are by George Makdisi but his works are not used as core textbooks in law schools to understand how legal principles and institutions formed within the West. What is worse is that Islamic law is considered as a fringe subject within universities, only relevant to Muslims or specific growth areas such as Islamic finance. Islamic law is not studied for its general jurisprudential value and methods of reasoning despite its ability to be compared to Western jurisprudence. The root of this ignorance by law departments lies in the perception of Islamic law as archaic, incapable of reform and only relevant to minority communities. Nothing could be further from the truth as within the Islamic tradition, much contemporary reform is taking place with a view to reform methods of and interpretations arising from Islamic jurisprudence. My article will examine attitudes towards Islam of Western scholars operating within the field of humanities and law; secondly, to explore the critical historical connections between Islamic law and Western law that have shaped modern legal concepts; and finally, I will share a case study of teaching European Law to demonstrate the damaging effects of a Eurocentric and colonial approach on legal knowledge and the students that learn it. It is hoped that Islamic law is seen not as a relic of the past but as an entity worthy of study and incorporation in our modes of legal reasoning. For this to occur, serious thought needs to be given to decolonising law schools to appreciate the heritage of Islamic law.

Department of Business and Industrial Law, Faculty of Law, OlabisiOnabanjo University, Ago -Iwoye

There are several legal instruments and court judgments relating to the energy sector in Nigeria. The country is also a signatory to some vital United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on energy, yet the availability, affordability and accessibility of clean energy in the country to the teeming masses of people in the country is abysmally low. Among other factors, this work identified energy illiteracy as one of the potent factors militating against the enthronement of clean renewable energy in Nigeria at a level that it is available and affordable to the people. This gap in the law in theory and practical reality informed this paper. The negative effects of the gap are numerous cutting across the social, health, educational, agricultural, cultural, recreational and other strata of the society. This paper submits that the lofty ideals contained in the laws can be brought to reality through energy education among other reasons

СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ЖУРНАЛІСТСЬКОЇ ОСВІТИ НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

The article considers the first steps of training professional journalists in the early XXth century in the Russian Empire. The aim of the investigation is to find out the conditions and features of creating courses for journalists in Moscow and Odesa (1905), to clarify the biographical and creative achievements of the founders of these centers of journalism education. The peculiarities of the functioning of the «scientific and practical courses for journalists» in Moscow (1905) under the guidance of Doctor of Criminal Law, lawyer, a native of Poltava region L. Vladimirov, as well as the courses of «practical newspaper technology» in Odesa (1905; editor, publisher and writer A. Rabinovych as the founder of these courses) were analyzed. Professor L. Vladimirov based his journalism curriculum on «systematic ethical and legal knowledge», necessary for the study and discussion of issues of public life in terms of writing a journalistic (publicistic) text. Аt the same time the editor-publisher A. Rabinovych (Chyvonibar) focused on the practical implementation of acquired knowledge, offering his students to bring their publications in the two consecutive newspapers – «Reporter» and «Odesskaya Zhizn / Odessa Life» (1906), where reports, notes, feuilletons, articles, essays of the journalists-beginners were published. There were students not only from Odesa and the nearest regions, but also from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Siberia and other cities and territories of Russia; they studied full-time and part-time, received a certificate of education and recommendations for work in press. The contribution of Professor L. Vladimirov (he studied at Kharkiv University, later worked here as private-docent, extraordinary and honored professor at the department of criminal law and judiciary), as well as editorial and publishing specialist A. Rabinovych (Chyvonibar) to the formation of professional journalism education is still little appreciated in Ukraine. The biographical and publishing aspects of A. Rabinovych's activity in Odesa and the functioning of his courses (probably existed until 1917) also are not clarified.

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