Local Latitude Research Articles

Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Temperature Responses to the May 2024 Mother's Day Storm

AbstractThe storm‐time temperature difference with respect to its quiet‐time expectation (ΔT) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere were studied during the extreme storms on 2024 Mother's Day and 2003 Halloween Day. The storm‐time ΔT were determined by performing daily zonal running mean on the temperature profiles in the ascending and descending nodes separately. The storm‐time ΔT had peak values of ≥25 K and extended downward to ∼100 km globally. Above 105 km, the global mean ΔT had values of ≥20 K in the early morning and of ≥15 K in the late afternoon during storm‐time. At high latitudes, the storm‐time ΔT was larger in the late afternoon than in the early morning. This is opposite to that at middle and low latitudes. Adiabatic warming/cooling caused by the heating‐induced circulation changes outside of the auroral oval is likely responsible for the local time and latitude dependence of the storm‐time ΔT.

Heterogeneous distribution of the reported prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infections in Australian canids - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Reports of Dirofilaria immitis infection vary by location in the USA and Europe, with an occurrence gradient increasing towards the equator and warmer climates. In Australia, heartworm preventative guidelines are not climate specific, implying homogenous risk of infection across the continent. We systematically reviewed the published literature to assess if the distribution of D. immitis infection varies in Australia. We sourced 41 relevant publications by searching multiple bibliographic databases and the citations of key articles. From those, we extracted the data from a total of 106 individual surveys of variable size and quality. The reported prevalences ranged from 0.0 % to 100.0 % and we meta-analysed the observed heterogeneity using survey location's latitude, climate zone or temperature/humidity zone. Crude heterogeneity between surveys was partly explained (approximately 30 %) by temperature/humidity zone, and the quality of the surveys did not affect the proportional explanation of heterogeneity. There was significantly higher pooled prevalence in humid summer zones (18.7 %, 95 %CI: 10.9-30.1 %) compared to cool winter zones (2.1 %, 95 %CI: 1.0-4.3 %). Historical reports of D. immitis infection in Australia concur with the strong association to warmer climates observed in other continents. The current blanket recommendation for dirofilariosis preventative usage does not reflect the important variability of infection risk to canids across locations of Australia.

A Comprehensive Assessment of the Economic Performance of an Innovative Solar Thermal System: A Case Study

An economic assessment of an innovative solar thermal system called Application to Solar Thermal Energy to Processes (ASTEP) was conducted. It considered its three main subsystems: a novel rotary Fresnel SunDial, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Control System. Current Fresnel collectors are unable to provide thermal energy above 150 °C in high-latitude locations. Therefore, the key contribution of this study is the assessment of the economic performance of the ASTEP system used to provide high-temperature process heat up to 400 °C for industries located at low and high latitudes. The ASTEP system is installed at two end-users: Mandrekas (MAND), a dairy factory located in Greece at a latitude of 37.93 N and ArcelorMittal (AMTP), a manufacturer of steel tubes located in Romania at a latitude of 47.1 N. The life cycle costs (LCC), levelised cost of energy (LCOE), energy cost savings, EU carbon cost savings and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) of the ASTEP system were assessed. The results showed that AMTP’s ASTEP system had higher LCC and LCOE than MAND. This can be attributed to the use of two TES tanks and a double-axis solar tracking system for AMTP’s ASTEP system due to its high latitude location, compared to a single TES tank and single-axis solar tracking system used for MAND at low latitude. The total financial savings of the ASTEP system were EUR 249,248 for MAND and EUR 262,931 for AMTP over a period of 30 years. This study demonstrates that the ASTEP system offers financial benefits through its energy and EU carbon cost savings for industries at different latitudes while enhancing their environmental sustainability.

Pick‐Up ion Distributions in the Inner and Middle Saturnian Magnetosphere

AbstractBased on the entire dataset collected by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer, we provide a comprehensive picture of the pitch angle (PA) and velocity distributions of pick‐up ions (PUIs) in Saturn's inner and middle magnetosphere. We investigate the dependence of these distributions on Saturnian Local Time and magnetic latitude. We also search for correlations with the signatures of ion cyclotron waves (ICWs) observed by the Cassini magnetometer. Our survey reveals that ion PA distributions have a pancake shape and their full width increases monotonically with magnetic latitude. This increase in angular width is anti‐correlated with the observed amplitudes of ICWs that are generated during the thermalization of the PUI distribution. We find no evidence of the previously observed, non‐monotonic change of wave amplitudes with magnetic latitude mapping into the width of the PA distributions. This suggests that only a small fraction of the energy deposited into the waves is transferred back to the ions to broaden the distribution. We find that the PA scattering time is several times the bounce period, meaning PUIs become PA scattered only after completing several cycles of bounce motion and, hence migrating to higher latitudes by the time they become more isotropic. When moving away from Saturn's magnetic equatorial plane, the observed half‐width of the velocity distributions does not evolve appreciably with latitude and shell value. This behavior changes only outside the orbit of Rhea where the observed velocity distributions begin to broaden due to elevated plasma temperatures.

Applying Budyko framework to explore the projected hydrologic changes in southern Taiwan

This study combines future rainfall and temperature projections with the Budyko framework to analyze future water resource changes in four key watersheds in southern Taiwan under climate change scenarios. Since only temperature and rainfall data are available in the future climate change projections, the future evapotranspiration projections are estimated by this study. This study establishes Budyko equations of each watershed, using historical evapotranspiration and temperature data along with potential evapotranspiration estimates, to project future evapotranspiration based on future temperature and rainfall data. The future rainfall is expected to gradually increase, with the most significant increase under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. However, the rainfall increase varies with the geographical location (latitude) of the watershed, with higher rainfall increases in northern watersheds, such as Zengwen, Jiaxian, and Nanhua. Moreover, the projected evapotranspiration differs in watersheds in southern Taiwan indicating the uncertainty and challenge of evapotranspiration projection under climate change. The future runoff projections indicate an increasing trend with a significant increase (13.4–20.3%) by the end of the century (2081–2100), due to projected increases in rainfall and minor changes in evapotranspiration. The projected increase in runoff implies an optimistic outlook in water resources planning and management, but may pose a threat in flood disasters due to increased rainfall in the wet season.

Statistical Methods for Interpreting Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Martian Tropical Water Ice Informed by Properties of Crater Ejecta Types

AbstractThe martian tropical water ice spatial and temporal distribution was characterized using impact crater ejecta type, location, size, and age in one of two epochs, Ga and Ga, using statistical models designed for spatial and temporal correlation structures. The indicator thought to identify the presence of ice is craters with layered ejecta, while the indicator thought to identify no ice is craters with radial ejecta. These indicators imply the location (longitude and latitude) and, potentially, depth (crater diameter as a proxy) of ice, and when the ice was present. The spatial and temporal distribution of layered ejecta versus radial ejecta may inform on the geography and evolution of ice. A statistical spatial point analysis was conducted on a 54‐sample data set (craters with diameters 2.77–10.00 km) for an equatorial region ( to S, and E to W. The analysis shows the spatial and temporal distribution of tropical ice in the study region is most likely random.

Water ice particles detected by SELENE's Spectral Profiler at lunar shadowed regions in various local times and latitudes

Processes of water (OH and H2O) migration on the Moon remain unclear, prompting active research. Understanding lunar water migration requires investigation of the trapping and diffusion properties of water at various latitudes and local times. This study analyzed visible to near-infrared spectral data obtained by the Spectral Profiler (SP) onboard SELENE for shadowed regions at various local times and latitudes, not limited to the polar permanently shadowed regions. We assessed SP data for shadowed regions in 60 areas, each spanning a 10° × 10° latitude–longitude grid. Of the 1,061,907 analyzed shadowed-region data, 41,385 at various latitudes exhibited significant absorption in the 1.25 and 1.5 µm bands, indicating water ice particles. Data with the two absorption features suggest the presence of a water ice frost layer covering the lunar surface or suspended water ice particles above the lunar surface, at various latitude shadowed regions. Our spectral simulations have quantified the ice particles as being 0.1–1 µm in diameter, with a column density of 10–4–10–3 kg/m2. The spectral parameters for band absorption at the 1.5 µm band show symmetry between morning and evening sides, which is potentially attributed to the absence of variations in ice grain size and quantity. The 1.5 µm band absorption shows an increasing trend toward terminator regions, indicating variation in the water ice distribution and likely reflecting temperature conditions for water retention. The latitudinal trend of ice grain size and quantity remains uncertain because of the observed noise levels. Observations of water ice particles in shadowed regions at various latitudes and local times can provide new constraints on trapping and diffusion processes of lunar water migration.

Analysis of CSP/PV Hybrid Power Plants in High Latitude Regions

This study aims to explore the potential of combined CSP and PV systems in high latitude areas. Several performance metrics are evaluated and compared with standalone CSP or PV plants to identify the benefits and challenges of deploying such hybrid plants. Six different sites have been selected and the ASDELSOL hybrid power plant simulation tool, developed by the Thermodynamics and Renewable Energies Group at the University of Seville, has been used. This simulation tool allows performing dynamic performance simulations of hybrid solar plants under various operation strategies, along with conducting economic evaluations. We have analyzed a hybrid solar plant composed of 50 MW PTC and 75 MW PV, with 10 hours of TES and a 15 MW electric heater to transfer excess PV energy to the TES tanks in a 50 MW base load operation strategy, where the main objective of the PV plant is to cover the self-consumption of the PTC plant. Results obtained show that PV/PTC hybridization reduces LCOE and increases CF compared to standalone PV or PTC plants. These improvements are more pronounced in regions where the contribution of PTC plants is lower. In high latitude regions, an N-S orientation of PTC fields achieves higher production than an E-W orientation. However, a combination of both orientations can optimize their production and performance. Finally, it is concluded that it is necessary to carry out feasibility studies in high latitude locations before dismissing them outright, as it has been observed that, in certain regions, hybrid PV/PTC solar plants can offer an effective alternative.

A statistical analysis of atmospheric parameters for cataloged astronomical observatory sites

Astronomical sites have to be selected according to many factors whereas the geographic location of the site and the quality of the atmosphere above the site play an important role in the decision process. The following factors were chosen to create layers 1907 northern and 235 southern observatories: CC (cloud coverage), PWV (precipitable water vapor), AOD (aerosol optical depth), VWV (vertical wind velocity), and HWV (horizontal wind velocity). To estimate the astronomical importance of the sites, DEM (digital elevation model) and LAT (latitude of observatory location) layers were also included. In addition to the variations or trends, a complete statistical analysis was carried out for all factors to investigate the potential correlations between the factors. There is a clear difference between the northern and southern hemispheres. The exchange of meteorological seasons between hemispheres is also compliant with factors. The geographical locations of most of the observatories were found to be “not suitable”. There seem to be no apparent long-term variations and/or patterns in all factors.

Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System for Generating Energy to Dairy Farm Activities

Minas Gerais is the leading milk-producing state in Brazil, and many dairy activities are supplied with electricity by the cable aerial network of the electrical energy state company. Given that the Brazilian energy matrix relies primarily on hydroelectric power, studies on the potential of other renewable energy sources in the context of dairy farms are innovative. Additionally, frequent disturbances and interruptions have motivated the installation of solar energy systems on dairy farms. However, the scarcity of technical and scientific studies demonstrating the benefits of electricity generated from photovoltaic panels in Minas Gerais has caused dairy farmers to fear potential financial losses. In this study, grid-connected photovoltaic systems in dairy farms were evaluated, considering three fixed tilt angles for the panels (latitude - 10°, latitude, and latitude + 10°) and electrical energy demands of dairy activities associated with two herd sizes (100 and 150 cows). Meteorological databases and mathematical models were used to predict daily global radiation on tilted panels in dairy farms of two Brazilian municipalities of Minas Gerais State (Lavras and Paracatu). Energy consumption related to dairy activities was monitored for 12 months. For both municipalities, the best results were verified with the tilt angle of panels equal to the local latitude - 10°. The municipality with the lowest latitude (Paracatu) showed higher electricity generation potential. In all simulated scenarios, a greater energy surplus was found from late spring to early autumn (Southern Hemisphere), when the higher electricity generation by the photovoltaic panels met the elevated electrical energy demand of the dairy farms. A high energy surplus was also verified during midwinter, where lower energy consumption by the dairy farms compensated for the reduced availability of solar radiation. The proposed methodology can be adapted to other dairy farms, agricultural and urban buildings.

The Abundance and Sources of Ice Nucleating Particles Within Alaskan Ice Fog

AbstractThe Alaskan Layered Pollution and Chemical Analysis (ALPACA) field campaign included deployment of a suite of atmospheric measurements in January–February 2022 with the goal of better understanding atmospheric processes and pollution under cold and dark conditions in Fairbanks, Alaska. We report on measurements of particle composition, particle size, ice nucleating particle (INP) composition, and INP size during an ice fog period (29 January–3 February). During this period, coarse particulate matter (PM10) concentrations increased by 150% in association with a decrease in air temperature, a stronger temperature inversion, and relatively stagnant conditions. Results also show a 18%–78% decrease in INPs during the ice fog period, indicating that particles had activated into the ice fog via nucleation. Peroxide and heat treatments performed on INPs indicated that, on average, the largest contributions to the INP population were heat‐labile (potentially biological, 63%), organic (31%), then inorganic (likely dust, 6%). Measurements of levoglucosan and bulk and single‐particle composition corroborate the presence of dust and aerosols from combustion sources. Heat‐labile and organic INPs decreased during the peak period of the ice fog, indicating those were preferentially activated, while inorganic INPs increased, suggesting they remained as interstitial INPs. In general, INP concentrations were unexpectedly high in Fairbanks compared to other locations in the Arctic during winter. The fact that these INPs likely facilitated ice fog formation in Fairbanks has implications for other high latitude locations subject to the hazards associated with ice fog.

Zonal‐Mean N2 and Ar Densities and Temperatures in Mars Thermosphere From MAVEN

AbstractMeasurements of Ar and N2 densities at 160–250 km altitude from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) during February 2015–February 2023 are analyzed to provide a comprehensive analysis of their diurnal‐ and zonal‐mean (DZM) structures, and ZM (solar‐synchronous) diurnal (DW1) and semidiurnal (SW2) tides. After applying a solar flux trend correction, multi‐year binning and averaging with respect to longitude, local solar time (LST), latitude and Ls at each height results in the first full global picture of these components of the ZM thermosphere for a single climatological Mars year. The following new observational insights into Mars thermosphere are obtained: The DZM N2 latitude versus Ls (latvsLs) structures contain a prominent latitudinally‐symmetric annual component (∼±25%–35%) due to the eccentricity of Mars orbit around the Sun, and an antisymmetric component (∼±30%–45%) below about 190 km that is seasonally‐symmetric and thus consistent with the tilt of Mars rotation axis. Aperiodic deviations from these symmetries increase with height and are tentatively attributed to dissipation of waves originating in the lower atmosphere. DW1 and SW2 maximize around 200–220 km altitude, suggesting existence of an unknown dissipation mechanism at higher altitudes. The DZM, DW1 and SW2 components of Ar generally exceed those of N2 by factors of 1.4–2.5. The scale heights of Ar and N2 between 205 and 245 km are also employed to derive DZM exosphere temperatures, which reflect aperiodic ∼±15K deviations from the annual‐mean in the latvsLs frame.

The Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Clock Angle and the Latitude Location of the Intense Crustal Magnetic Field on the Ion Escape at Mars: An MHD Simulation Study

AbstractIn this paper, using a three‐dimensional multifluid MHD model, we studied the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the latitude position of the intense crustal magnetic field (ICMF) on the escape of ions O+, , and at Mars. The main results are as follows: (a) The IMF clock angle affects the ion escape at Mars. When the ICMF is on the dayside, the ion escape rate reaches a maximum at the IMF clock angles close to 60°–90° and a minimum at the IMF clock angles close to 120°–150°, because the ICMF can change the topology of the magnetic field and affect the interaction between the solar wind and Mars. The difference between the maximum and minimum ion escape rates due to the IMF clock angle can reach over 50%. (b) Compared with the −ESW hemisphere, the escape flux of and in the +ESW hemisphere is more significant. However, O+ generally has a larger escape flux in the −ESW hemisphere. The different results in the ±ESW hemispheres might be due to the larger distribution of the hot oxygen corona, which changes the flow pattern of O+. (c) The latitude location of the ICMF can also affect the ion escape. When the ICMF is on the dayside, as the subsolar point varies from 25°S to 25°N, that is, the intense crustal magnetic field position keeps shifting southward, the ion escape rate shows a gradual increase.

Feeding patterns of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr are better explained by local drivers than by macroecological drivers.

We modeled feeding of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr to understand the role of global (cross-continental) and regional (river) spatial scales for delineating feeding patterns. The diet composition differed between Eurasia and North America populations. Geographic location (latitude and elevation) had an influence for the most common prey (Ephemeroptera, Diptera and Plecoptera). The random factors (sampling location and river) had a strong explanatory power in our models, suggesting that local drivers may override the effects of large-scale drivers.

The research on factors influencing house value-take California as an example

Housing price is a popular and important topic in todays society. This article aims to find the factors that have impacts on the housing price. To find the relationships between factors, this article uses Multiple Linear Regression as the method to perform a significant analysis of factors. 1000 samples of Californias block groups in 1990 are selected for this research. Based on the assumption, this research chooses 8 explanatory variables for the analysis. Because of the relationships between explanatory variables, the article also adds interaction terms between latitude and longitude, and population and total bedrooms to solve the multicollinearity problem among explanatory variables. To optimize model analysis effectiveness, this research compares the significance, VIF value, and GVIF value of explanatory variables. The analysis result shows that the geographical location (Latitude and longitude), the housing median age, the total bedrooms, the population, and the median income make significant impacts on the housing value. Among these factors, the median income is the main factor.

Distribution trends of bovine Anaplasma marginale in Iowa, based upon veterinary diagnostic lab submissions from 2017-2022

Anaplasma marginale is the common etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis. Infection results in erythrocyte de­struction leading to the clinical signs of anemia, hypoxia, abortion, jaundice and sudden death. Cattle that survive this acute phase or have lower levels of initial bacteremia become chronic, persistent carriers. Carrier animals serve as reser­voirs for the organism and allow infection to spread via me­chanical or biological vectors, to susceptible herdmates. The objective of this study was to report the distribution trends of A. marginale positive test results during a 5-year period in Iowa. This study evaluated Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab (ISU VDL) testing results from bovine cases submitted from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2022, for molecu­lar and serological detection of all stages of anaplasmosis. Cattle residing in Iowa with positive results for PCR or com­petitive ELISA were included in the analysis. The state was divided into 4 geographical districts (1 = northeast, 2 = south­east, 3 = southwest, and 4 = northwest) and the number of pos­itive tests in each district was determined. Total positive tests by district included: northeast 282; southeast 277; southwest 223; northwest 281. Disease spatial analysis mapping, based upon geographic longitude and latitude location of herds with positive diagnostic tests, illustrate progressive disease expan­sion from the southern counties of Iowa, near the Missouri border, into the northern parts of Iowa. These results suggest that A. marginale has developed a widespread distribution across the state of Iowa.

Genotype × environment interaction patterns of dry matter yield in meadow brome, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and timothy evaluated at harsh winter sites

AbstractBackgroundGenotype × environment interaction (GEI) slows genetic gains and complicates selection decisions in plant breeding programs. Forage breeding program seed sales often encompass large geographic regions to which the cultivars may not be adapted. An understanding of the extent of GEI in perennial, cool‐season forage grasses will facilitate improved selection decisions and end‐use in areas with harsh winters.MethodsWe evaluated the dry matter yield of nine meadow brome (Bromus biebersteinii Roemer & J. A. Schultes), nine orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), seven tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.), and 10 timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars or breeding populations at seven high latitude and/or elevation locations in Canada and the United States from 2019 to 2021.ResultsFor each of the species, we found significant differences among the genotypes for dry matter yield across environments and found significant levels of GEI. Using site regression analysis and GGE biplot visualizations, we then characterized the extent of the interactions in each species. Except for tall fescue, there was little evidence for the broad adaptation of genotypes across locations.ConclusionsThis research adds further evidence to the limitations of perennial, forage breeding programs to develop widely adapted cultivars and the need to maintain regional breeding efforts.

Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Longitudinal Tilt Angles on the Thermal Performance of a Small-Scale Linear Fresnel Reflector

This paper analyses the influence of the longitudinal tilt angle of the secondary system of a low-concentration photovoltaic system based on a small-scale linear Fresnel reflector. Several evaluation indicators, such as useful heat gain, thermal efficiency, incident solar irradiance gain on the photovoltaic cells, and total useful energy gain, were evaluated for five wind speed conditions and six locations in the Northern Hemisphere. The tests were performed with two small-scale linear Fresnel reflector configurations: the classical large-scale linear Fresnel reflector configuration (base configuration) and the optimal longitudinal tilt angle configuration (longitudinal tilt configuration). An experimental platform based on an open-loop wind tunnel was designed and built for this purpose. As far as useful heat production, the longitudinal tilt configuration performs worse as the longitudinal tilt angle and wind speed increase. A useful heat gain 33.91% lower than the base configuration is obtained with a wind speed of 10.03 (m/s) at the 36.86 (°) latitude location. Thermal efficiency decreases with increasing wind speed and longitudinal tilt angle. The thermal efficiency is between 0.3 and 0.2 with wind speeds of 4.99 (m/s) and 10.03 (m/s). The longitudinal tilt configuration shows the best increase in total useful energy gain in the absence of wind (up to 53% at a latitude of 36.86 (°)). This increase is 25% at this same location with a wind speed of 10.03 (m/s). It can be concluded that the effect of the longitudinal tilt of the secondary system has a positive effect. To highlight the importance of this work, the results obtained in the configuration comparison were used to compare a nonconcentrating photovoltaic system and a low-concentration photovoltaic system. The incident solar irradiance on the photovoltaic cells is much higher with nonconcentrating photovoltaic technology. This solar irradiance gain is over 60% for the base configuration and 45% for the longitudinal tilt configuration. The total useful energy gain is 70% in the absence of wind and at the 36.86 (°) latitude location in favour of the low-concentration photovoltaic system. The nonconcentrating photovoltaic system performs better with a wind speed of 10.03 (m/s).

A MACHINE LEARNING BASED SYSTEM TO CLASSIFY FOREST FIRE PREDICTION FOR FOREST SAFETY

Forecasting forest fires requires the application of different techniques and instruments to evaluate the likelihood and potential seriousness of a fire starting in a forested region. Elements like drought, extreme temperatures, and human behaviors like bonfires, cigarettes, and pyrotechnics can all play a role in sparking forest fires. Various methods such as statistical examination, AI algorithms, and satellite pictures are employed to gather and dissect data on climate conditions, moisture levels, topography, and other factors that may heighten the chance of a forest fire. Models for predicting forest fires can furnish advanced caution systems to inform officials and locals of potential fire hazards. Predicting forest fires in the future is expected to decrease the impact of fires. This study focuses on developing a system for predicting forest fires, which calculates the likelihood of a fire starting based on various meteorological factors such as location (latitude and longitude) and temperature. The Random Forest regression algorithm was utilized to create this predictive model. Key Words: Forest Fire, Machine Learning, Temparature, Random Forest, Regression

Performance investigation of n-type PERT bifacial solar photovoltaic module installed at different elevations

In recent years, bifacial solar photovoltaic (bPV) cells have gained much interest in the solar PV market as they produce additional electrical energy at a marginally higher cost. Their ability to generate additional energy mainly depends on their rear side response. Module elevation, albedo, row spacing, and frame structure are the few factors that affect its rear side response and thus the overall efficiency. In this research work, the performance of a bPV module installed at the geographical location of latitude 9.673° N, and longitude 77.964° E is analyzed with different module elevations. Module elevation is one of the key installation parameters that causes the non-uniformity in the rear side irradiance. At low elevations, the non-uniformity is higher and starts reducing with the increase in elevation, reaching a negligible value at greater elevations. The experimental results showed that for the module elevation of above 1m, the non-uniformity is reduced to 5 % from 12 % at 0.25m. The peak power output for the elevation of above 1m is around 375W at which the bifaciality factor is about 25 %. Overall, it is observed that the bifacial solar PV module at a higher optimum elevation produces lesser non-uniformity and a higher energy yield.