Latin Word Research Articles

Elio Aristide e la retorica della città di Roma: echi di modelli greci e paradigmi giuridici

Abstract In a significant passage in his Εἰς Ρώμην, Aelius Aristides uses the terms ἄστυ κοινόν to describe Rome. This expression is commonly considered a Greek translation of the Latin words communis patria. A new contextual and terminological analysis of Aristides’ use of the terms, however, demonstrates that he was actually drawing on the older Hellenic models that also influenced Cicero’s writings on the Roman idea of communis patria.

Introduction

Social transformations in Sinic intellectual history reveal a complex interaction among evolving cultural, philosophical, and artistic ideas and socio-political shifts. The Sinic region, encompassing areas in East and Southeast Asia influenced by Chinese script and culture—particularly Confucianism and various forms of Chinese Buddhism—includes China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, parts of Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other neighbouring countries. The term “Sinic”, originating from the Latin word for China, highlights the shared cultural and linguistic heritage across these regions. This history illustrates how shifts in intellectual thought have continually influenced and been shaped by changes in societal structures and governance. The present publication explores the intricate relationship between the individual and the state—a theme that resonates deeply through the annals of Asian thought. This relationship, characterized by an evolving dialogue between personal autonomy and state authority, serves as the backdrop to the discussions presented in this issue. Each paper contributes to a broader understanding of how individuals have negotiated their space within the structures imposed by state ideologies, influencing and reshaping them in turn.

Some Linguistic Aspects of the Term “Statistics”

The origin of the word “Statistics” is mistakenly sought in the Latin word “Status”. Although the term is indeed etymologically linked to “Status”, it is derived from the Greek noun “Στατός” (statos), meaning standing.

Comparative analysis of stress levels among working and non-working Indian women in rural Gujarat.

Stress is derived from the Latin word "stringers" manifests as the body's response to various demands and pressures, affecting individuals' health and well-being. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate stress levels in employed and unemployed women, recognizing the differential stress experiences in various life domains. A quantitative non-experimental comparative research design was employed, with data collected through structured questionnaires from 120 women in Visnagar, Gujarat. Results: Non-working women demonstrated lower stress levels compared to working women in pre-test measures. Post-intervention, non-working women experienced a reduction in stress, while working women showed no change. Demographic factors like age, education, and family structure did not significantly influence stress levels, except for monthly income, which correlated with lower stress across both groups. The study underscores significant disparities in stress levels between employed and unemployed women in rural Visnagar. Tailored interventions effectively reduced stress among non-working women but showed limited efficacy for working women. Financial stability emerged as a crucial factor in mitigating stress. Younger working women reported higher stress levels, suggesting the need for targeted interventions addressing career and familial pressures.

THE CONCEPTS OF TEACHING, UPBRINGING, EDUCATION AND THE QUESTION OF THEIR CORRELATION

The concepts of education, teaching and upbringing, as well as the question of their correlation are relevant for modern philosophical research. One of the terminological problems is the use of the word «education» as a synonym for «upbringing» or a synonym for «teaching». The purpose is to provide a logical systematization of the main variants of the definition of the concept of education in its relation to the concepts of teaching and upbringing. The authors identify three main characteristic variants of the correlation between the concepts of education, teaching and upbringing. The first option is a one-component scheme, for which the concepts of teaching, upbringing and education are identical. Education is teaching or upbringing. This scheme is quite common at the everyday and theoretical levels. The authors analyze the historical origins of such identifications. Firstly, it is the New European rationalist interpretation of human nature, which considers the formation of man as a primarily intelligent and knowledgeable being. Secondly, it is the Soviet heritage, which viewed education as a systemic pedagogical concept. The equation of education, teaching, and upbringing also has an etymological basis, as it is similar to the multivalent Greek term paideia and the Latin word discipline. The second option is a two-component scheme. In this scheme, education is a broader concept that includes teaching and upbringing without leveling or identifying them. Teaching reflects the meanings of education in the professional and intellectual sphere, and upbringing in the worldview and moral sphere. The third option is a three-component scheme that includes training, education and development as components of education. This scheme, although interesting, is still in the process of its terminological formation.

The concept of “spectacularity” in the context of cultural concepts

In our imagination the concept of “spectacularity” is associated with images of a fair, a bright, exciting, cheerful carnival with laughter, joy, bright colors, and mirror refl ections. Certainly, “spectacularity” is not only about positive impressions: it can also be shocking or frightening, as evidenced by the Latin word “specter” (from the Latin “spectrum” — “vision”), meaning “apparition”, “ghost”, which again is one of the synonyms of Russian “spectacularity”. The phenomena of spectacle and spectacularity can be considered as phenomena of society and culture. The article shows approaches to the analysis of the concept of “spectacularity”, which are presented in the cultural and philosophical works of Russian and foreign scientists: M.M. Bakhtin, J. Ortega y Gasset, A.I. Mazaev, N.A. Khrenov, E.V. Salnikova and others. It is revealed that in developing these concepts, the authors rely on an analysis of traditions and rituals associated with festive culture. Often, through the holiday/ mundanity dichotomy, the authors identify the essential characteristics of concepts. Elite and profane, “low” and “high” — these are the characteristics that are used when talking about mass and elite culture. The materials of the article can be used within the disciplines “History of Culture”, “History of Art” and “Aesthetics”

THE BEST STRATEGY FOR DEALING WITH BUSINESS CONFLICTS: STRATEGIC CHOICES IN DRAFTING CLAUSES IN ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS AND THE APPLICATION OF EXPEDITED PROCEDURES

Arbitration or the root word in (Latin) ''arbitrare'' means "the process or method of deciding a dispute through an independent arbitrator or referee". This definition is one of them because legal experts have different opinions or views even though their opinions have the same meaning. Talking about arbitration or arbitration institutions, there has actually been and has been practiced throughout the centuries for the first time introduced by the Greek community before Christ. As for Indonesia, arbitration is known and recognized by citizens as an alternative to problem solving through non-litigation. Alternative dispute resolution, such as arbitration and mediation, is now a popular choice in resolving business conflicts. The method used to collect data is by conducting literature searches published in scientific research articles and journals. The literature search was conducted using several loaded search engines, such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. This method is an alternative that is considered more effective and efficient than going through the courts, because the process is faster, lower costs, and the resulting decisions are final and binding. The purpose of this study is how to choose a strategy in drafting clauses in the Arbitration agreement for dispute resolution

Escherichia col Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

The Latin and Greek words "diabetes" and "mellitus," respectively, signify sweet and siphon. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease marked by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels. DM can be divided into two categories: types 1 and 2. T2DM is hypothesized to affect middle-aged and older individuals who have maintained hyperglycemia as a result of bad eating habits and lifestyle choices. 45 urine samples from diabetics with UTIs of different ages were gathered for this study at the National Diabetes Center of Al-Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad Province, Iraq, between October 2023 and February 2024. The samples were handled carefully in the laboratory utilizing the right protocols to avoid any contamination. To categorize bacterial species in the urinary tract, biochemical assays, the standard urine culture (SUC), and other techniques were employed (cultural characteristics, vitek2 system). E. coli made up 67% of the bacteria that were identified from the urine of T2DM patients who had UTIs. In this investigation, E. coli displayed a high percentage of sensitivity to Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Oxyacillin, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Imipenem (97%) but resistance to Moxifloxacin, Meropenem, Tigecyclin, Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ertapenem, Cefoxitin, and Nalidixic acid with rate of 100%.

Конрад Фоглер и его «Краткое изложение Суммы о религии Франсиско Суареса»: эволюция значения термина «религия»

The article discusses the evolution of the concept of religion from Cicero, who first defined this term, to the era of modern times. The concept of religion by Clement of Alexandria, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Francisco Suarez is analyzed. The Greek term “θρησκεία” found in the New Testament and the validity of its translation by the Latin word “religio” (in Jerome’s Vulgate) are discussed. The history of the gradual rooting of the term “religion” in the Russian language is also touched upon (it is shown that the word “religion” begins to be actively used in Russia only from the era of Peter the Great). The appendix contains a translation from Latin of the first two books of the work of the Austrian Jesuit Conrad Vogler (1665–1742) “A Brief Exposition of the Summa on the Religion of Francisco Suarez”, in connection with which a shift towards a legalistic understanding of religion in the theology of the Jesuits is revealed.

UNDERSTANDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS OF TRIBAL POLITY IN INDIA: THE STUDY OF LADAKH AND RAJASTHAN

The term ‘Federalism’ refers to and deals with multiple aspects; it relates to administrative setup in the constitutional distribution of power in various layers of government. At the same time, it also works as a system to accommodate multiple identities in a plural administrative setup; it is fiscal and administrative, it can accommodate aspirations, and at the same time, it can adopt exclusivity. Comparative and cooperative can also be the dimension of federalism. As the word Federation is derived from the Latin word ‘foedus’, which means agreement or treaty, ironically, in modern plural democracies, it acts as the consensus builder and the reason for conflict, protest and movements.The paper will explore the various dimensions of federalism in India, particularly tribal polity. The tribes in India are not homogenous groups, and their heterogeneities can be seen in terms of their regional, culturally specific demands within the scope of federal arrangements in India. Politically and administratively, the Post-Independent India struggled to address the tribal aspirations. Even though administrative arrangements have been made to the constitution in the form of the Vth and VIth schedules, the tribal aspirations in the federal polity of India demand further accommodation and representation.

On the early uses of the word 'gout': novel evidence and a critical assessment of the published literature.

Recognized since antiquity, gout is still a relevant pathology with rising prevalence and incidence. This study aims to assess the reference accuracy in journal articles mentioning the early use of the word 'gout'. Specifically, it investigates whether the term was indeed coined in the 13th century by the Dominican monk Randolphus of Bocking, as widely believed. Several historical sources in their original Latin were consulted to test the hypothesis of literary mentions predating Randolphus of Bocking's description. At the same time, biomedical articles spanning the last two decades were perused using specific keywords in different combinations to determine the accuracy level of references related to the earliest use of the word 'gout'. The results showed that several biomedical publications wrongly ascribed the origin of the word 'gout' to Randolphus of Bocking. Indeed, various texts predate his mention by many years. In particular, gutta, the Latin word used to indicate a host of rheumatological conditions including gout, is recorded as early as the 10th century in a biography dedicated to the martyred nun Saint Wiborada of St. Gall. Written by Swiss monks between AD 960 and 963, this text should be regarded as containing the earliest known adoption of the word. For this reason, scholars should now avoid quoting Randolph of Bocking's description as the first use of the word 'gout' in Western literature.

Peran Arbitrase dalam Penyeleseaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan Menurut Undang-Undang No. 30 Tahun 1999

Apart from regulating the use of arbitration, Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Conflict Resolution encourages business actors to examine alternative conflict resolution. Arbitration is a method of resolving a civil settlement outside of general court which is based on an arbitration agreement signed between the parties. According to Law Number 30 of 1999, alternative recovery methods include mediation, negotiation, consultation, expert review and conciliation. Arbitration comes from the Latin word arbitrare which means the power to resolve something based on discretion. The appointment of arbitration with discretion gives the impression that an arbitrator is someone who can reach a more reasonable conclusion regarding the settlement. This research method uses a descriptive analysis approach which uses factors that influence the advantages of arbitration and this data source is secondary, namely according to legal documents - Law number 30 of 1999 and related laws, as well as journals and books. The fact that the arbitrators are selected by both parties to the dispute and are experts in their fields indicates that they are informed about the issues at hand, which is one of the benefits of resolving conflicts outside the court system rather than through litigation. Second, settlement decisions are made behind closed doors, so that only a few parties know the main issues at issue. Specialization or expertise in case management gives clients confidence• Arbitration is a popular alternative in business settlements due to several key advantages. The closed process maintains confidentiality and avoids adverse publicity. Arbitration decisions are final and binding, and the process is faster and more predictable than court. Flexibility in selecting arbitrators and arbitration procedural rules also provides parties with greater control over the outcome of their settlements. Overall, arbitration achieves amicable resolutions, supports sustainable commercial relationships, and allows for resolution in a more efficient and effective manner

Tail Lights

And so here we are : the end of anotheracademic year, summer beckons and the 4thonline edition of Surgo 2023/4. Timely thento review the last year as we look forward toa well-deserved holiday to rechargeourselves for next year. It was so joyous to see all the graduatingfinal year students at the GU to celebratetheir magnificent achievement and heartheir excitement in joining the nobleprofession of Medicine come August.Extremely proud of all of them and eager tocall them my colleagues! MedChir has organised another successfulyear packed full of social and educationalevents. It is always an honor and pleasure tobe involved. A highlight was the Revuejudging invitation – especially when my andother fabulous colleagues’ faces featured inthe winning (of course!) performance. Welldone the Glasgow Medics Netball Club!!! Surgo (born in the 1930s) is now online – aneconomic saving for MedChir and moresustainable for the environment. Everypublication here on out is “discoverable” published work is therefore legitimate CVentries.Very well done to those who submittedvisual abstracts to Surgo. I have learnt somuch from your interesting projects! FYIthe best 5 entries are published witheach issue of Surgo, with the overall endof year winner receiving a grand £100prize. (Get your skates on!)Gratitude, thankfulness, or gratefulnessis a feeling of appreciation by a recipientof another's kindness. This kindness canbe gifts, help, favors, or another form ofgenerosity to another person. The wordcomes from the Latin word gratus,which means "pleasing" or "thankful"(Wikipedia). Not to be confused with“gratis” (free, without charge) fortunately for us, practicing gratitude isfree! Daily gratitude exercise canimprove our emotional wellbeing byhelping us cope with stress (1) – so here Igo: This has been a busy year – a newRadiology chapter in the latest Kumarand Clark (eek!), speaking invitations toVienna and Gothenburg, runner up forNHS Education Scotland Innovation inEducation prize and winning 2 grantsfrom the Association of Study of MedicalEducation. I organised the ScottishRadiological Society Spring Meetingwith a Well-Being and Education focus. Itwas attended by almost 100 radiologists,the first to witness a standing ovation (Ithink) and the wonderful, generousfeedback was deeply humbling. I am grateful to my family, all my clinicaland radiological colleagues, theuniversity, medical students and mypatients They allow me to improve patient caredirectly and also indirectly through myinteractions with you - tomorrow’sdoctors. Finally, I am very grateful to have got toknow and work with Anna Bradford,Surgo Editor in Chief this year. Anna is aforce of nature – publishing 4 issues ofthis year (“usual” is 2 issues/year with nopublications for a while! That is a tale foranother Tail lights…). Her energy,enthusiasm and determination has beeninstrumental in bringing Surgo into the21st Century and online. I wish her all thevery best as she hunkers down to thebusiness of getting through final yearMBChB. I am looking forward to workingwith Daanyaal Ashraf who has manyideas for Surgo 2024/5. Future I am brimming with excitement towelcoming students, international andlocal experts to the Uncertainty inMedicine / Humanities elective thissummer. The Surgo Visual AbstractCompetition will continue into 2024/25 so please send in your interestingprojects to Daanyaal (publication = CVfodder and £20 prize – don’t say I am notgenerous to you!). Finally, I am lookingforward to my new role at DundeeMedical School. Until the next Tail lights – have a greatsummer!

Städer, begrepp och perspektiv – ett ordnat kaos

Towns, concepts and perspectives – an orderly chaos. This article is an investigation into towns, concepts and perspectives of towns. The concepts of urbanization, urbanism and urbanity all go back to the Latin word urbs, thereby carrying a bias fromAntiquity. Both present and past concepts demonstrate a range of expectations to certain settlements and a confusing use of language. Criteria reflect a choice of perspective and accessible sources. Six different perspectives have dominated the urbandiscourse. However, there can only be common concepts if a specific perspective is applied. The present orderly chaos of criteria, concepts and perspectives are preferable to commonly adopted definitions, concepts, and views.

Characteristics of Chinese translation of drug names in advertisements

In recent years, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, cooperation among countries in the medical field has become increasingly important. Cooperation continues to develop, and more and more foreign products are appearing in the pharmaceutical market. This has led to an increasing interest in changing drug names to another language, especially Chinese. This article analyzes four methods for translating traditional Chinese medicine terminology in advertising: phonetic method, semantic method, hybrid method, and semantic method, while considering the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine. The research object is the particularity of translating foreign medical terms into Chinese. This article aims to analyze the methods of translating medical terminology into Chinese. In addition, a new translation method – a semantic approach with the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine – has been proposed. The research materials include medical terms and their Chinese translations. This article provides an example of a method for translating medical terminology into Chinese and proposes a new method for translating medical terminology – a semantic approach that takes into account the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine.People have found that names translated using phonetic methods are usually associated with Latin words. When using semantic methods, select these hieroglyphs to indicate the exact action of the drug. The use of hybrid methods to translate drug names not only preserves the sound of the original language, but also includes information about the usefulness of the product. When translating into Chinese, English words with traditional Chinese medicine characteristics are usually added. When translating European drug names, considering the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine, the reality of Chinese language and culture is often added to make the operation of drugs easier for consumers to understand. Translation is usually supported through visualization, which refers to Chinese idioms and traditional cultural images.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF INDIAN COLLEGIUM SYSTEM IN JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS WITH RESPECT TO OTHER DEMOCRACIES

The etymology of the word ‘court’ denotes an enclosed place. Be it an enclosed yard as derived from the French term Cour or a garden of horticulture or orchard as descended from the Latin word ‘hortus’ or an ancient Greek word ‘Khortos’, which gives the significance of the roles and responsibilities assigned to or vested with the court systems in the world. The judicial assembly since its inception from the 12th Century designates the sovereign and his/her entourage to adjudicate disputes in an enclosed yard or a space. Judiciaries being the collective system of courts interpret and apply laws of the land. A Bench is formed by a Judge or body of judges whereas a Bar is structured by attorneys and barristers.The ‘venue’ is a place where the court sits. If the administration of justice could be handled well with utmost efficiency and effectiveness by the first known democratic administration in the world, the Water Court at Valencia, an ancient coastal city in the Western Spain. It would be an eyeopener for the judiciary to see how efficiently the irrigators of the Valencia plain could manage their water resources. The researchers try to highlight the very purpose for which the courts, even in the ancient times, were established and the way they functioned by the sovereign and his / her team of experts and competent administrators. The reflections clearly indicate the need for preserving the sanctity of free and fair principles without compromising impartial and unbiased decrees as pronounced or expected to be promulgated by the judges while upholding the democratic integrity and republican values.

A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE SAMUDRASAUVARCHALADI VARTI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NADIVRANA W.S.R. PILONIDAL SINUS

The term Nadi implies the tube-like structures, and the Nadivrana is treated as a sinus. Sinus is a Latin word which means tract. In Ayurveda, this track is called Gati. That entails a lot of pus invasion and a lot of borrow-ing. Nadivrana, or sinus, is classified as a non-healthy ulcer. The sinus is defined as a blind tract that runs from the surface into the tissue and is lined by either granulation tissue or epithelium. The presence of a foreign body (hair follicles, suturing materials, etc.), non-dependent drainage, and infection all contribute to its persistence. Suppose a person ignores an abscess or swelling in its fully suppurated stage, whether doubtful of its condition-ing or even if they neglect to open a fully suppurated abscess. In that case, the pus burrows into the affected part. An abscess or swelling is named Gati Vrana because of the heavy infiltration of pus, and Nadivrana be-cause of many recesses or cavities in its interior. There are five varieties of Nadivrana (sinus): Vata-ja,Pittaja,Kaphaja,Tridoshaja, and Shalyaja. Because of its non-healing quality, Nadivrana is classified as dustha vrana in classical works. The pilonidal sinus is a small tract extending from a skin opening in or near the cleft.[1] Because of its non-healing quality Nadivrana is classifiedas dustha vrana in classical works. The pi-lonidal sinus is a small tract that leads from a skin opening in or near the cleft at the top of the buttocks and con-tains hairs (Pilo-prefix meaning hair-Oxford dictionary). Pilonidal sinus was most common throughout the third decade. It affects men more than women, with a roughly 6:1 male-to-female ratio. There is no therapeutic thera-py for Nadivrana in modern science [2].

TRANSLATION PROBLEMS OF ENGLISH LEGAL DISCOURSE

When dealing with legal texts, it is necessary to take into account not only the typical basic features of Uzbek and British legal arguments, but also the existing differences in the legal systems of each country. When translating from one language to another, it is important to properly convey the content of legal documents. In order to identify the typical basic features of English legal vocabulary and to provide a methodology for solving the problems that arise when translating legal texts, the authors study syntactic analysis, lexical analysis, comparative translation and comparative translation. applying the method. The materials studied include specific lexemes (commonly used words, jargon, jargon, Latin words, abbreviations, and

MÜASİR İNGİLİS VƏ AZƏRBAYCAN DİLLƏRİNDƏ VOKATİV CÜMLƏLƏR

Vocative Sentences in Modern English and Azerbaijani Languages Summary Sentence-words and vocative sentences are the kinds of sentences which are mostly used both in the English and Azerbaijani languages. A vocative sentence is from Latin word “vocativus”. Such kinds of sentences express appeal, challenge and pampering. A lot of vocative words and sentences are used both in the English and Azerbaijani languages. There are some similiarities and differences between the vocative sentences and direct address, interjection and nominal sentences. This article deals with the allomorphic and izomorphic features between vocative sentences and direct address, interjections and nominal sentences using in both languages. Key words: sentence-words, a vocative sentence, a direct address, interjection, a nominal sentence, appeal

Importance of Nano-Sized Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition

"Nano", which derives from the Latin word nanus and means dwarf, refers to a very small unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology, which deals with the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular level, has an application area in animal husbandry as well as in many fields. Nano-sized feed additives, which have come to the forefront in the livestock sector in recent years, have become an innovative application used to increase the nutritional value of feeds and optimize animal health and performance. Since these additives are nano-sized particles with increased specific surface area, they can have a positive effect on a number of factors such as digestibility, nutrient absorption, immune system, growth and development. Minerals in the form of nanoparticles used as feed additives can increase bioavailability by passing through the intestinal wall to body cells faster compared to larger particles. The nano level of the substance not only increases the productivity of animals, but also brings the potential to improve the functionality of feed molecules. Nano feed additives increase the digestion and absorption of feed, allowing animals to benefit from feed more effectively. However, there are several challenges associated with this approach. These include the potential for endotoxin production, reduced nutrient absorption due to interaction with natural nutrients, the possibility of nanoparticle accumulation in the animal body, health risks, ethical considerations, environmental concerns and some negative effects such as interference with natural nutrients that can be avoided by encapsulation. This article discusses recent studies on nano-sized feed additives that offer potential benefits in animal nutrition.