Latin American Integration Research Articles

Teaching sexual diversity in Brazilian schools

We intent in this paper to present a pedagogical experience that links anthropology and secondary schools in combating heterosexism and violence against LGBTQ community. The project created a pedagogical space where prejudice and discrimination for reasons of gender and sexuality were debated in an educational environment. We believe that especially in these times of global attacks on women's and LBGTQs’ rights and human rights, it is essential that at local level we keep on resisting and creating spaces in which reflection and deconstruction of oppressive structures are promoted. This article deals with the experience of education projects on gender and sexuality carried out by a Brazilian federal university in a city in the interior of the state of Paraná, located on the triple border of Brazil with Argentina and Paraguay. It is important to note that Paraná is a state considered as extremely conservative. We hope to show how we develop an experience of what we call “extension of the university” in Brazil, aligned with research and education on the subject of sexualities. We understand that this kind of project can be an efficient arena for applied anthropology and also as investment in educating young people as valuable human resources to combat violence and to promote peaceful communities. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), as an extension of a larger and older project carried out by the Nucleus of Identities of Gender and Subjectivities (NIGS) based in the Federal University of Santa Catarina.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO MERCADO LATINO-AMERICANO E DA COMPETIÇÃO CHINESA PARA O DESEMPENHO RECENTE DAS EXPORTAÇÕES BRASILEIRAS DE PRODUTOS MANUFATURADOS

As exportações brasileiras de produtos manufaturados apresentam uma especialização geográfica bem demarcada, tanto em termos de volume quanto de composição e grau de sofisticação dos produtos. Para os produtos manufaturados, a América Latina se tornou o principal mercado desde os anos 1990, além de revelar algum grau de articulação produtiva entre as economias. Porém, ao longo dos anos 2000, a parcela de mercado de manufaturados do Brasil na região vem se reduzindo devido à perda de competitividade dos produtos brasileiros associada ao acirramento da concorrência chinesa na região e à erosão das preferências comerciais do Brasil na América Latina. O presente trabalho analisa o desempenho e as perspectivas das exportações brasileiras de manufaturados segundo seus principais destinos usando indicadores de comércio (de market share e de similaridade das pautas exportadoras), que sistematizam as informações acerca da especialização da pauta exportadora brasileira e da articulação produtiva do Brasil com seus principais parceiros. Tal análise evidencia a importância do comércio regional para as exportações de manufaturados do país, apesar da redução do market share do Brasil nesses mercados. A fim de aprofundar o entendimento das causas para essa evolução recente, são examinados as perdas e ganhos das exportações de manufaturados do Brasil na Aladi em relação à China, utilizando-se uma versão modificada da metodologia de constant market share (CMS).

El combate al tráfico internacional de niñas para fines de explotación sexual en América Latina

Con el presente estudio se tiene por objetivo analizar los desafíos y las perspectivas del combate al tráfico internacional de niñas con fines de explotación sexual en América Latina a través de la cooperación internacional con la proposición de normativas comunes a los Estados latinoamericanos de la tríplice frontera (Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay). En este contexto, se cuestiona: ¿cuáles son los desafíos y las perspectivas de la lucha contra el tráfico internacional de niñas con fines de explotación sexual en América Latina a través de la cooperación internacional en la tríplice frontera al redefinir la ciudadanía y el concepto de zona de frontera en la construcción de políticas públicas comunes en esos países? En su construcción, se dividió el estudio en dos momentos, donde en el primero se analiza el proceso de (re)construcción de la integración latinoamericana. En el segundo, buscase comprender el combate al tráfico internacional de niñas con fines de explotación sexual en la tríplice frontera a partir de la creación de políticas públicas comunes entre las naciones. Como camino metodológico utilizado se tiene como método de abordaje el deductivo, como métodos de procedimientos el histórico y el funcionalista y como técnicas de investigación la bibliográfica y la documental.

Política, Políticas e Imigração Internacional no Brasil: mudanças recentes e perspectivas

From the field surveys performed in the South, Centre-West, Southeast and North regions of Brazil between 2014 and 2018, new migration routes, transbordering relationships of human mobility and the impacts of the desired South and Latin American regional integration were identified in the immigration profile of Brazil. In this sense, this article aims to review the cartographies, policies, routes and the state of the art of international immigration in Brazil for the last five years, which saw profound changes in the domestic and foreign scenarios. From the country of the “Brazilian dream” of Latin Americans and Caribbeans, the country changed to the country of remigrations and forced emigrations, including refugees who settled here during the short period of the migratory Eldorado. Using the instruments of thematic mapping, which is now revisited and revised in relation to our previous productions, we will discuss what remained of the “new immigration country” from the ruptures that occurred with the 2016 impeachment and with the approval and effectiveness of the new Immigration Law from 2017. The article also broaches the recent discussions on the migration of Venezuelan refugees to the Brazilian territory and its repercussions on the Latin American integration project, apparently discontinued with the rise of such disorganized governments in the region. Finally, we bring in topics the immigration perspectives for Brazil in the coming years and linked to issues of defence, geopolitics and geoeconomics, including also the discussion on environmental migration.

Латинская Америка и меняющийся мир

Reviewed book is a complex work devoted to the sociopolitical challenges and the problems of economic and integral development of the Latin America in the context of building a new international order. The authors analyzed the present situation of intra- and extraregional collaboration of Latin American countries and activities of supranational communities. Moreover, they assessed the region's ability to become single and autonomous subject in international relations. In this monography were identified the major threats and challenges that might interfere with this. In this regard, the authors consider that extraregional factors play an important role, in particular, the impact of the USA of the countries and regional integration associations. Greatly disunity among Latin American states, they impossibility of reaching consensus-based positions and on the basis of this of building the sustainable international system owing to the United States direct impact and the Organization of American States role in the region. The sustainability of the oldest integration system, such as OAS, and the ideologically based conditionalities of own Latin American integration do not permit a fully strong and enduring alliance. The part of the Latin American countries tend to transpacific integration, and the others of them interested in Chinese investments. In general, interests vary of Latin American countries leads to discord among nationalities that is detrimental to the chances of the region to become one of the pole in the multipolar world. The monograph is of interest to Latin American studies and to all who want know more about international relations.

СОЮЗ ЮЖНОАМЕРИКАНСКИХ НАЦИЙ: ТУМАННЫЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The phenomenon of Latin American integration has a long history. Throughout decades, a number of international organizations, regional and subregional blocs have formed in the region in order to unite interstate efforts aimed at fostering economic growth. The “pink tide” led to the emergence of several new integration projects that develop both political cooperation and trade and investment partnerships. The left-wing political forces managed to revise integration processes and enlarge a new integrational agenda with a number of issues from the field of economics, politics and social development. At the beginning of the 21st century, the integration reached a new level, turning from customs associations into political institutions, due to which the countries of Latin America began to acquire their own voice in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, to formulate regional and sub-regional development goals and consolidate their own foreign policy line. Some of the most important achievements of the integration process in early 21st century are the formation of the South American Union of Nations (UNASUR) – a promising regional body aimed at achieving political consensus and cohesion of economies, and creation of a single free trade zone. However, recent political shifts weakened the left-wing forces in Latin America, which resulted in a highly heterogeneous regional setting that has challenged a possibility of consensus achievement between regional governments. This could not but impact the regional integration projects, including UNASUR. Relying on official documents, media resources and vast range of special studies the present article analyzes the evolution of UNASUR with particular focus on the modern stage characterized by the authors as a crisis.&nbsp

Regionalism and presidential ideology in the current wave of Latin American integration

Latin American regionalism is currently undergoing a profound crisis. Although the recent wave of regionalism of the early 21st century raised high expectations just a few years ago, it has suffered some important drawbacks since, as illustrated by the suspension of Venezuela from Mercosur in 2017 or the debacle of the Union of South American Nations in April 2018. Regional integration theories extrapolated from the European case struggle to account for the short cycles of integration dynamics in Latin America. Against this background, this article emphasizes two important aspects of Latin American regionalism that differentiate Latin America from other regions and explain some of the swift changes experienced over the last decades. First, because of the presidential nature of diplomacy in the region, integration relies more on the success of summits and joint declarations than on longer-term institutional diplomacy. Second, ideology is an essential factor of integration, as opposed to a vision of regionalism based primarily on material interests. Hence, the success and failure of regional integration are partly explained by the convergence of presidential ideologies among member states in a given organization. Based on an expert survey on the evolution of presidential ideology in 15 Latin American countries since the beginning of the 21st century and complemented by a structured discourse analysis, the article explores the importance of ideological coherence in the success – and lack thereof – of four regional organizations (the Pacific Alliance, Mercosur, the Andean Community and the Union of South American Nations). It also illustrates the salience of ideological arguments in presidential discourses on regional integration. These elements shed new light on the ideological factor in the current crisis of Latin American regionalism.

El discutible desempeño de las Organizaciones Regionales en la Integración Latinoamericana

El discutible desempeño de las Organizaciones Regionales en la Integración Latinoamericana

Decline of US Hegemony? A Challenge of ALBA and a New Latin American Integration of the Twenty‐First Century ‐ edited by Bagley, Bruce M. and Defort, Magdalena

Decline of US Hegemony? A Challenge of ALBA and a New Latin American Integration of the Twenty‐First Century ‐ edited by Bagley, Bruce M. and Defort, Magdalena

Reflections on symmetries and asymmetries in the internationalization of higher education in Brazil and Canada

In this article we reflect on how internationalization is articulated in different ways within the context of a relatively new global educational credentials export industry (GEEI). This industry emerged largely as a response to decreased public funding of higher education in specific 'education export' countries. We take Canada as an example of one of these countries, to illustrate how the marketization of internationalization in higher education is reproduced and contested within that context. We contrast how internationalization is articulated in Canada with the context of internationalization in Brazil. We offer the case of a Brazilian university - UNILA, the Federal University for Latin American Integration, as an example of internationalization that attempts to challenge the global credentials export industry. mple. The example of UNILA shows how a commitment to international public service stands in contrast to transactional internationalization processes that sustain dominant trends of student and knowledge flows in North-South asymmetrical engagements.

Hacia un ñandereko latinoamericano: identidad de resistencia e integración contrahegemónica

En este trabajo se problematiza la integración latinoamericana desde la articulación de las luchas populares contrahegemónicas y desde la construcción de identidades de resistencia al avance del capitalismo neoliberal enraizadas en las tradiciones antiimperialistas. Se destaca cómo la dimensión contrahegemónica ha estado presente cada vez que hubo avances reales en este proceso de integración. Se analiza el papel y las posibilidades que las luchas populares tienen en el mismo y cuáles son los espacios de construcción de estas articulaciones y búsquedas identitarias. También cómo este proceso de integración desde abajo, desde los pueblos, desde las organizaciones populares, puede aportar a repensar la llamada Teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales desde América Latina en un enfoque descolonizador epistémico-político. Se propone el concepto de ñandereko latinoamericano, partiendo de la idea guarani de una identidad contrastiva, intercomunitaria que afirma una vida en comunidad igualitaria entre los hombres y en profunda relación con la naturaleza, como fuente de inspiración en la construcción de identidades de resistencia y unión latinoamericanas.

Premises, Perils, and Promises of ASEAN Integration

This article is aimed at analyzing the premises, perils, and promises of ASEAN integration. Beyond examining the region’s situation, this article will also draw lessons from the European Union and various incipient Latin American integration projects. Specifically, this article will address the following questions: (a) How does the ASEAN’s founding myth affect the ASEAN integration project’s general direction? (b) What is wrong with ASEAN’s current neoliberal framework? (c) What country will be the likely hegemon of the ASEAN economic and socio-cultural community? (d) Is a solidarity-based, people-centered, grassroots-driven, and non-neoliberal model for ASEAN integration possible and sustainable? (e) What lessons can be drawn from the European and Latin American integration schemes?

Geo-Economic Competition in Latin America: Brazil, Venezuela, and Regional Integration in the 21st Century

The institutional framework of Latin American integration saw a period of intense transformation in the 2000s, with the death of the ambitious project of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), spearheaded by the United States, and the birth of two new institutions, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). This article offers a historical reconstruction of regional integration structures in the 2000s, with emphasis on the fault lines between Brazil, Venezuela and the US, and how they have shaped the institutional order across the hemisphere. I argue that the shaping of UNASUR and CELAC, launched respectively in 2007 and 2010, is the outcome of three complex processes: (1) Brazil’s struggle to strengthen Mercosur by acting more decisively as a regional paymaster; (2) Washington’s selective engagement with some key regional players, notably Colombia, and (3) Venezuela’s construction of an alternative integration model through the Bolivarian Alliance (ALBA) and oil diplomacy. If UNASUR corresponded to Brazil’s strategy to neutralize the growing role of Caracas in South America and to break apart the emerging alliance between Venezuela, Argentina, and Bolivia, CELAC was at the same time a means to keep the US away from regional decisions, and to weaken the Caracas-Havana axis that sustained ALBA.

Regional Integration in Latin America: Historical Developments, Current Challenges, Especially in Mercosur

Regional integration in Latin America has a long history dating back the wars for independence in the 19th century. Notwithstanding, there is no need, for our purposes, to go back to the autonomist struggles of Simon Bolivar and other political and military leaders at the beginning of the 19th century, and to their premature attempts to forge an alliance between the many former Spanish colonies being liberated, because those efforts were most of a political nature and did not result in any institutional innovation at that time. At the beginning of the Eighties, a new wave of democratization touched Latin America, with the return to civilian and elected regimes, particularly in Argentina (1983) and Brazil (1985), which signaled a new emphasis on economic integration. But the European model of a common market was too much ambitious for Latin American countries, which were in a de facto preferential trade area, with the signing, a few years earlier, of the second Montevideo Treaty (1980), performing a flexible bilateral trade network among the members of the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI). The change from ALALC to ALADI was permitted by a decision under the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1979), which enabled developing contracting parties of the GATT system to exchange more limited trade liberalization than previously disciplined by Article 24 of GATT, which settled the rules for exceptions to the most-favored-nation clause, under the free trade or custom union formats. Mercosur was created in 1991, and since 1999 it is undergoing a structural crisis.

Revisões sistemáticas da literatura: parte I

A PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção realizou, em 2017, uma chamada específica para artigos de Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL). RSLs são estudos secundários com vistas a mapear, encontrar, avaliar criticamente, consolidar e agregar os resultados de estudos primários identificando ênfase, tendências e lacunas de pesquisa. Esta chamada teve grande repercussão, tendo a revista recebido aproximadamente 50 submissões. Desta forma, serão publicados em 2017 dois números especialmente dedicados a RSLs, sendo este denominado de Parte I. Foi também acrescida à revista uma seção para continuamente divulgar este tipo de estudo acadêmico. O presente número apresenta Revisões Sistemáticas da Literatura realizadas por pesquisadores dos estados brasileiros de São Paulo, Paraná e Mato Grosso. As instituições de origem dos autores abrangem a Universidade Estadual de Campinas, a Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, a Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana e o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso. As áreas de formação envolvidas concentram-se em Arquitetura e Urbanismo interagindo com a Engenharia Civil, Física, Música e Educação Física. As temáticas abordadas são: flexibilidade em projetos de arquitetura, transporte cicloviário, a relação entre os conceitos de Henri Lefebvre (HL) e a arquitetura no debate acadêmico contemporâneo, o comportamento térmico de ambientes construídos internos sob a influência das envoltórias verdes, características arquitetônicas e o decaimento sonoro de salas acopladas e a origem, evolução e importância dos elementos vazados (cobogós).

Interferência e naturalidade no par português-espanhol: línguas próximas, contraste e ensino de tradução

No presente artigo, fruto de nossa pesquisa de mestrado, temos como objetivo refletir sobre a proximidade entre o português e o espanhol e seus efeitos para a tradução. Para tanto, discutiremos os conceitos de interferência e de naturalidade e observaremos como estes se apresentam na análise de nosso corpus de estudo, composto por traduções de uma receita e outras duas atividades relacionadas a tal gênero textual. Buscaremos demonstrar como esse trabalho encontra eco em nossa prática atual, na coordenação do projeto de extensão “Laboratório de Tradução da Unila”, realizado na Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (Unila). Por fim, apontaremos para a necessidade de que pesquisas que tenham como base a comparação entre essas duas línguas sejam utilizadas no ensino e na prática da tradução.

Tradição e crítica no conhecimento sobre direito da integração

Resumo O conhecimento de direito da integração é divisível em duas leituras – uma tradicional, outra crítica. A leitura tradicional é apresentada pela dogmática jurídica usual e detém postulados evolucionistas e economicistas. Limitada a avaliar iniciativas de integração à luz da experiência europeia, a leitura tradicional carece de instrumental analítico para compreender adequadamente as demais experiências, sendo incapaz de verificar a variabilidade de respostas institucionais. A leitura crítica recusa o evolucionismo e, ao perceber a restrição da causalidade econômica sobre processos de integração, permite fundar nova Agenda de Pesquisa em Direito da Integração e influenciar o debate contemporâneo sobre a integração de países latino-americanos.

Integration in Latin America: centripetal and centrifugal trends

Latin American countries were the first in the developing world on the path of economic integration. In the region, back in the early 1960’s were created the integration groupings, with the aim of strengthening trade ties between the neighboring States and their position in the world economy. As a result, the integration process has been going on for about six decades, transforming the economies of Latin America. Integration largely determines the main vectors of development of foreign trade relations, affects the direction of cross-border investment flows, strengthens corporate relationships and the emergence of various forms of production cooperation, stimulates scientific and technological cooperation, “pushes” the countries of the region towards closer political interaction. At the same time Latin American integration appears a complex and contradictory phenomenon, its history has known periods of high activity and long pauses, reversals, attempts by individual States to revise the rules of the game, receive unilateral benefits. In recent years, the integration process in Latin America acquires new features and characteristics, increasing its importance for the social and economic future of the region.

Latin American integration as a wicked problem: the case for a plural approach

La integración latinoamericana ha sido considerada usualmente como un medio para un fin, una solución para algún problema. Sin embargo, la discrepancia entre lo que es y lo que ha aspirado a ser sugiere que es un problema en sí misma. Este papel aplica un enfoque conceptual de la literatura en planificación social con influencia creciente para argüir que no es uno cualquiera sino un problema “perverso”. Contrario a los problemas ‘dóciles’, que son los problemas de las ciencias exactas, los perversos son sociales o de la sociedad y, por tanto, un tema de política pública. Los problemas perversos son inter alia difíciles de definir, únicos, inherentemente paradójicos, importantes, sujetos a muchas interpretaciones y, así, sin una solución correcta. La integración latinoamericana, se arguye aquí, tiene estas características y las implicaciones son relevantes para académicos y tomadores de decisión. Si la integración regional continúa siendo abordada como un problema dócil, los resultados probablemente seguirán discordando con las expectativas.

Alternatives for Latin American Integration: Beyond Racial Fusion and Multiculturalism

Latin American integration is a core issue in Rodolfo Stavenhagen’s “Seven Erroneous Theses about Latin America.” A critical reading of the sixth thesis suggests an alternative interpretation. Changes in the past 50 years with regard to Latin American ethnic integration, for example in Mexico and Colombia, have called into question the model of integration through assimilation. The current challenges to integration in Latin America point to an alternative approach that attributes positive value to hybrid status as a path toward overcoming internal colonialism. La integración latinoamericana es un tema fundamental en las “Siete tesis equivocadas sobre América Latina” de Rodolfo Stavenhagen. Una lectura crítica de la sexta tesis sugiere una interpretación alternativa. En los últimos 50 años, los cambios relacionados con la integración étnica de América Latina (por ejemplo, en los casos de México y Colombia) han cuestionado el modelo de integración por asimilación. Los retos actuales a la integración regional apuntan hacia un enfoque alternativo que, buscando abrir caminos para superar el colonialismo interno, otorga un valor positivo al estatus híbrido.