Latifolia Benth Research Articles

Modelling impacts to water quality in salmonid-bearing waterways following the introduction of emerald ash borer in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia Benth.) wetlands and riparian forests are an important economic, cultural, and ecological resource in the Pacific Northwest, USA, and are threatened by the invasive insect, emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmmaire) (EAB). Following the discovery of EAB in Forest Grove, Oregon in June of 2022, it is predicted that EAB-induced ash mortality will alter vegetation communities and modify hydrology of wetlands and streams in the Pacific Northwest. Of primary concern is an increase in solar loading of already degraded waterways and wetlands that support Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids and other cold-water species following canopy dieback of Oregon ash. Our study, which began before the first detection of EAB on the West Coast, models potential impacts of EAB-mediated Oregon ash canopy loss to temperature-related water quality on two waterways in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon. Our results indicate a significant increase in solar loading with likely negative impacts to Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids, other aquatic wildlife, and associated habitat. We forecast greater impacts to these resources outside our study scope and include considerations for entities with water quality-related regulatory obligations.

Astrotrichia latifolia Benth. Leaf Extracts Lack Antibacterial Activity and are Non-toxic in vitro

Astrotrichia latifolia Benth. Leaf Extracts Lack Antibacterial Activity and are Non-toxic in vitro

Effect of different growth media on foliage production and root growth in Gongronema latifolia Benth stem cuttings

Effect of different growth media on foliage production and root growth in Gongronema latifolia Benth stem cuttings

Application of morphoanatomy and microscopy in authentication of three species of traditional Chinese herbs of Moghania

BackgroundMoghania philippinensis (Merr. et Rolfe) Li, M. macrophylla (Willd.) O. Kuntze and M. ferruginea (Wall. ex Benth.) Li. (Leguminosae) has not the national standards now, and they are just only recorded in appendix of “Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China” (2010 and 2005 edition). But their roots are the crude herbs recourses of the primary ingredient in the famous prescription of “Female Moghania Tablet” for curing colpitis in China. Moreover M. philippinensis was also recorded by the appendix “Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China” (1977 edition). M. strobilifera (Linn.) Ait, M. glutiaosa (Prain) Y.T.Wei, and M. Latifolia Benth are still medical used in some local region of Guangxi and Yunnan Province of China. So their crude herbs recourses are confused in Chinese Crude Herbs Market. ObjectiveTo distinguish three species of Moghania and ensure their safety and efficacy. Materials and methodsThree species of M. macrophylla (Willd.) O.Kuntze, M. Latifolia Benth and M. glutiaosa (Prain) Y.T.Wei from Guangxi, Yunnan and Sichuan Province of China (SWUN) (Table 1).Fresh materials were fixed in FAA. Samples were passed through the traditional ethanol and dimethylbenzene series, embedded in paraffin, and then sliced with a microtome and stained with safranine-fast green and finally mounted. The leaf lower epidermal cells are obtained by the practical peeling technique and clearing method with nail polish blot. The materials were dissociated by nitric acid chromate method. The samples of herbs were powdered.The average number of palisade cell under the epidermal cells is called Palisade Ratio (PR). Since palisade ratio is consistent and different from plant to plant, this parameter can be used in authentication. Stomatal Index (SI) is a basilic parameter in authentication, which can be obtained from the following formula: Stomatal Index = (number of stomata/every millimeter-square) × 100/(number of stomata/every millimeter-square + number of epidermal cell/every millimeter-square).Mesophyll tissue is divided up by slendest vein, which is called vein islet. The numbers of vein islet in every epidermal cell is called Vein Islet Numbers (VIN), which also can be used as a reliable parameter in authentication since it is consistent in a species of plant. The results were studied using light microscope according to the usual microscopic techniques. ResultsThe three species of Moghania were studied to compare the distinguishing morphoanatomic details of root, stem, leaf and petiole, dissociation and powders. The microscopic features were systematically described and illustrated. And detailed key authentication parameters based on these anatomic characteristics were presented. A key was constructed to the three species for convenient classification. Microscopy can be unambiguously used to authenticate and distinguish three species of Moghania.

Study of the Volatile Constituents in Radix Flemingiae Macrophyllae and a Substitute by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Chemometric Methods

A combined approach of subwindow factor analysis and spectral correlative chromatography was used to analyze the volatile components in Radix Flemingiae Macrophyllae and Flemingiae Latifolia Benth, one of its substitutes. After extraction by a water distillation method, the volatile components in Radix Flemingiae Macrophyllae and Flemingiae Latifolia Benth were detected by GC-MS. Then the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the volatile components in Radix Flemingiae Macrophyllae was completed with the help of subwindow factor analysis resolving two-dimensional original data into mass spectra and chromatograms. Sixty five of 82 separated constituents in the total ion chromatogram of the volatile components in Radix Flemingiae Macrophyllae were identified and quantified, accounting for about 88.79% of the total content. Then, spectral correlative chromatography was used to extract correlative constituents in Flemingiae Latifolia Benth. Fifty one correlative components were recognized in essential oil of Flemingiae Latifolia Benth. The result proves the combined approach is powerful in the analysis of complex herbal samples. The developed method can be used to compare the sameness and differences of Radix Flemingiae Macrophyllae and its substitutes and it can also be used for quality control of Radix Flemingiae Macrophyllae.

Morphology and chromosome numbers of <i>Gongronema latifolia</i> benth. clones from Nigeria

Cytological studies on the root-tips of four clones of Gongronema latifolia Benth. were conducted to identify cross-compatible clones for possible improvement through hybridisation. The results showed that the diploidchromosomes number in G. latifolia was 2n = 16. Clones, IMS-20-NJIABA, AKS-33-EKPENE EDIENE, ANS-38-AWKA and ENS-47-MBU used in the study had 2n = 16, 2n = 16, 2n = 24 and 2n = 20 chromosomes, respectively.This showed that ANS-38-AWKA and ENS-47-MBU are polyploids. Chromosomes were metacentric and submetacentric, with only a pair of subtelocentric chromosome in ANS-38-AWKA. Chromosome lengths rangedfrom 4.03 to 4.28 ìm, and were generally of the B-size. The F values ranged from 21.76 to 49.87%. Chromosomal variations among the clones suggest presence of high levels of cross incompatibility between clones that are not ofthe same ploidy level. Hence, only clones IMS-20-NJIABA and AKS-33-EKPENE EDIENE that are of the same ploidy level will be cross compatible.

Genetic diversity in vegetative traits of utazi (Gongronema latifolia Benth) grown for two cropping seasons in Nsukka

Utazi (Gongronema latifolia Benth.) clones obtained from some localities of Southeastern Nigeria were used to establish a research field in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The extent of genetic diversity and selections on the vegetative traits were determined. Results obtained showed diverse genetic base of the clones in the vegetative traits. Higher genetic variability was observed in leaf area/plant, length of the longest vine/plant and number of leaves/plant in the clones. However, significant environmental effect on length of the longest vine/plant and number of vines/plant resulted in lower broad sense heritability estimate value for the traits. The broad sense heritability estimate for size of the cordate base, leaf area, breadth, and length are high ranging from 74–86 %. The year had no significant effect on the traits with high broad sense heritability. Strong positive correlation was observed between length of breadth and leaf area (r = 0.97; n = 46). The principal component analysis indicated that the vegetative traits of the species could be classified based on the leaf area determined by leaf length, breadth and size of the cordate base as well as the quantity of leaves on a clone. The GGE biplot analysis revealed the pattern clones were distinctly positioned; clone EBS-15-NKALAGU had the highest level of all the attributes measured, while EBS-16-ABAKALIKI had the least. Hence, clones EBS-15-NKALAGU, ENS-08-MBU and ENS-12-0KUTU could be selected for improvement and production purposes because they rated high in the vegetative traits with high genetic effects in their expression over the two years.

Patterns of vegetative propagation of stem cuttings of three physiological ages of <i> gongronema latifolia</i> benth over two seasons in Nsukka

Investigations into the vegetative propagation pattern of stem cuttings of three physiological ages of Gongronema latifolia Benth were undertaken during two seasons in Nsukka. Stem cuttings of the three physiological ages (hardwood, semi-hardwood and soft wood) were taken from a clone in a forest in southeastern Nigeria. The study showed significant variability in shoot development and growth of shoots of the three physiological ages over the two seasons. Softwood stem cuttings recorded fewer days to opening of first bud and shoot initiation (9 and 12, respectively) during wet season as well as higher percentage of rooted cuttings of 75% and 56% in dry and wet seasons respectively. Similarly, hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings showed fewer days to opening of first bud and shoot initiation in the dry season. Hardwood cuttings also had lower percentage of rooted cuttings (44%) during the wet season. However, it had longer vines in both seasons as well as higher number of shoots and leaves/cutting during the dry season. Vegetative stem cutting propagation of a selected clone of G. latifolia can thus be achieved with any of the physiological ages in both seasons at varying levels of success. Meanwhile, their propagation during the dry season when each (physiological age) gave more than seventy per cent (70%) rooted cuttings is more reliable.

Germination potentials of Gongronema latifolia Benth seeds at different stages of maturity and storage

Germination potentials of Gongronema latifolia Benth seeds at different stages of maturity and storage

Initiation and growth of shoots of Gongronema latifolia Benth stem cuttings in different rooting media

Vegetative propagation of Gongronema latifolia Benth commonly used as a forest leafy vegetable and spice, was studied in three rooting media (sawdust, ricehull and soil) under two seasons in Nsukka. The study showed that G. latifolia could be effectively propagated by stem cuttings. There was significant reduction in number of days to shoot initiation and growth in sawdust medium in the wet season. Sawdust and soil gave a better performance of the cuttings in opening of apical buds, initiation of shoots, percentage of rooted cuttings, number of vines, vine length and number of opposite leaves on vines in both seasons. Even though, both media performed similarly in most of the attributes, sawdust medium will be preferred to soil because it is readily available and affordable. Effective and high percentage rooting of G. latifolia stem cuttings, which will provide excellent conservation of a selected clone derived from virgin forest and hybridization, could be achieved in sawdust medium during the dry season. Keywords: Gongronema latifolia , rooting media, propagation, stem cuttings

Riverscape-level patterns of riparian plant diversity along a successional gradient, Willamette river, Oregon

Riparian forest communities dominated by Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa L. (Torr. and Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw are important contributors to biodiversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Western United States. Species composition along a successional gradient from stand initiation to late-succession of P. balsamifera-dominated riparian forests was investigated along 145 km of the Willamette River, Oregon. There were 151 total species encountered across 28 stands and a mean species richness of 33.3 species per stand. Young stands were dominated by P. balsamifera and Salix tree spp. and opportunistic herbaceous species. Understory trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species as well as late-successional tree species established 12–15 years after stand initiation. Fraxinus latifolia Benth. was the dominant late-successional tree species. Vertical structural diversity, P. balsamifera mean diameter at breast height, large tree biomass, and stand age were strongly correlated with understory species presence and abundance based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination. There were no young stands on mid and high terraces and this was reflected in geomorphic position being strongly correlated with the stand age gradient. Abundance of Phalaris arundinacea L. an invasive grass species, was also significantly correlated with plant species composition and abundance. This study indicates that Willamette River riparian forests are diverse and therefore important to the biodiversity of the Willamette River valley and that their presence as a mosaic of communities of different successional stages may be threatened by human interventions, including influences exerted by introduced plant species.

Macro-propagation technique for different physiological ages of Gongronema latifolia Benth cuttings

Non-wood forest products have been shown to be sustaining the rural poor in Nigeria and other developing countries. They are in most cases threatened to extinction because most species are not domesticated and thus harvested from forests. Macro-propagation of Gongronema latifolia Benth highly valued for its nutritional and medicinal qualities but has not been substantially domesticated was studied using three physiological ages (hardwood, semi-hardwood and soft wood) in Nsukka. Statistical analyses were performed on the attributes of the cuttings and nodal cuts. The study showed that large number of clones could be produced from a single stem cutting of G. latifolia with any of the three physiological ages. Hardwood and semi-hardwood nodal cuts produced five and four shoots/clones respectively and thus have higher potential of producing clones. Macro-propagation technique could thus be utilized to rapidly disseminate selected land races and new varieties of G. latifolia resulting from hybridization.

Fine-root decomposition and N dynamics in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.

We examined the effects of species, initial substrate quality, and site differences (including temperature, precipitation, and soil N availability) on fine-root (<2 mm diameter) decomposition in litter bags and its N dynamics in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carrière), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) forests in Oregon, U.S.A. Species significantly influenced fine-root mass loss during the first 2 years of decomposition. Over the same period, site differences had little impact on decomposition of fine roots. The percentage of initial mass remaining of decomposing fine roots fitted a single-exponential model. The decomposition rate constant (k) for all 15 species examined ranged from 0.172 year–1 for Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry ex Engelm.) to 0.386 year–1 for Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia Benth.). Initial C quality indices (e.g., cellulose concentration, lignin concentration) of fine roots were correlated with fine-root decomposition rates. In contrast, initial N concentration and soil N availability were not correlated with fine-root decomposition rates. The rate of N released from decomposing roots was positively correlated with the initial N concentration of the fine roots. The data suggest that decomposing fine roots could release at least 20 kg N/ha annually in mature Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest.

THE BEHAVIOUR OF FIVE WOOD SPECIES IN COMPRESSION

Five wood species, Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia Benth.), Balau (Shorea spp.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), and Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were loaded in compression longitudinally, radially and tangentially. The wood cubes were conditioned to one of four moisture contents prior to loading. Small cubes were loaded until no void space remained after which samples were released and soaked in water. Stress /strain curves were recorded over the whole range of strain and cube thicknesses were recorded at the end of the compression, after release from the testing apparatus, and after soaking in water. Denser woods resulted in a greater Young’s modulus, higher levels of stress and shorter time to densification than did less dense woods. Higher initial moisture contents apparently increased the plasticity of the wood leading to a lower Young’s modulus and lower levels of stress during compression, greater springback after release of stress and greater recovery after swelling in water. Differences observed in the radial and tangential behaviours were believed to be due to the supporting action of the rays when the wood was compressed in the radial direction in balau and trembling aspen and to the relative difference between the lower density earlywood and higher density latewood regions in ash, Douglas-fir and western red cedar.

English

Bean, A.R. (Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068) 1998. A revision of Baeckea (Myrtaceae) in eastern Australia, Malesia and south-east Asia. Telopea 7(3): 245–268. All species from eastern Australia, Malesia and south-east Asia belonging to Baeckea sens. str. are listed with full synonymy, distribution maps and notes on habitat. Baeckea stenophylla F. Muell. is reduced to synonymy under B. frutescens L. Three new species from Queensland and New South Wales are described and illustrated: Baeckea trapeza, Baeckea omissa and Baeckea kandos; and the new combination B. latifolia is made, based on B. gunniana var. latifolia Benth. Keys are provided for the identification of the genera of Subtribe Baeckeinae and for all species of Baeckea from eastern Australia, Malesia and south-east Asia. A list of excluded names for this region is given.

Short and Long-Term Effects of Treeshelters on the Root and Stem Growth of Ornamental Trees

Short-term (aerated solution culture and container nursery) and long-term (landscape) experiments were conducted to study the effect of treeshelters on the root and shoot growth of several ornamental trees {Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., Quercus lobata Nee, Quercus agrifolia Nee, Lagerstroemia indica L. 'Watermelon Red', Ginkgo biloba L, Platanus racemosa Nutt., Fraxinus latifolia Benth. and Populus euamericana cv. Giacometti). In general, plants grown in treeshelters were taller and some had reduced caliper growth. Treeshelters reduced top dry mass of F. latifolia, P. racemosa, Q. agrifolia, Q. lobata and P. euamericana and also reduced root dry mass, root:shoot ratio, total root length and total root area for all species/cultivars except Q. agrifolia. The results are explained on the basis of the microenvironment in/ around treeshelters, photosynthetic partitioning and immobilization of plants growing in shelters. Management challenges and potential usefulness of treeshelters in landscape transplanting are also discussed.