Late Phenomenon Research Articles

Early, late or very late?

Research on child bilingualism accounts for differences in the course and the outcomes of monolingual and different types of bilingual language acquisition primarily from two perspectives: age of onset of exposure to the language(s) and the role of the input (Genesee, Paradis, & Crago, 2004;Meisel, 2009;Unsworth et al., 2014). Some findings suggest that early successive bilingual children may pattern similarly to simultaneous bilingual children, passing through different trajectories from child L2 learners due to a later age of onset in the latter group. Studies on bilingual development have also shown that input quantity in bilingual acquisition is considerably reduced, i.e., in each of their two languages, bilingual children are likely exposed to much less input than their monolingual peers (Paradis & Genesee, 1996;Unsworth, 2013b). At the same time, simultaneous bilingual children develop and attain competence in the two languages, sometimes without even an attested age delay compared to monolingual children (Paradis, Genesee & Crago, 2011). The implication is that even half of the input suffices for early language development, at least with respect to ‘core’ aspects of language, in whatever way ‘core’ is defined.My aim in this article is to consider how an additional, linguistic variable interacts with age of onset and input in bilingual development, namely, the timing in L1 development of the phenomena examined in bilingual children’s performance. Specifically, I will consider timing differences attested in the monolingual development of features and structures, distinguishing between early, late or ‘very late’ acquired phenomena. I will then argue that this three-way distinction reflects differences in the role of narrow syntax: early phenomena are core, parametric and narrowly syntactic, in contrast to late and very late phenomena, which involve syntax-external or even language-external resources too. I explore the consequences of these timing differences in monolingual development for bilingual development. I will review some findings from early (V2 in Germanic, grammatical gender in Greek), late (passives) and very late (grammatical gender in Dutch) phenomena in the bilingual literature and argue that early phenomena can differentiate between simultaneous and (early) successive bilingualism with anadvantage for the former group, while the other two reveal similarly (high or low) performance across bilingual groups, differentiating them from monolinguals. The paper proposes that questions about the role of age of onset and language input in early bilingual development can only be meaningfully addressed when the properties and timing of the phenomena under investigation are taken into account.

Gas gun driven dynamic fracture and fragmentation of Ti-6Al-4V cylinders

The dynamic fracture and fragmentation of a material is a complex late stage phenomenon occurring in many shock loading scenarios. Improving our predictive capability depends upon exercising our current failure models against new loading schemes and data. We present axially-symmetric high strain rate (104 s−1) expansion of Ti-6Al-4V cylinders using a single stage light gas gun technique. A steel ogive insert was located inside the target cylinder, into which a polycarbonate rod was launched. Deformation of this rod around the insert drives the cylinder into rapid expansion. This technique we have developed facilitates repeatable loading, independent of the temperature of the sample cylinder, with straightforward adjustment of the radial strain rate. Expansion velocity was measured with multiple channels of photon Doppler velocimetry. High speed imaging was used to track the overall expansion process and record strain to failure and crack growth. Results from a cylinder at a temperature of 150 K are compared with work at room temperature, examining the deformation, failure mechanisms and differences in fragmentation.

Massive online obsessive compulsion: What are they saying out there about the latest phenomenon in higher education?

This article is a review of ideas, comments, and inquiries about massive open online courses (MOOCs) gathered from a wide variety of online journal and magazine articles, and web blogs. As a seasoned “traditional” online educator, as well as a student participant in several MOOCs, I also take the opportunity to share my personal insight from my own learning experiences, with the goal of illustrating some of the concerns unearthed in my research. One serious issue regarding MOOCs is that some learners can feel isolated and/or neglected, particularly when they perceive that other course participants and/or the professor are ignoring their contributions. Our era has witnessed “the McDonaldization of Education” (Lane & Kinser, 2012), in which one size fits all and information is delivered to student “customers” via systematically managed “factories” whose overseers frown upon any supposed waste of valuable resources or human effort. In the mass-appeal environment of a MOOC, it is quite possible that a student will receive no customized feedback from nominal experts in the field. Lack of meaningful interaction is likely a key factor driving high attrition numbers in the online education environment – numbers that are apparently even higher in the case of MOOCs.

Serial intravascular ultrasound assessment of very late stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent placement

PurposeIn-stent restenosis has been decreasing through the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES). On the other hand, adverse events such as very late stent thrombosis (VLST) and late catch-up phenomenon can occur especially with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES, first-generation DES) in long-term follow-up. However, the precise mechanisms underlying VLST have not been well investigated in vivo. Methods and resultsFrom 2004 to 2010, 2034 SES were implanted in 1656 patients and caused eight VLST (0.48% per patient) at Fukuoka Tokushukai Medical Center. Of these, serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images (post-stent implantation and at the time of VLST onset) were obtained from three patients with VLST. Comparing them with eight control patients with SES implanted, the vascular reactivity of VLST patients was analyzed. Eight VLST happened 50±15 months after stent implantation and three of the eight patients with VLST had not taken aspirin daily. There were no differences in minimum stent area, maximum external elastic membrane (EEM) area, and stent edge (distal and proximal) EEM area in post-procedural IVUS images. Compared with the control group patients, ΔEEM area (10.6±3.4mm2 vs. 1.7±1.9mm2, p=0.01) and vessel expansion ratio (185.6±40.3% vs. 112.0±12.1%, p=0.01) were significantly greater in the VLST group based on the greater peri-stent plaque expansion (262.1±72.8% vs. 118.7±21.2%, p=0.01). ConclusionOur serial IVUS study showed that the vascular positive remodeling after SES implantation is one of the most probable morphological mechanisms for VLST development.

Clusterin: a key player in cancer chemoresistance and its inhibition

Clusterin is a heterodimeric disulfide-linked glycoprotein (449 amino acids) isolated in the rat prostate after castration. It is widely distributed in different tissues and highly conserved in species. There are two isoforms (1 and 2) with antagonistic actions regarding apoptosis. Clusterin is implicated in a number of biological processes, including lipid transport, membrane recycling, cell adhesion, programmed cell death, and complement cascade, representing a truly multifunctional protein. Isoform 2 is overexpressed under cellular stress conditions and protects cells from apoptosis by impeding Bax actions on the mitochondrial membrane and exerts other protumor activities, like phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway activation, modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression, increased angiogenesis, modulation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, among others. Its overexpression should be considered as a nonspecific cellular response to a wide variety of tissue insults like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, excess of free oxygen radicals, androgen or estrogen deprivation, etc. A review of the recent literature strongly suggests potential roles for custirsen in particular, and proapoptosis treatments in general, as novel modalities in cancer management. Inhibition of clusterin is known to increase the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, and custirsen, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide that blocks clusterin, is being tested in a Phase III clinical trial after successful results were achieved in Phase II studies. A major issue in cancer evolution that remains unanswered is whether clusterin represents a driving force of tumorigenesis or a late phenomenon after chemotherapy. This review presents preclinical data that encourages trials in various types of cancer other than advanced castration-resistance prostate cancer and discusses briefly the appropriate timing for clusterin inhibition in the clinical context.

Late Adverse Events After Implantation of Sirolimus-Eluting Stent and Bare-Metal Stent

Late adverse events such as very late stent thrombosis (VLST) or late target-lesion revascularization (TLR) after first-generation sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) implantation have not been yet fully characterized at long term in comparison with those after bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation. Among 13 058 consecutive patients undergoing first percutaneous coronary intervention in the Coronary REvascularization Demonstrating Outcome study-Kyoto registry Cohort-2, 5078 patients were treated with SES only, and 5392 patients were treated with BMS only. During 7-year follow-up, VLST and late TLR beyond 1 year after SES implantation occurred constantly and without attenuation at 0.24% per year and at 2.0% per year, respectively. Cumulative 7-year incidence of VLST was significantly higher in the SES group than that in the BMS group (1.43% versus 0.68%, P<0.0001). However, there was no excess of all-cause death beyond 1 year in the SES group as compared with that in the BMS group (20.8% versus 19.6%, P=0.91). Cumulative incidences of late TLR (both overall and clinically driven) were also significantly higher in the SES group than in the BMS group (12.0% versus 4.1%, P<0.0001 and 8.5% versus 2.6%, P<0.0001, respectively), leading to late catch-up of the SES group to the BMS group regarding TLR through the entire 7-year follow-up (18.8% versus 25.2%, and 10.6% versus 10.2%, respectively). Clinical presentation as acute coronary syndrome was more common at the time of late SES TLR compared with early SES TLR (21.2% and 10.0%). Late catch-up phenomenon regarding stent thrombosis and TLR was significantly more pronounced with SES than that with BMS. This limitation should remain the target for improvements of DES technology.

Does the Concept of ‘Popular Religion’ in the Middle Ages Still Make Sense? Regarding Alicja Szulc’s Homo Religiosus

This paper discusses the use of the concept and model of ‘popular religion’ in the Polish studies on religious life in the late Middle Ages. Reviewing the book on pastoral work of the first generations of Observant Franciscans in Poland on the one hand (Alicja Szulc, Homo religiosus późnego średniowiecza. Bernardyński model religijności masowej / Homo religiosus of the late middle ages. The Bernardine’s model of popular religion, Poznań 2007, pp. 256), and summarizing debates related to this concept on the other, it stresses the need to work out a new research approach to analysing late medieval religious phenomena and practices. Polish studies in the regard should focus more on the concept of ‘the religion of laymen’, and emphasize a distinction between the Church that teaches and that which is taught.

“Confessing Animals”: Toward a Longue Durée History of the Oral History Interview

Oral historians have long focused on the interview as a central research method and claimed antecedents stretching back to antiquity, but they have not studied the longue durée history of the interview. This article is a preliminary exploration of how oral historians might begin to write a history of the interview that emphasizes structural similarities among such diverse practices as religious and legal confessions, medical anamneses and psychoanalysis, the Inquisition and police interrogations, journalistic interviewing and oral history. It surveys the history of church confession, the spread of psychoanalysis in the nineteenth century, the emergence of an “interview society” after World War II, and the late twentieth-century phenomenon of a mass culture of confession. Following Michel Foucault, this article argues that one-on-one interviews that ask about people’s lives are a technology of the self that constitute the “modern subject.” Personal interviews, rather than finding out about a “true” inner self or authentic experience, teach both interviewers and interviewees the “right” way to be. This interpretation of the interview calls into question the assumption that the oral history interview is a neutral research tool that can be employed for finding out about the past, empowering people, and sharing authority.

Comparison of sirolimus-eluting, paclitaxel-eluting, and bare-metal stents in a patient with angina pectoris: histopathological autopsy findings of the third month

A 67-year-old man with a more than 15-year-old history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance presented at our hospital with exertional angina. Coronary angiography showed considerable stenosis of 3 vessels. A diffuse calcified lesion in the left anterior descending coronary artery was pre-treated using rotational atherectomy followed by sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation. A lesion in the proximal right coronary artery was treated by bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation, and the tandem lesion in the left circumflex artery was treated using paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) implantation. All the procedures were performed within 1 month of the initial presentation and yielded good angiographic results. 3 months after the final stenting, the patient was re-admitted because of congestive heart failure (CHF). While recovering from CHF, he suddenly developed cardiopulmonary arrest and died during hospitalization. Autopsy examination of the coronary arteries showed that both drug-eluting stents (DESs: SES and PES) and the BMS had characteristic histopathological features. Inflammatory responses in the neointima were greater in both the DESs than in the BMS. SES and PES showed different inflammatory infiltration pattern or fibrin deposition status; these histopathological differences observed in the DES environments have implication to cause adverse clinical events such as late stent thrombosis or late catch-up phenomena.

Three dimensional model of transport and chemical late phenomena on a MSW incinerator

A mathematical model was developed of the drying, volatilization, and combustion phenomena on the packed bed of solid wastes on a moving grate. Gas–solid flow and the heterogeneous chemical reactions were considered. Since experimental work in this area of study is very difficult and costly, the development of such a model is very important. The gas phase turbulence was modeled using k–ε turbulent model and the particle phase was modeled using kinetic theory of granular flow. The reaction rates of heterogeneous reaction were determined by Arrhenius–eddy dissipation reaction rates and the Arrhenius-diffusion reaction rate. Flow patterns, gas velocities, particle velocities, composition profiles of gas product and distributions of reaction rates were obtained. Predicted values using the present code were compared with experimental data for validation. The results showed that the predicted exit gas compositions were in good agreement with the experiments. This indicates that the numerical model presented is valid and provides a promising way to simulate the combustion of solid waste on a moving grate, which is the dominant technology for waste incineration.

The haemodynamic cascade

The haemodynamic cascade

TCT-184 Late Adverse Events After Implantation of Sirolimus-eluting Stent and Bare-metal Stent: 4-7 years follow-up of the CREDO-Kyoto Registry Cohort-2

Background: Late adverse events such as very late stent thrombosis (VLST) or late target-lesion revascularization (TLR) have emerged as new problems after drugeluting stent implantation. However, there is a paucity of data from long-term followup studies evaluating late adverse events after sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) implantation in comparison with bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation. Methods: Among 13058 consecutive patients undergoing first percutaneous coronary intervention in the CREDO-Kyoto registry Cohort-2, 5078 patients were treated with SES only and 5392 patients were treated with BMS only. Median follow-up duration was 1974 (inter-quartile range: 1700-2225) days. Results: During 4-7 years follow-up after SES implantation, VLST and late TLR beyond 1-year occurred constantly and without attenuation at 0.24%/year, and 2.0%/ year, respectively. Cumulative 7-year incidence of VLST was significantly higher in the SES group than in the BMS group (1.43% vs. 0.68%, P<0.0001). However, there was no excess of all-cause death beyond 1-year in the SES group as compared with the BMS group (20.8% vs. 19.6%, P1⁄40.91), although the cumulative incidence of sudden death beyond 1-year was slightly but significantly higher in the SES group than in the BMS group (3.0% vs. 1.8%, P1⁄40.02). Cumulative 7-year incidences of late TLR and clinically-driven late TLR were also significantly higher in the SES group than in the BMS group (12.0% vs. 4.1%, P<0.0001 and 8.5% vs. 2.6%, P<0.0001, respectively), leading to significant late catch-up of the SES group to the BMS group regarding the cumulative incidence of over-all and clinically-driven TLR through 7-year (18.8% vs. 25.2%, and 10.6% vs. 10.2%, respectively). Clinical indication of late TLR in the SES group included acute myocardial infarction (13.1%), unstable angina (8.1%), stable angina (34.0%), asymptomatic ischemia (7.9%) and non-clinically driven (36.9%). Conclusions: During 4-7 years follow-up after SES implantation, late adverse events including VLST and late TLR continued to occur without attenuation of their incidences. Late catch-up phenomenon of SES relative to BMS in terms of TLR was real and should be the target for the development of drug-eluting stents.

TCT-463 Impact of Late Catch-up Phenomenon on Delayed Restenosis After Sirolimus-Eluting Stent and Bare-Metal Stent Implantation

TCT-463 Impact of Late Catch-up Phenomenon on Delayed Restenosis After Sirolimus-Eluting Stent and Bare-Metal Stent Implantation

A Late Y2K Phenomenon: Responding to the Learning Preferences of Generation Y—Bridging the Digital Divide by Improving Generational Dialogue

PM&RVolume 5, Issue 7 p. 596-601 Perspective A Late Y2K Phenomenon: Responding to the Learning Preferences of Generation Y—Bridging the Digital Divide by Improving Generational Dialogue Myron M. LaBan MD, MMSc, Corresponding Author Myron M. LaBan MD, MMSc myjoy@comcast.net Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI Disclosure: nothing to discloseAddress correspondence to: M.M.L., 3535 West 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073Search for more papers by this author Myron M. LaBan MD, MMSc, Corresponding Author Myron M. LaBan MD, MMSc myjoy@comcast.net Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI Disclosure: nothing to discloseAddress correspondence to: M.M.L., 3535 West 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073Search for more papers by this author First published: 20 July 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.04.010Citations: 5 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume5, Issue7July 2013Pages 596-601 This article also appears in:Pediatrics RelatedInformation

SP0098 What is erosive disease in the criteria?

The 1987 ACR criteria for RA consists of several clinical features, RF and also erosive damage on hand radiographs. The new ACR/EULAR criteria have again clinical features and RF and...

Late catch-up phenomenon after drug-eluting balloon angioplasty

First generation DIOR (Eurocor, Bonn, Germany) was used in 69% of patients whereas second generation DIOR was used in the remaining subjects. The first generation DIOR consisted in a three-folded balloon with a microporous surface on which paclitaxel was dissolved at a concentration of 3 μg/mm 2 . Successively, this first generation DIOR has been replaced by the second generation DIOR in which paclitaxel is embedded in a matrix consisting of shellac that is a natural bioadhesive polymer providing higher tissue concentration of paclitaxel [7] .A t six months follow-up the rate of TLR in patients presenting with a BMS restenosis and a DES restenosis was 9.2% and 11.5%, respectively whereas

The Post Millennium Structuralism in Teaching Children's Literature

This paper sheds light upon the newly existed literary movement, the post-millennium structuralism, which is a complete deviation from the last century's movements. The paper experiments the literary approach of the latest phenomenon in a digital scene retrieved from of one of the most popular stories of the nineteenth century, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. The approach does not only indicate the importance of the deviations in the story that goes in parallel with the pace of the technological and materialistic world as children become more consciously aware at earlier ages, but also summons the EFL educators on the new standards of teaching literature to children. The paper also manifests the psychological and academic features of the non-native English learners during their developing years and how they involuntarily and intentionally construct the new teaching trends in literature, which would never be stabled as long as education presumes.

Incidence and predictors of the late catch-up phenomenon after drug-eluting stent implantation

Although clinical restenosis within 1 year after percutaneous coronary intervention has been remarkably reduced with the advent of drug-eluting stents (DES), the late catch-up (LCU) phenomenon remains an issue despite medical advances. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and predictive factors of the LCU phenomenon in an unselected population treated with first-generation DES. A total of 923 patients treated with DES between June 2004 and August 2008 were analyzed. The LCU phenomenon was defined as secondary revascularization 1 year after index stenting. Retreatment for very late stent thrombosis was considered as part of the LCU phenomenon. Incidence of the LCU phenomenon was seen in 33 patients (3.6%). Very late stent thrombosis was observed in 5 patients (0.6%) and very late in-stent restenosis was observed in 28 patients (3.0%). At the 12-month landmark analysis, the cumulative rate of cardiac death was significantly higher in patients with the LCU phenomenon than in those without any target lesion revascularization (9.0% vs. 0.9%, p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, hemodialysis [odds ratio (OR) 6.07, p=0.003], number of stents (OR 1.58, p=0.02), and coronary bifurcation lesions (OR 2.06, p=0.048) were identified as independent predictors of the LCU phenomenon. The LCU phenomenon is associated with serious consequences and adverse events and remains an important issue in modern practice, despite medical advances. DES should be deployed with a minimum number of stents, and special consideration must be given to patients on hemodialysis and those with coronary bifurcation lesions.

Ravel the Decadent: Memory, Sublimation, and Desire by Michael J. Puri (review)

Ravel the Decadent: Sublimation, and Desire. By Michael J. Puri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. [vii, 272 p. ISBN 9780199735372. $24.95.] examples, illustrations, bibliography, index.Michael Puri's marvelous book follows a spate of recent scholarship on Maurice Ravel. Collections such as Unmasking Ravel: New Perspectives on the (ed. Peter Kaminsky [Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2011]) and Ravel Studies (ed. Deborah Mawer [Cambridge: Cam - bridge University Press, 2010]), as well as individual studies such as Stephan Zank's Irony and Sound: The of Maurice Ravel (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2009) and Roger Nichols's recent biography Ravel (New Haven, CT: Yale Uni - versity Press, 2012) have greatly enriched the field of Ravel studies over the past few years. Strikingly absent from these contributions, however, is any discussion of the relationship between Ravel's music and the Decadence, a late nineteenth-century artistic and cultural phenomenon. Ravel came of age in the era of Decadent authors such as Joris-Karl Huysmans, Charles Baudelaire, and Oscar Wilde, and the composer frequently acknowledged their influence upon him. Puri's is the first text to link Ravel's music explicitly with the Decadent movement and to develop analytical techniques that examine it music in terms of Decadent aesthetics. Puri considers musical Decadence primarily in terms of time and memory, an approach that accords well with the analytical techniques he develops.Ravel the Decadent's 201 pages of text are structured into six concise chapters, in addition to an introduction on Memory, Decadence, and Music and a concluding section with the title the Footsteps of the Faun. In his introduction, Puri provides a brief overview of the Decadent movement in France and explains the more general concept of lowercase-d decadence as a style that emphasizes the detail at the expense of the whole, thereby reflecting in art the increasing isolation of the individual within modern society (pp. 6-7). Puri follows Nietzsche in identifying the dialectical nature of D/decadence: tendency towards simultaneous con - flicting impulses, such as the transhistorical and the historically contingent, the real and the imaginary, or the natural and the artificial. Later in his book, Puri identifies this conflict in Ravel's music: for example, in the dialectical relationship between the idyll and the bacchanal movements of his ballet Daphnis et Chloe.Unsurprisingly, Puri's writing is most evocative when he discusses Decadence's relationship to and desire, defining as either the past become pres ent or the ability to make the past present (p. 15). He contrasts and memory, describing the latter as unconscious and brought on by sensation rather than intellect. Evoking Baudelaire, Puri compares memory to electric shocks, entering through the body and startling the rememberer out of the oblivion brought on by the dulling effect of the mundane and the quotidian (p. 16). Thus, for Puri, memory is a decidedly Decadent experience. After a brief discussion of in Proust, Puri concludes his introduction with an analysis of Ravel's Sonatina. He sees in the second movement's Minuet, with evocation of the Verlainian fete galante, a kind of self-conscious nostalgia for the past-a form of voluntary memory-that then sets the stage for a disruptive episode of involuntary memory.The book's first chapter explores the ways that Ravel's finales wrangle with what Puri calls the fundamental ambivalence of thematic cyclicism, its potential both to foster and to undermine a sense of formal coherence (p. 32). For contextual and theoretical grounding, Puri draws upon both Proust's notion of intermittence from his A la recherche du temps perdu and Vincent d'Indy's idea of synthetic unity from the second book of his Cours de composition musicale. …

The Literary Effect of Gender Discord in the Book of Ruth

In the book of Ruth there are numerous instances of disagreement in between pronoun and its antecedent. Without discounting the various philo logical explanations that have been given for this disagreement, this article argues that the discord is also literary device that makes an important contribution to the book's narrative design and its development of characters. The laconic style of Hebrew narrative usually offers no glimpse of characters' inner lives, but by recognizing the concentration of discordant forms in Naomi's speech, we can appreciate how they characterize her grief and her ambivalence toward Ruth. The discord also highlights the theme of reversal in the book of Ruth. However the examples of discord might be explained grammatically, they also play an integral role in the characterization of Naomi and her relationship with Ruth. Disagreement in between pronoun and its antecedent is common enough in Biblical Hebrew that it has been treated in the fields major reference grammars. Most often, the discord consists of masculine pronoun stand ing for feminine noun, and the grammars agree that this replacement is related to a weakening in the distinction of gender by which the feminine plural suffix was subsumed under its masculine counterpart.1 Furthermore, such disagreement has been regarded as late phenomenon that is especially prevalent in the later books of the Hebrew Bible and also in the Dead Sea Scrolls.2