Lateritic Research Articles

Eco-Friendly Brick Produced from Bagasse Ash and Lime, Jaggery: A Study of Waste Reuse

The building construction industry in India, which is one of the fastest-growing in the world, heavily relies on limited natural resources, especially burned clay bricks, which raise greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates the viability of using the laterite soil-based bagasse bricks as an affordable and environmentally friendly substitute. This brick's greater compressive strength, decreased water absorption, and improved insulating qualities are the result of combining sugarcane bagasse—a byproduct of sugar production—with the laterite soil, lime, and jaggery. These bricks' low weight limits the dead load in tall structures, which lowers the price of building with reinforced cement concrete (RCC). Employing bagasse also lessens the effects of stubble burning, an ancient custom in India that seriously pollutes the air. The goal of the study is to encourage the use of laterite soil-bagasse bricks as an environmentally friendly building material by highlighting their many uses in construction. This research aims to encourage environmentally friendly practices in the building sector by promoting the use of sustainable materials by architects, designers, and builders. Key Words: Sustainable construction, laterite soil, bagasse bricks, greenhouse gas emissions, compressive strength, insulation, stubble burning, eco-friendly materials, RCC construction.

Growth Rate and Nutrient Uptake of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as Influenced by Organic Manures in Laterite Soils of Kerala, India

A field experiment was conducted to understand the effect of organic manures on the crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and nutrient uptake of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) from April to August of 2022 and 2023 at the Agronomy farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 7 treatments replicated thrice which consisted of different levels of organic manures viz., three levels of farmyard manure (FYM@ 5, 10, 15 t ha­-1), three levels of vermicompost (VC@ 2.5, 5, 7.5 kg ha-1) and a control. The organic manure treatments significantly affected crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) in all the growth periods. The two-year pooled mean of CGR of stevia was significantly superior in FYM@15 t ha-1 over control in all the three growth periods i.e., at 0-30 DAP, 30-45 DAP and 45 DAP to harvest. Whereas, the two-year mean of RGR of stevia was found statistically higher in FYM@15 t ha-1 over control in the first two growth periods only. The organic manure treatments had a significant influence on the plant nutrient (NPK) uptake as well in both the years. The two-year pooled mean data regarding plant uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous was found significantly higher in FYM@15 t ha-1 over control whereas statistically higher pooled mean potassium uptake by stevia was found in VC@7.5 kg ha-1 over control. Overall, the higher levels of organic manure, especially FYM, significantly improve growth and nutrient uptake in stevia.

Effectiveness of Phosphate-Solubilizing Aspergillus fumigatus MCC 1721 in Boosting Fenugreek Yield in Red Laterite Soil

Effectiveness of Phosphate-Solubilizing Aspergillus fumigatus MCC 1721 in Boosting Fenugreek Yield in Red Laterite Soil

Performance of Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures utilized as Gravel Road Base incorporating Lateritic Clay Soil and Calcined Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Filler

Performance of Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures utilized as Gravel Road Base incorporating Lateritic Clay Soil and Calcined Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Filler

THE INFLUENCE OF SAND AND CEMENT ON THE LATERITIC SOIL COMPACTION WITH IRON ORE TAILINGS

The characteristics of lateritic soils vary significantly, depending on the laterization process they have undergone. Due to this diversity, physicochemical and mechanical tests may be necessary to assess the feasibility of using it. This research aimed to characterize the soil and sedimented iron ore tailings (IOT) and analyze, through compaction tests, the influence of the Portland cement and the sand in the mixtures used for rammed earth (RE) construction. Three groups were proposed for compaction tests: Group 1 (reference – only soil), Group 2 (40% sand + soil), and Group 3 (40% sand + 2.5% Portland cement). Each group consisted of five mixtures with varying content of soil replacement by IOT. The results showed that, although Groups 2 and 3 increased the maximum dry density values in the mixtures without IOT compared to Group 1, the mixtures did not reach the minimum requirements specified by the Brazilian standard for RE. Additionally, the mixtures without IOT presented high optimal moisture content. The use of IOT in mixtures positively reduced the optimum water content and increased the dry density values, which are important parameters to RE production.

Experimental and numerical analysis of instrumented caissons in tropical soil

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on the behavior of three (3) instrumented caissons in a tropical laterite soil in the Planalto Central, DF, Brazil. The concrete caissons have a shaft diameter of 0.6 m, a bell diameter of 1.2 m and 1.3 m and lengths of 8.9 to 14.4 m. Static load tests were conducted out to investigate the behavior of the caissons. The results of load vs displacement and their interactions with the tropical soil were measured and evaluated using the methodology of Camapum de Carvalho et al. (2008, 2010) and numerical modeling with back-calculation of static load tests in the Plaxis 3D software. The paper presents the analysis of the load transfer lines and the comparison with the proposed methods. The results pointed to a constant load transfer along the shaft, with a significant contribution from the skin friction, developed for a fraction of the displacement necessary for its mobilization. The accuracy of using the Camapum de Carvalho et al. methodology stands out (2008, 2010), identifying the region dominated by skin friction, tip and plasticization of the foundation, confirming the authors’ predictions for a tropical soil in the Distrito Federal/DF, Brazil. The numerical method using the Plaxis 3D software, proves that for the limit test load there was a significant contribution from skin friction, which must be consider in the analysis of the behaviour of caissons.

Metals geochemistry and ecological risk assessment in lateritic soils and their transfer to tea plants

ABSTRACT Tea plant cultivation has been demonstrated to change the physicochemical properties of soils and metal bioavailability. The present study reported the geochemistry of four selected metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni) in lateritic soil cores regarding various depths cultivated with tea plants of different ages (3, 6, and 10 years old). The ecological risk and bioaccumulation of these metals in tea plants were also evaluated. The results indicate the acidic property of tea plant cultivation soils (pH < 4.5) and highlight further soil acidification due to long-term cultivation. The soils were strongly affected by farming methods and showed high levels (average from all soil cores) of total organic carbon contents (4.0% w/w), total nitrogen (2806 mg kg−1), and total phosphorus (1730 mg kg−1). We suggest that the selected metals originated naturally, supported by a high percentage in residual fractions from the results of soil sequential extraction (over 95% for Mn, Fe, and Ni and ∼ 90% for Cr). These metals exhibited no ecological risk to the adjacent environment. Mn showed the highest bioavailability, possibly due to the acidic soils and nitrogen fertiliser applications, increasing the release of Mn from soils. Mn also exhibited the highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) among four metals and 2.4 ÷ 6.5-folds higher BCFs in tea leaves than in roots. Despite the dominant content of Fe in soils (average of 20% w/w), Fe indicated lower amounts in tea leaves than Mn (average of 513 mg kg−1 vs 1354 mg kg−1). This could be attributed to the formation of Fe-rich root coatings on the tea plant root surface as a barrier to prevent Fe from translocating to other higher tea plant parts. Ni and Cr, as potentially toxic metals, were found at the lowest contents in tea leaves with low BCFs, indicating consumer safety in terms of exposure by these metals.

Enhancing phosphorus availability and growth of green gram (Vigna radiata) in acidic red and laterite soil through liquid formulations of native phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Phosphorus (P) availability in acid soils is often limited due to its fixation with various soil components. This leads to low use efficiency of P fertilizers and raises environmental concerns when they are used in excess. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) have the potential to enhance P availability by solubilizing insoluble P forms. In this study, twenty-five PSB strains were initially isolated from acidic red and laterite soils in eastern India. Among them, ten bacteria formed a clear halo zone in Pikovskaya agar plates. The P releasing ability of these bacteria from different insoluble P sources was evaluated. The PSB strain AJ14, identified as Enterobacter sp., exhibited high P releasing capacity from tri-calcium phosphate, rock phosphate, ferric phosphate, and aluminum phosphate. Additionally, the strain demonstrated the ability to release zinc and potassium from insoluble sources. To improve the shelf life and efficacy of the PSB strain, liquid biofertilizer formulations were developed using polymeric additives such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, carboxymethyl cellulose, and tween 20. The liquid formulations showed enhanced survival and viability of the PSB strain compared to solid carrier-based biofertilizers. In a pot culture experiment with green gram plants, the liquid formulations significantly increased soil available P, dry matter yield, and P uptake by plants compared to the control and solid carrier-based biofertilizer treatment. Mitscherlich equation parameters indicated the greater effectiveness of the liquid formulations. The results suggest that liquid formulations of the PSB strain AJ14 can improve P utilization efficiency and plant growth in acidic red and laterite soils.

Enhancing the performance of biofilters with sorption ability for simultaneous purification of landfill gases using laterite soil-based substrate

Various harmful gas emissions are a major controversial issue globally, and open dumpsites have become a leading contributor to atmospheric pollution. The study aims to introduce a high-performance landfill gas purification substrate using laterite soil, an iron, and aluminum-rich, highly available soil type in tropical countries; the final suggested substrate contained uniformly mixed laterite soil and compost with a 4:1 fraction by volume. A self-design setup that can maintain moisture content and aerobic conditions was used with an active landfill gas collection system through the gas wells established on the Karadiyana landfill in Sri Lanka under a tropical climate. The elimination capacity of CH4, NH3, VOCs, and H2S were 202860 ± 51595, 91 ± 30, 75 ± 27, and 6 ± 3 mg m−3 h−1 with 91 ± 3, 96 ± 1, 93 ± 3 and 83 ± 4% of removal efficiencies respectively at a 9.4 min empty bed residence time (EBRT). Selected laterite soil acts as an adsorption material and provides a better bio-filtering substrate with compost due to its specific characteristics. The hybrid gas purification process, absorption, and biofiltration within the proposed material were the reasons for higher performance, and the setup may be successful under the industrial waste gas streams. Further investigation should be carried out to study the medium's effectiveness as the covering layer on the dump with the successful lowest thickness, regarding secondary pollutants, and industrial applicability under unique specific conditions.

Biochar–water–soil interactions: Implications for soil desiccation cracking behavior in subtropical regions

In subtropical regions, soil desiccation cracking often exerts a significant impact on the interactions between soil water and the atmosphere, making it a subject of great interest in the fields of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. Despite the growing utilization of biochar as a sustainable soil amendment, there remains a lack of in-depth understanding of biochar–water–soil interactions, as well as its impact on soil desiccation cracking behavior. To address this gap, this study investigated the influence and mechanism of woody biochar dosages and particle sizes on the cracking behavior of three typical clayey soils in subtropical regions in China, namely Pukou expansive soil (PKE), Xiashu soil (XS), and Zhongshan lateritic soil (ZSL). The quantitative analysis of crack images revealed that the use of biochar was not consistently effective in preventing soil cracking. The application of biochar reduced the crack ratio in PKE and XS by up to 24.03% and 53.89%, respectively. In contrast, ZSL exhibited a 74.57% increase in crack ratio with the addition of 10% biochar. This influence can be further enhanced by increasing the dosage and reducing the particle size of biochar. The microstructural analysis demonstrated that biochar exerts an inhibitory effect on PKE and XS primarily through direct replacement, direct barrier, and indirect physical mechanisms. Moreover, an indirect chemical effect between biochar and clay particles was proposed to explain the exacerbated cracking observed in biochar-amended ZSL. To effectively utilize biochar for soil cracking mitigation in subtropical regions, it is essential to evaluate the initial mineral composition and cation type of the soil.

Petrological and geotechnical studies of lateritic soils in the locality of Ngaoundal (Adamawa-Cameroon): implication in road construction

Petrological and geotechnical studies of lateritic soils in the locality of Ngaoundal (Adamawa-Cameroon): implication in road construction

Stabilization of lateritic soil with Portland cement and crushed granite for pavement base courses

The aim of this work is to propose reconstituted materials, by cement-based improvement of lateritic gravels and joint cement improvement and lithostabilization, that are technically suitable for use in base courses. The study focused on two (02) different lateritic gravels, LG1 with a fine content of 24% and LG2 with a fine content of 15%. For lithostabilization, 0/25 granite crushed stone was used and the cement used was CEM II/B-LL 42.5. For cement improvement, three (03) cement contents (1%; 1.5% and 2%) were studied, and for joint stabilization, the granite crushed content was set at 10%, with only the cement content varying by 1%, 1.5% and 2%. The mixes were obtained by adding the cement mass calculated from the total gravel mass collected and the cement rate studied to the raw gravel or to a mixture of 90% gravel and 10% granite crushed stone. The results of physical-mechanical tests such as the Atterberg limits, Modified Proctor and California bearing index of stabilized materials were analyzed in comparison with the initial values of raw materials without stabilization. The results show that cement increases the plasticity index but improves the bearing capacity of lateritic gravels better than joint stabilization. However, joint stabilization does improve gravel bearing capacity compared with untreated raw gravel. For use as a base course in accordance with CEBTP specifications [3], in addition to the 10% granite crushed content, LG1 must be upgraded to at least 1.5% cement and LG2 to 1%.

Stabilization of Lateritic Soil using Fly Ash Based Geopolymer

Stabilization of Lateritic Soil using Fly Ash Based Geopolymer

Marble-Looking Fired Clay Tiles Produced by Utilizing Local Clay and Glass Cullet

This research is aim at developing marble-looking fired clay tile by utilizing waste glass cullet (CGC) mixed up with local plastic clay, sediment soil, and laterite clay. Boric oxide is also used as sintering aid. The experimental formulation is divided into 3 groups (A, B, and C) with 27 formulas. Test samples are moulded at 100 bar by Uni-axial pressing in dimension 50 x 100 x 7 mm and fried at temperature 850 °C. The initial results show that all formulas can develop marble texture and achieve Thai Industrial Standard TIS 2508-2555. Reducing firing temperature to 800 °C is the further investigation. However, formulas consisting 90% glass cullet are not selected, due to difficulty of molding workpieces. The final results of firing 800o C show that formula A6 containing 15% Plastic clay, 85% glass cullet, 2% boric oxide has the highest bending strength and lowest water absorption (&lt;1%). Its properties are similar to formula C6 containing 15% laterite soil 85% glass cullet, 2% boric oxide. They can pass Thai Industrial Standard TIS 2508-2555 Floor Tiles BIb. Analyzing microstructure the fired specimens of these formulas by Scanning Electron Microscope has found glassy phases and dense matrix structures. Furthermore, Nepheline, Quartz, Cristobalite, Wollastonite, Devitrite, and Albite are identified by X-Ray Diffractometer. It can be summarized that marble texture surface fired clay tile can be developed by utilizing waste glass and low cost local materials.

Effect of Nano-ZnO on Growth and Yield of Summer Maize under Drip Irrigation in Laterite Soil

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal, India during summer season (February–June), 2022 and 2023, respectively to investigate the effects of drip irrigation and nano zinc oxide biofortification on maize. In the main plot, four drip irrigations scheduling treatments viz., once-in-2 days, once-in-3 days, once-in-4 days and Irrigation by surface flooding method were accommodated. The sub-plot treatments consisted of five methods of zinc applications viz., control, soil application of ZnSO4 at 20 kg ha-1, foliar application of ZnO NP at 40 ppm, seed priming of ZnO NP (NP:Nano Particles) at 40 ppm, and seed coating of ZnO NP at 40 ppm. Growth parameter like plant height and number of leaves were highest with application water through drip irrigation once-in-3 days and seed coating of ZnO NP at 40 ppm at 30 DAS for both the years but at 90 DAS, drip irrigation once-in-2 days and seed coating of ZnO NP recorded highest growth parameters. Aerial dry matter accumulation in unit area recorded maximum in drip irrigation once-in-3 days and seed coating of ZnO NP at 40 ppm at 30 DAS but at 90 DAS drip irrigation once-in-2 days and seed coating of ZnO NP recorded highest. Cob girth, number of grains cob-1, seed index, grain yield and biological yield was observed highest with drip irrigation once-in-2 days and seed coating of ZnO NP in zinc treatment for both the years.

Effects of elevated temperature and treatment duration on selected index and engineering properties of lateritic soils

Lateritic soils are important to various engineering applications, especially in tropical regions, where they serve as key components in road construction, embankments, and other geotechnical structures. This study investigated the combined effects of elevated temperature and heating duration on the index and engineering properties of lateritic soils derived from two distinct parent rocks (charnockite and quartzite) in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Disturbed lateritic soil samples were heated in a furnace at various temperatures (100, 200, 300, and 400 °C) for two designated durations (2 and 3 h). Standard geotechnical tests were conducted to evaluate Atterberg limits, compaction parameters, and unconfined compressive strength. The results showed that elevated temperature led to a decrease in the plastic limit, liquid limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content (OMC), and UCS for both soils, though the extent varied between the two parent rocks. For instance, at 400 °C for 3 h, the plasticity index decreased by 47.82% for charnockite-derived soil and 55.22% for quartzite-derived soil. At the same temperature for 2 h, it decreased by 38.79% for charnockite-derived soil and 48.92% for quartzite-derived soil. Similarly, UCS decreased by 29.83% for charnockite-derived soil and 25.97% for quartzite-derived soil at 400 °C for 3 h, while at 400 °C for 2 h, UCS decreased by 21.20% for charnockite-derived soil and 23.48% for quartzite-derived soil. Conversely, maximum dry density (MDD) increased with temperature, rising by up to 20.64% for charnockite-derived soil and 14.66% for quartzite-derived soil at 400 °C for 3 h, and by 18.29% for charnockite-derived soil and 12.62% for quartzite-derived soil at 400 °C for 2 h. Longer heating durations (3 h) generally caused more pronounced changes in soil properties compared to shorter durations (2 h). For instance, OMC decreased by 13.41% for charnockite and 14.18% for quartzite at 400 °C for 3 h compared to a 2-h duration. Statistical analyses indicated that temperature had a significant influence on most properties, while the effect of heating duration was less consistent. These findings highlight the need to consider both temperature and heating duration when evaluating the engineering behavior of lateritic soils exposed to elevated temperatures. Practical implications include potential adjustments in construction practices and design parameters for road construction and embankments in regions prone to high temperatures, such as those experiencing frequent forest fires.

Enhancing lateritic soil for sustainable pavement subbase with polymer-modified cement: A comparative study of styrene butadiene rubber and styrene acrylic latex applications

This study evaluates styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and styrene acrylic latex (SA) as modifiers in cement-treated subbase materials (CTSB) to enhance mechanical properties and reduce cement usage sustainably. Optimal ratios for stabilizing sub-standard lateritic soils were identified, reducing water demand and increasing mechanical strength in polymer-modified cement pastes. A 10 % SA and a 15 % SBR as cement replacement by mass significantly improved bearing strength and strain capacities in CTSB, signifying enhanced flexibility and elasticity. Despite slight changes in compaction characteristics, the study identified 1.6 % SA and 2.4 % SBR as optimal binder (i.e., polymer-cement mixture) contents, compared to 3.3 % cement for conventional CTSB with similar unconfined compressive strength standards. SBR-enriched CTSB exhibited superior resilient modulus, indicating stronger inter-particle bonding. The integration of SA and SBR reduced capillary rise and enhanced moisture stability. This sustainable approach enhances pavement durability and reduces CO2 emissions by minimizing cement use. The findings emphasize the potential of polymer-modified CTSB for cost-effective and environmentally friendly road construction, offering significant implications for advancing pavement engineering materials and promoting eco-friendly practices within the industry.

Case evaluation of structural strength improvement of cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with sisal fibers and plastic waste strips

The progressive increase in the rate of production of plastic bottles by the beverage and food industries in Nigeria has increased considerably over time, constituting large volume of waste generations from plastic waste bottles. Also, increasing demand for eco-friendly soil improvement materials and the growing desire to minimize waste generated daily, prompted the need for this study to look into ways to use such wastes and other sustainable materials in soil improvement. This study investigated the potential use of sisal fiber and plastic waste strips as partial replacement for cement to enhance the geotechnical characteristics of lateritic soils. Various laboratory experiments were conducted, encompassing specific gravity determination, grain size distribution, compaction assessment, Atterberg limit, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and microscopic analysis. Sisal fiber and plastic waste strips were each varied at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% while maintaining a constant 5% cement added to all the mix proportions. Results of investigation revealed an enhancement in plasticity of the soils with both treatment methods. Liquid limit shows a steady drop from 43% in its natural state to 42% and 41% at 1% sisal fiber and 1% plastic strips content respectively, while plasticity index showed a decline from 14.8% in its natural form to 12.69% and 10.8% at 2% sisal fiber and 1% plastic waste strips content respectively. Strength properties of the treated soil increased with increase in admixtures content. Microanalysis of the natural and optimally modified soils showed alteration in the fabric arrangement of the particles of soils. Based on the results of the study, optimally 1–1.5% sisal fiber/5%cement and 1–1.5% plastic waste strips/5%cement meaningfully improved the soil strength and can both be used as sub-base materials for light trafficked roads.

Development of machine learning-based standalone GUI application for predicting hydraulic conductivity and compaction parameters of lateritic soils

Hydraulic conductivity and compaction parameters are the key considerations in selecting lateritic soils for engineering construction. Nevertheless, the complexity and high cost of the required tests have driven many contractors and field engineers to skip them, resulting in a succession of engineering structure failures. To overcome this limitation, this study developed machine learning-based standalone GUI application to predict lateritic soils’ hydraulic conductivity (K), maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) from indices including specific gravity, liquid limit, plasticity index, linear shrinkage and fine content. To achieve this goal, the geotechnical properties of three hundred samples, collected using grid sampling method from thirty different lateritic deposits in southwestern Nigeria, were evaluated through laboratory tests. The test results were used to train predictive models using artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The models’ performance was compared using coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Based on these performance metrics, ANN demonstrated the best performance (R2 = 0.9835, 0.9797, 0.9999; RMSE = 7.938, 0.252, 2.09E-08; MAPE = 0.288, 1.114, 1.587; MAE = 5.432, 0.169, 1.1E-08) for MDD, OMC and K, respectively, followed by GPR and then ANFIS. Thus, the ANN models were selected and embedded in a standalone GUI application to enhance easy and quick prediction of lateritic soils’ MDD, OMC and K. The validity of the ANN-based standalone GUI application was demonstrated by comparing it favorably to notable regression-based models in the literature.

Evaluating the strength characteristics of mixtures of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and reddish laterite clay for sustainable construction

This study examines effects of mixing municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI-BA) with reddish laterite clay (RLC), evaluating factors such as vertical stress, mixing ratio, curing period, and the addition of lime. A total of 153 direct shear tests were conducted to thoroughly assess the mixture's strength characteristics. Vertical stress levels of 85.5 kPa, 172.4 kPa, and 259.3 kPa were used to simulate varying stress conditions, while mixing ratios of 40 %, 80 %, 100 %, and 120 % were applied to explore potential applications of recycled MSWI-BA with clayey soils. A fast-curing approach was employed, with curing periods of 24, 48, and 72 h, to investigate the time-dependent strength development under controlled conditions. A three-way ANOVA analysis confirmed that mixing ratio, curing period, and vertical stress significantly impacted both peak and residual shear strength. The 100 % MSWI-BA mixture, with or without 1 % lime, exhibited optimal performance, providing the pronounced shear strengths and dilative behavior. The study found that MSWI-BA significantly improved shear strength ratios compared to the RLC, with improvement ratios ranging from 1.439 to 2.460 across stress levels. Additionally, upper and lower bound equations for peak and residual strength ratios were developed, providing predictive tools for mixture design. Cohesion values in the range of 8.3–128.9 kPa and friction angles from 40.6° to 44.1° were achieved, surpassing or matching those reported in similar research. The study employed Bolton's (1986) dilatancy model, finding α values between 0.61 and 0.71, comparable to those in studies of granular materials. These results highlight the effectiveness of adding MSWI-BA and lime in enhancing reddish laterite soil stabilization through both chemical and mechanical means, making it a sustainable and cost-effective approach for civil engineering projects by improving material strength, reusing local soils, recycling waste, and reducing carbon footprints.