Lateral Thinking Research Articles

Philosophical problematic in the lyrics of Nadezhda Emykan

Within the framework of studying the typological varieties of modern Mari philosophical poetry, this article examines the lyrics of the contemporary Mari poet Nadezhda Emykan (Vasilyeva), particularly the poems from the compilation “I am the Daughter of Spring” (2016), which reflect the philosophical worldview and perception of the author, and in a certain way characterize the lyrical heroine. Research methodology contains historical-typological and structural-semantic analysis of the works, which allowed describing the structural-semantic levels of philosophical problematic, as well as revealing the authorial concept of the world and a human, and the type of lyrical heroine in the poetry of Nadezhda Emykan. The article discusses the fundamental philosophical problems of the lyrics of Nadezhda Emykan. In this aspect, the lyrics of this contemporary Mari poet is analyzed for the first time. It is proven that the philosophical problematic in Emykan’s lyric poetry is rich and diverse, demonstrating lateral thinking of the author, mental and emotional activity of the lyrical heroine. It is concluded that in analyzing various aspects of life, looking deeply into the present, the author of the book of poems “I am the Daughter of Spring” appears in two guises – as a romanticist, who refuses to accept many aspects of modern life, and as the “core” of the current “sinful” world; she understands the complexity of being, preserves her life principles, inner freedom and honesty therein.

(Invited) 200mm GaN Power: Technology and Commercialization Status on Scalable QST® Platform

In recent years, GaN has become a forefront wide bandgap semiconductor material for next-generation, energy-efficient power electronics. With its higher breakdown strength, faster switching speed and lower on-resistance, GaN power devices can convert power far more efficiently than Si-based devices. While its performance is commercially demonstrated, widespread GaN adoption requires a scalable and high-yielding manufacturable technology platform enabling economies of scale and a full spectrum of low-cost products such as lateral and vertical power switches extending from 100V to 1,200V and beyond, monolithic ICs and rectifiers.QROMIS’ disruptive commercial solution to high volume, low cost and scalable GaN device manufacturing has been steadily gaining traction, owing to unique properties of specially-designed CMOS fab-friendly and semi-spec substrate called “QST®” (QROMIS Substrate Technology) with a core having a thermal expansion that very closely matches the thermal expansion of the GaN/AlGaN epitaxial layers. QST® enables breakage-free high-volume manufacturing of standard semi-spec thickness 200mm GaN device wafers (scalable to 300mm), covering all GaN applications including 100V-to-1800V high performance power devices, RF devices, and display microLEDs.In this talk, the following status updates on 200mm QST®-based materials and device technologies will be presented: (1) commercial QST® substrate products, (2) commercial GaN-on-QST® epi-wafer products, including development studies on epi-wafers for 1,200V and beyond applications, (3) high-performance normally-off 650V p-GaN based GaN-on-QST® HEMT transistors & monolithic ICs (with integrated drivers and logic) fabricated in a CMOS fab and commercialization timelines, (4) 200mm GaN-on-QST® device foundry services for the industry players, and (5) initial high-performance GaN-on-QST® RF device results.

Eksplorasi berpikir kreatif melalui discovery learning Bruner

Creative thinking is an essential component of advanced mathematical thinking. The components of creative thinking are lateral thinking (creating one’s own and non-routine ways), divergent thinking (using a variety of ways), and convergent-integrative thinking (using patterns in other situations). One way to develop creative thinking is learning with Bruner’s discovery learning model, namely learning with an enactive, iconic, and symbolic stage. Learning activities with Bruner’s discovery learning on the material of the two-variable linear equation system (SPLDV) to explore creative thinking are: 1) preliminary activities: goals and perceptions, 2) core activities include: the enactive stage, which is giving contextual problems to be solved themselves of students to explore lateral thinking, the iconic stage, which is writing solutions and presentations to explore divergent thinking, and the symbolic stage, which is the elaboration of the results of the previous stages to be brought to the mathematical process in the form of modeling and elimination and substitution methods to explore lateral thinking, divergent thinking, and convergent thinking integrative, and 3) closing activities: feedback and conclusions.

The Effect Of The Ability In Mastering Dialogue Towards Student’s English Learning Achievement At SMK Negeri 1 Rawamerta Karawang

The effect of the ability in mastering dialogue, to know and explain the effect of the ability in mastering dialogue on English learning achievement, to know and explain the effect of ability on English learning achievement and to know and explain the effect of the ability in mastering dialogue on learning achievement English through motivation.
 The research method used is survey method. Population in this research is all students of class X of first semester of SMK Negeri 1 Rawamerta, Karawang. The sampling technique used is cluster random sampling, the sample is taken randomly according to the class that has been formed. So, the sample in this study as many as 18 people from the total population of 192 people. The research instrument consists of three types of tests, namely the questionnaire of the ability in mastering dialogue , English achievement test with the subject of the circle. Analysis of statistical data to test the hypothesis in this study using Path Analysis (Path Analysis). Statistic test is used t test.
 The results showed: (1) direct effect of the ability in mastering dialogue (2) direct effect of the ability in mastering dialogue on English learning achievement, (3) direct effect of the ability in mastering dialogue to English learning achievement and (4) indirect effect of lateral thinking ability toward English learning achievement through creative thinking ability.
 Keywords: The ability in mastering dialogue, English learning achievement

High-Power 1770 nm Emission of a Membrane External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser

An InGaAlAs/InP membrane external-cavity surface-emitting laser (MECSEL) operating at 1770 nm is reported for the first time. A record high power of 7.7 W is registered at -20°C. This is the record high emission power registered for any surface emitting InGaAlAs-based semiconductor laser at a wavelength longer than 1480 nm. A power value of 3.5 W is measured at 20 °C. The lasing is observed up to 60 °C. The high-power emission is achieved due to lateral and longitudinal power scaling realized by enlarging the pump spot diameter to $400~\mu \text{m}$ and the double-side pumping (DSP) of a single chip of extended thickness. We analyze the thermal properties and evaluate the temperature inside the laser membrane. We present the characteristic temperature (T0) as a function of temperature. The T0 is measured to be 70 K at -20°C and 26 K at 55 °C. Our data support the explanation that the increase in the maximum power of the DSP MECSEL originates from an improvement in the thermal properties rather than from more uniform carrier injection into the quantum wells.

الإسهام النسبي للتفکير الجانبي ومستوى الطموح في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي لدى طلاب الجامعة

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى تحديد الإسهام النسبي للتفکير الجانبي ومستوى الطموح في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي لدى طلاب الجامعة، وتم إجراء الدراسة على عينة قوامها (150) طالباوطالبة تتراوح أعمارهم بين (19-21) سنة، واعتمدت الدراسة الحالية على المنهج الوصفي فيتطبيق أدوات الدراسة والإجابة عن أسئلتها ،وقام الباحث بتطوير أدوات الدراسة والتي تتمثل في مقياس التفکير الجانبي، ومقياس الطموح، ومقياس الإنهماک التعليمي، ثم التحقق من الخصائص السيکومترية لهذه الأدوات. وتوصلت الدراسة إلىأن مستوى التفکير الجانبي لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة مرتفع، ومستوى الطموح لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة مرتفع، وأن مستوى الإنهماک التعليمي لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة منخفض، کما توصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن التفکير الجانبي يصلح استخدامه في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي إذ بلغ معامل الانحدار (2.705) وهي قيمة دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى (0.008)، في حين أن الطموح لايصلح استخدامه في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي إذ بلغ معامل الانحدار (-0.801) وهي قيمة غير دالة إحصائيا، وقدمت الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات منها إعداد البرامج والدورات التدريبية التي تسهم في تدعيم وتنمية التفکير الجانبي لدى طلاب الجامعة، حيث أعضاء هيئة التدريس على استخدام استراتيجيات التفکير الجانبي أثناء التدريس الجامعي، حث طلاب الجامعة على استخدام مهارات التفکير الجانبي في التطبيقات العملية والأنشطة والتدريب الميداني، إعداد برامج تدريبية تهتم بزيادة الأنشطة التعليمية والتي تعمل على تحسين مستويات الإنهماک التعليمي لدى طلاب الجا Abstract: The present study aimed to determine relative contribution of lateral thinking and ambition level in predicting educational engagement in university students. The sample consisted of (150) male and female students aged (19-21) years old, and the present study relied on the descriptive method in applying the study tools and to answer its questions. The researcher developed tools which are the lateral thinking scale, the ambition scale, and educational engagement scale, then check the psychometric properties of these tools. The study showed that the level of lateral thinking among the members of the study sample is high, the level of ambition among the members of the study sample is high, and that the level of educational attainment among the members of the study sample is low. The results of the study showed that the lateral thinking is suitable to be used in predicting educational engagement as the regression coefficient reached (2.705) that is a statistically significant value at the level of (0.008), while ambition is not suitable for predicting educational engagement as the regression coefficient reached (-0.801) that is statistically insignificant value. The study presented recommendations, including preparing programs and training courses that contribute to support and develop Lateral thinking among university students, where staff members use lateral thinking strategies during university teaching, encourage university students to use lateral thinking skills in practical applications, activities, and field training, preparing training programs concerned with increasing educational activities that improve educational engagement levels of students in university.

Idea Facilitation—A Tool for Experience and Service Innovation

Product and service innovation does not happen in isolation; it requires a cross‐functional team—most of whom are not designers and may not even be familiar with design practices. In digital product or service offering, more often than not the core team developing/enhancing product consists of multiple functions—from design and engineering to marketing and sales, with little or no familiarity with design processes and practices such as creative ideation. In such cases, ideation becomes a platform for groupthink and corporate inertia, deterring lateral thinking and innovation.Hence, a structured approach to idea facilitation can help achieve the maximum opportunities availed by ideation sessions: innovative experience and service ideas. Structured ideation frameworks can discourage linear thinking and encourage teams to think strategically and laterally—by switching perspectives, identifying multiple points of view, challenging assumptions, and contextualizing problems.This paper provides a number of idea facilitation frameworks that enable creative and innovative outcomes when working with a multifunctional team—with design and nondesign professionals with various levels of product–service development experience. These frameworks bridge the gap between insights and strategy and create conditions necessary for creative and lateral thinking. Additionally, it provides best practices to help operationalize idea management.

Improvement the Breakdown Voltage and the On-resistance in the LDMOSFET: Double Buried Metal Layers Structure

In this paper, a new method is investigated to improve the breakdown voltage in the lateral power MOSFET transistors. The structure is based on Double Buried Metal Layers in the Lateral Diffused MOSFET and it is called DBML-LDMOSFET. The metal layers in the buried oxide under the drift region cause the electric field to be more uniform than the conventional structure. In the DBML-LDMOSFET Structure, the breakdown voltage is improved 25% compared to conventional structure and also the specific on-resistance is almost 11.32 mΩ.cm2. In order to investigate the performance of the structures, SILVACO-ATLAS software has been used and the results have been extracted.

Novel Homogenization Field Technology in Lateral Power Devices

A novel Homogenization Field Technology (HOFT) in lateral power devices is proposed and experimentally proved in this letter. By introducing the periodically discrete metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) structure, which realizes periodic equal potential and self-charge balance, the HOFT obtains almost uniform surface and bulk electric field distributions in the voltage sustaining layer. Therefore, the new device harvests both higher breakdown voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> and lower specific on-resistance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on,sp</sub> than those of the conventional reduced surface field (RESURF) technology in much higher and wider doping dose range. The experiment of the HOFT device realized a V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> of 672 V and a R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on,sp</sub> of 56.7 mΩ · cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> under a high doping dose of 5.6 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> , which represents a reduction of 33.8% when compared with the theoretical value of the triple RESURF technology.

The Influence of Problem Gambling on Suicidal Ideation through Depression among Stayers in the Area of Casino: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Gender

This study has conducted to develop new gabion wall systems with vegetation base materials for stream bank stability and rapid rehabilitation. Vegetation base materials are primarily compounded with fine soil, organic composts and peat moss as plant fibers, a water retainer and a soil improver. Normally gabion wall systems resist the lateral earth pressures or stream power by their own weight. Therefore, fill material must have suitable weight, compressive strength and durability to resist the loading, as well as the effects of water and weathering. In this project, 100 to 200-mm clean, hard stones are basically specified, and about 50-mm rubbles are also used. Test application of new gabion wall system carried out in the stream bank of a small stream in the Gwangreung experimental forest, belonging to Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) in December 16th, 2006. As a result of the analysis of hydraulic stability of new gabion wall system, gabion wall system has highest threshold shear stress when the gabion wall covered by vegetation. New gabion wall system is highly resistant to sliding and overturning because safety coefficients exceed 1.5. As a result of term of slope stability analysis of new gabion wall system by Bishop and Fellenius methods, stability of stream bank was highly increased after the construction of gabion wall. Therefore, new gabion wall system is effective to stabilize unstable stream bank.

E.E. Cummings and dyslexia.

We suggest that the American poet E.E. Cummings was probably mildly dyslexic. Evidence, which is drawn in particular from inspection of his archival papers, includes consideration of his spelling, letter formation, handwriting, approach to page orientation, proclivity for exploration of the mirror-image, reading and educational history, struggles in the composition of analytical prose, and notable strengths in lateral thinking and the making of surprising lateral connections. We emphasise the importance of Cummings' modernist literary context as the primary shaping force for his literary aesthetic and we resist any simply reductive explanation of his literary style as a function of dyslexia. However, dyslexia may be one factor that contributes to his unique style.

Shifting the pattern: lateral thinking and machine vision

ABSTRACT Pattern recognition and machine vision are two defining features of a drone’s sensor. The following essay sets out to examine these features by combining machinic and artistic frameworks for understanding patterns. Its goal is to counter the invisibility and inaccessibility of machine vision – especially where it concerns the military use of drones – by forming constellations around the drone that seem unlikely at first. They include modernist instances such as Paul Klee’s Grid Dancer and Siegfried Kracauer’s writings on the mass ornament, which are paired with contemporary artworks by Julién Prévieux and Clemens von Wedemeyer. These pairings are the result of a methodology that harks back to Edward de Bono’s concept of lateral thinking, which calls for a repatterning by moving sideways and deviating from the standard approach. In this case, its goal is to review subject formations in the drone age, as they are scrutinized in the pattern of life analyses that shift the focus from identity to action and from individual bodies to dividual connections. Although these shifts may be most explicit in the case of war, they similarly apply to commerce and entertainment, thus suggesting the drone as a pattern made out of elements that are central to “our” time.

Automatic Selection of Structure Parameters of Silicon on Insulator Lateral Power Device Using Bayesian Optimization

The selection of design structure parameters is a critical step for meeting the performance requirement for silicon on insulator (SOI) lateral power devices, especially when multiple design constraints are presented. In this letter, we propose a fully-automated structural design method for SOI lateral power device based on a Bayesian optimization (BO) framework. Given the design target characterized by breakdown voltage (BV) and on-resistance (Ron) specifications, the proposed approach searches for the optimal structure that can satisfy the constraints. The experimental results demonstrate that designs obtained from our optimization framework fall within 5% range from the desired specifications when evaluated using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation, which proves the efficiency of the proposed approach. Besides, the efficiency of our proposed approach is reflected by its runtime which does not exceed 10 minutes for more than 70% of the cases. We believe that this modeling method can greatly accelerate the design exploration process of power devices for designers.

Treatment of Blauth Type IIIB Thumb Hypoplasia Using a Nonvascularized Toe Phalanx

The purpose of this study was to evaluate surgical outcomes of thumb preservation surgery for Blauth type IIIB hypoplastic thumbs using a nonvascularized toe phalanx to reconstruct the carpometacarpal joint. We reviewed the records of 12 patients with Blauth type IIIB thumb hypoplasia who underwent nonvascularized toe proximal phalanx transfer from the fourth toe. Stability and mobility of the thumb, lateral pinch power, and the percentage of the thumb length relative to the index finger proximal phalanx were evaluated. Outcomes were also assessed with the Functional Dexterity Test, a visual analog scale for daily use of the operated thumb, and for overall functional and appearance satisfaction of the parents. Age at operation ranged from 0.9 to 11 years (mean, 3.0 years; median, 1.5 years). The mean follow-up period was 7.6 years (minimum, 3 years). Secondary reconstruction was planned in all 12 patients, but 2 families did not desire a second surgery. Secondary reconstruction consisted of tendon transfer for opposition, adduction, and/or extension of the reconstructed thumb and/or realignment surgery of the thumb axis by arthrodesis or corrective osteotomy. Eleven patients had good carpometacarpal joint stability. Thumb opposition was possible to the little finger in 7, to the middle finger in 3, and not possible in 2 patients. The mean lateral pinch strength was 18% of the contralateral normal side. The relative length of the thumb was 57% of the index finger. Time in seconds to complete Functional Dexterity Test was 83 seconds in the affected side and 38 seconds for the contralateral side. The visual analog scale suggested parental satisfaction for both the appearance and the function. The parents felt that their child used the reconstructed thumb more frequently when manipulating large objects than when manipulating small objects. Nonvascularized toe phalanx transfer is a useful procedure to preserve the thumb in Blauth type IIIB thumb hypoplasia. It provides a mobile, stable thumb that is functionally useful for the child and satisfying for the family. Therapeutic IV.

Lateral thinking in new onset diabetes

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Optimization Study for Lateral Offset Tolerance of Electric Vehicles Dynamic Wireless Charging

Misalignment is a problem faced when electric vehicles work under the dynamic wireless charging mode using segmented transmitting coils. One kind of coil misalignment is coil lateral offset. In order to improve lateral offset tolerance, transfer efficiency and output power need to be stabilized. In this paper, first, the circuit model of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system is analyzed, from which mutual inductance is the major factor of the transfer efficiency decline caused by coils' lateral offset. The mutual inductance of two parallel square coils with lateral offset is analyzed. With the length and width of the transmitting coil being optimally designed according to the mutual inductance analysis, the mutual inductance of coils with lateral offset is optimized, and thus, transfer efficiency can be stabilized, and the system lateral offset tolerance is preliminarily improved. Moreover, in order to further enhance the lateral offset tolerance, the secondary‐only resonant series–series (S–S) topology is adopted to stabilize the system output power. Finally, the optimal design with stabilized transfer efficiency is verified by the finite element simulation and the experiment with coils being scaled down. Due to the limitation of experimental conditions, the stability of output power is verified by simulation. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

A Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Method for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury.

ObjectiveTo determine whether a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) intervention combined with conventional rehabilitation (CR) can improve upper limb function more than CR alone in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), we conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.MethodsParticipants were randomly assigned to either the control group (CG; n=10) or experimental group (EG; n=10). The participants in the CG received 60 minutes of conventional therapy per day, 4 days per week for 4 weeks, whereas those in the EG received 30 minutes of VR training and 30 minutes of conventional therapy per day, 4 days per week for 4 weeks. The clinical outcome measures included Medical Research Council grade, the American Spinal Injury Association upper extremity motor score (ASIA-UEMS), and scores in the Hand Strength Test, Box and Block Test, Nine-Hole Peg Test, Action Research Arm Test, and Korean version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (K-SCIM). The assessments were performed at the beginning (T0) and end of the intervention (T1).ResultsGrip power and K-SCIM score significantly improved in the EG after the intervention. When comparing differences between the groups, elbow extensor, wrist extensor, ASIA-UEMS, grip power, lateral pinch power, and palmar pinch power were all significantly improved.ConclusionVR training of upper limb function after SCI can provide an acceptable adjunctive rehabilitation method without significant adverse effects.

Infusing the axioms of clinical reasoning while designing clinical anatomy case vignettes teaching for novice medical students: a randomised cross over study.

The clinical reasoning skills is often gained when the biomedical knowledge is broadened and deepened alongside exposure to patients. The ‘ideal’ blend of axioms of clinical reasoning and case based learning would establish the pedagogical bridges right from the first year of medical education. So this study aimed to investigate the perceived importance and efficacy of teaching clinical reasoning skills among first year medical students, as this has not previously been described. As a priori, two clinical reasoning skill sessions were conducted using clinico-anatomical case vignettes designed according to the literature regarding clinical reasoning (‘serial cue’ approach and hypothetico-deduction). Students were divided into intervention and control group and crossed over in subsequent sessions. Analysis was done by mixed method approach including measuring proof of benefit using post-test comparison, quantitative survey and qualitative analysis by nominal group discussion. Post test scores were compared using student’s t-test. Feedbacks were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that post test scores were significantly higher in intervention group than the control group in both sessions (P<0.001, 0.016). A total of 66% students felt, diagnostic skills and lateral thinking abilities were improved and It helped in developing problem-solving abilities for 67% students. clinico-anatomical case vignettes helped in understanding anatomical basis of clinical conditions for 61% students. To conclude, introducing clinical reasoning has considerable effect in improving the decision making ability of the students and if incorporated right from the first year, would better prepare the students in successful transition to clinical learning environment.

(Ultra)Wide-Bandgap Vertical Power FinFETs

FinFET is the backbone device technology for CMOS electronics at deeply scaled technology nodes per Moore's law. Recently, the FinFET concept has been leveraged to develop a new generation of vertical power transistors based on wide-bandgap (WBG) and ultrawide-bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors for kilovolts and high-power applications. The sidewall gate-stack in a vertical power FinFET can rely on either a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure or a p-n junction, rendering a Fin-MOSFET or a fin-based junction field-effect transistor (Fin-JFET), respectively. Although the device technologies are still at the early stage of development, 1.2-kV-class WBG gallium nitride (GaN) power Fin-MOSFETs have demonstrated one of the highest static and switching performances in all similarly rated power transistors; UWBG gallium oxide power Fin-MOSFETs have shown high performance up to a breakdown voltage over 2.6 kV. Early UWBG diamond lateral power Fin-MOSFETs have also been demonstrated. Meanwhile, GaN power Fin-JFETs are currently under active development. This article provides a comprehensive tutorial and review of the background and recent advances in WBG and UWBG vertical power FinFETs. It covers fundamental device physics, device and process development, as well as the static and switching performance of various power Fin-MOSFETs and Fin-JFETs. This article is concluded by identifying the current challenges and exciting research opportunities in this very dynamic research field.

PROFIL BERPIKIR LATERAL SISWA DALAM PEMECAHAN MASALAH GEOMETRI DITINJAU DARI TAHAP BERPIKIR VAN HIELE

The purpose of this study was to describe the lateral thinking of students in solving geometry problems reviewed by the van Hiele thinking stage. Humans have thoughts on things, especially mathematics emphasizing logical thinking, so one of the most suitable ways of thinking is lateral thinking. One of the things that can train lateral thinking is to solve problems. Geometry is a subject of mathematics that can support to know the lateral thinking of students because it trains students to think creatively to find alternative options to solve problems. This type of research is qualitative research. The research subjects were three junior high school students in grade VIII. Subjects were selected based on VGHT test results. Data collection methods used are observation during learning, tests and in-depth interviews. Research instruments are diagnostic tests and interview guidelines. Data analysis in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis. The data analyzed were observation data during learning, test results and the results of in-depth interviews which were used to describe the students' lateral thinking process in geometry problem solving