Lateral Configuration Research Articles

Atomistic and phase field simulations of three dimensional interactions of [formula omitted] twins with grain boundaries in Mg: Twin transmission and dislocation emission

In polycrystals, the interaction of dislocations and twins with grain boundaries (GBs) plays a role in hardening and formability during plastic deformation. While dislocation-GB interactions are relatively well-understood, twin-GB interactions remain mostly unknown. Here, an approach using molecular dynamics and phase-field simulations is followed to study the forward and lateral interactions between {101¯2} twins and tilt grain boundaries in Mg. Molecular dynamics results show that the resolved shear stress on slip/twinning modes of the neighboring grain, not the geometric alignment, is the dominant factor in determining the outcome of the twin-GB interactions. For some lateral interaction configurations, as the misorientation angle increases, the resolved shear stress on the same {101¯2} twin variant of the neighboring grain reduces while it increases for slip or I2 stacking fault emissions or other twin modes such as {112¯1} and {101¯1}, explaining why twin transmission is not seen at high misorientation angles. Furthermore, lateral and forward interactions of the twin with tilt grain boundaries whose misorientation axes are normal to the coherent twin boundary show significantly different outcomes. For the forward interaction, the twin is absorbed and stacking faults are emitted when interacting for low misorientation angles (up to 30°) while the lateral interaction results in twin transmission, nucleation of a {112¯1} twin, and emission of I2 stacking faults. Finally, comparisons between twin interactions with symmetric and asymmetric tilt GBs with different GB structures show similar outcomes.

Analytical stress–strain model of reinforced concrete masonry wallettes under axial compression

The stress–strain characteristics of reinforced masonry (RM) under axial compression should be correctly understood to effectively analyse and design RM elements. However, past studies have overlooked this aspect and mainly focused on assessing the stress–strain behaviour of grouted or confined masonry. An experimental programme was executed in this research by constructing and testing RM wallettes under uniaxial compression to understand the stress–strain behaviour of RM. The effects of grout strength and lateral restrainer configurations on the compression behaviour were also studied. The experimental outcome revealed that the grout plays a major role in the axial capacity of the RM, while change in the configurations of the lateral restraining reinforcement did not significantly affect the axial capacities and axial stress–strain behaviour of RM wallettes. The predictability of the axial capacity of the RM wallettes were validated through the expressions given in the three masonry design standards. It was observed that all considered standards conservatively predicted the axial capacity of the RM. Moreover, the applicability of the existing analytical models in the literature for the RM were verified against the experimental data and an improved stress–strain model is proposed in this research.

Water balance response of permafrost-affected watersheds to changes in air temperatures

Observations show increases in river discharge to the Arctic Ocean especially in winter over the last decades but the physical mechanisms driving these changes are not yet fully understood. We hypothesize that even in the absence of a precipitation increase, permafrost degradation alone can lead to increased annual river runoff. To test this hypothesis we perform 12 millennium-long simulations over an idealized hypothetical watershed (1 km2) using a distributed, physically based water balance model (Water flow and Balance Simulation Model, WaSiM). The model is forced by both a hypothetical warming defined by an air temperature increase of 7.5 ∘C over 100 years, and a corresponding cooling scenario. To assess model sensitivity we vary soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and lateral subsurface flow configuration. Under the warming scenario, changes in subsurface water transport due to ground temperature changes result in a 7%–14% increase in annual runoff accompanied by a 6%–20% decrease in evapotranspiration. The increase in runoff is most pronounced in winter. Hence, the simulations demonstrate that changes in permafrost characteristics due to climate warming and associated changes in evapotranspiration provide a plausible mechanism for the observed runoff increases in Arctic watersheds. In addition, our experiments show that when lateral subsurface moisture transport is not included, as commonly done in global-scale Earth System Models, the equilibrium water balance in response to the warming or cooling is similar to the water balance in simulations where lateral subsurface transport is included. However, the transient changes in water balance components prior to reaching equilibrium differ greatly between the two. For example, for high saturated hydraulic conductivity only when lateral subsurface transport is considered, a period of decreased runoff occurs immediately after the warming. This period is characterized by a positive change in soil moisture storage caused by the soil moisture deficit developed during prior cooling.

An upgrade of existing practice-oriented FE design models for the seismic analysis of CLT buildings

Practice-oriented finite element (FE) modelling strategies represent a fundamental tool for the seismic analysis and design of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) structures. Although substantial research has been undertaken concerning the seismic behaviour of CLT buildings, practice-oriented FE modelling strategies are still at an early stage. This paper presents an upgrade of an existing practice-oriented FE design model for the seismic design of CLT structures. The upgrade is supported through the same modelling strategy presented by Christovasilis et al. (2020) adding some features of analytical equations models presented by Casagrande et al. (2016).2D elements are used both for the modelling of CLT panels and for mechanical connections, which are represented by a horizontal strip with a height smaller than 7% of the height of the panel. Analytical equations for determining the elastic modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus of the horizontal strip are reported accounting for both rocking and sliding behaviour for single- and multi-panel CLT shearwalls, including the effect of the vertical loads by using a secant stiffness. The validation of the proposal is carried out in terms of the shearwall lateral stiffness through the results of experimental tests on full-scale shearwalls published by other authors and through a validation/comparison between a detailed non-linear model and the Christovasilis et al. (2020) strategy on two multi-storey seismic-resistant lateral systems configurations with different amount of vertical loads. Finally, a proposal for the initial layout of connections to reduce the iterative seismic design and analysis process for CLT buildings is presented through a case study.

EFFECT OF SKELETAL MATURITY ON INCIDENCE OF ASSOCIATED MENISCAL AND CHONDRAL INJURIES IN ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURED KNEES

Background:Acute anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) rupture is associated with a significant incidence of concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries. However, to our knowledge, the incidence of these concomitant injuries in skeletally immature(SI) versus skeletally mature(SM) patients has not been directly compared.SI patients are a unique subset of ACL patients because surgical considerations are different, and subsequent re-tear rates are high. However, it is unclear if the rates and types of meniscal and chondral injuries differ.Purpose:The purpose of this study is to compare associated meniscal and chondral injury patterns between SI and SM patients under age 21, treated with ACL reconstruction for an acute ACL tear. We hypothesized that no significant differences would be seen.Methods:We performed a single-center retrospective review of primary ACL reconstructions performed from January 2012 to April 2020. Patients were stratified by skeletal maturity status based on a review of records and imaging. Demographic data was recorded, including age, sex, and BMI. Associated intra-articular meniscal injury, including laterality, location, configuration, and treatment were determined. Articular cartilage injury location, grade, and treatments were determined. Revision rates, non-ACL reoperation rates, and time to surgery were also compared between the two groups.Results:785 SM and 208 SI patients met inclusion criteria. Mean BMI and mean age were significantly different between groups. Meniscal tear rates were significantly greater in SM versus SI patients in medial meniscus tears(P<.001), medial posterior horn tears(P=.001), medial longitudinal tears configuration(P=.007), lateral Radial configuration(P=.002), and lateral complex tears(P=.011). Medial repairs(P<.001) and lateral partial meniscectomies(P=.004) were more likely in the SM group. There was a significantly greater number of chondral injuries in the SM versus SI groups in the Lateral(p=.007) and medial compartments(P<.001). SM patients had a significantly increased number of outerbridge grade 1 and 2 in the Lateral(P<.001) and Medial Compartments(P=.013). ACL revisions(P=.019) and Non-ACL reoperations(P=.002) were significantly greater in the SI patients compared to SM. No other significant differences were noted.Conclusion:SM ACL injured patients have a significantly higher rate of medial meniscus tears and medial longitudinal configurations treated with repair, and a significantly higher rate of radial and/or complex lateral meniscus tears treated with partial meniscectomy compared to the SI group. We also found a significantly higher rate of both medial and lateral compartment chondral injuries, mainly grades 1 and 2, in SM compared to SI patients. Conversely, SI ACL reconstruction patients had higher revision and subsequent non-ACL surgery rates.

Shear behaviour of concrete wide beams with spiral lateral reinforcement

ABSTRACT Wide beams are commonly used in reinforced concrete (RC) structures for architectural considerations such as facilitating the placement of services and providing adequate clear height. However, behaviour of these beams is not as efficient as normal width beams due to the small structural depth. Motivated by the lack of guidelines for wide RC beams with spiral reinforcement, this paper investigates their shear behaviour using innovative lateral reinforcement configurations. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted by testing nine beams under four-point loading. The effect of different parameters on the behaviour of such beams was investigated. These parameters included number, dimensions, and configurations of spirals. The experimental program also included testing of 18 standard cylinders spirally reinforced under compression to study the performance of confined concrete in the compression zone of wide beams. The results showed that the spiral lateral reinforcement is an efficient alternative for traditional closed stirrups for shear resistance in wide beams. Compared to regular closed stirrups, using spiral reinforcement or inclined links with regular closed stirrups can greatly improve the shear capacity and deformation. Also, reduction in the amount of lateral reinforcement can be achieved if the proposed lateral reinforcement is adopted instead of traditional stirrups. Based on the test results and the ACI 318–19 code, an equation is proposed and validated to estimate the shear strength of wide beams with regular/spiral lateral reinforcement.

Description of a new eelpout Pachycara angeloi sp. nov. (Perciformes: Zoarcidae) from deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields in the Indian Ocean.

A new species of eelpout genus Pachycara Zugmayer, 1911 is described based on five specimens caught at a depth of 24193275 m along the Central and Southeast Indian Ridges in the Indian Ocean. The specimens were collected during the INDEX cruises in 2016, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: scales and pelvic fins absent; lateral line configuration mediolateral; dorsal fin origin associated with vertebrae 79 with no free predorsal pterygiophores; vertebrae 2728 + 5759 = 8587; dorsal-fin rays 7880, anal-fin rays 5862; pectoral fin rays 1315. DNA sequences of a mitochondrial COI gene fragment showed low intra-specific variation ranging from 00.3 % sequence divergence and do not reflect different vent sites. This is the 29th species of Pachycara, which is the fifth to be described from specimens collected only from chemosynthetic environments and the sixth known from the Indian Ocean.

Insights to WRF-Chem sensitivity in a zone of complex terrain in the tropical Andes: Effect of boundary conditions, chemical mechanisms, nesting, and domain configuration

The ability of the weather research and forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) to represent atmospheric processes relies on the accuracy of the input information and the configuration of the model itself. In this study, WRF-Chem was used to test the sensitivity of O3, CO, PM10 and PM2.5 predictions to lateral chemical boundary conditions (LCBCs), domain configuration, nesting options, and chemical mechanisms. Simulations were conducted over the Andean city of Manizales, Colombia, which is characterized by complex topography. Modeled values of air quality and meteorological variables were compared with surface measurements. The results show that CO is not sensitive to changes in LCBCs, domain configurations, or chemical mechanisms, suggesting that CO variations are primarily associated with local emission patterns. However, CO estimations are negatively affected by a 2-way nesting approach due to interpolation errors during the feedback processes. Likewise, PM10 and PM2.5 are not sensitive to changes in LCBCs or domain configurations. In contrast, O3 estimates show a strong sensitivity to LCBCs. The use of the CAM-Chem LCBCs enhances the model performance compared to the default WRF-Chem LCBCs. Likewise, the use of a 1:5 nesting ratio reduces prediction errors and computational effort, in comparison with simulations run with a 1:3 nesting ratio. Finally, the carbon bond mechanisms Z version enhances the representation of O3 dynamics owing to a more efficient O3–NO titration. This study can guide the WRF-Chem setup for future air quality simulations over areas with complex topography, where modeling is challenging owing to the disruption of long-scale circulation.

Critical Comparison between Large and Mini Vertical Flow Immunoassay Platforms for Yersinia Pestis Detection.

Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of plague and is widely recognized as a potential biological weapon. Due to the high fatality rate of plague when diagnosis is delayed, the development of rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective methods is needed for its diagnosis. The Y. pestis low calcium response V (LcrV) protein has been identified as a potential microbial biomarker for the diagnosis of plague. In this paper, we present a highly sensitive, paper-based, vertical flow immunoassay (VFI) prototype for the detection of LcrV and the diagnosis of plague. An antigen-capture assay using monoclonal antibodies is employed to capture and detect the LcrV protein, using a colorimetric approach. In addition, the effect of miniaturizing the VFI device is explored based on two different sizes of VFI platforms, denoted as "large VFI" and "mini VFI." Also, a comparative analysis is performed between the VFI platform and a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) platform to exhibit the improved assay sensitivity suitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. The analytical sensitivity or limit of detection (LOD) in the mini VFI is approximately 0.025 ng/mL, that is, 10 times better than that of the large VFI platform or 80 times over a standard lateral flow configuration. The low LOD of the LcrV VFI appears to be highly suitable for testing clinical samples and potentially diagnosing plague at earlier time points. In addition, optimization of the gold nanoparticle (AuNP) concentration, nanomaterial plasmonic properties, and flow velocity analysis could improve the performance of the VFI. Furthermore, we developed automated image analysis software that shows potential for integrating the diagnostic system into a smartphone. These methods and findings demonstrate that the VFI platform is a highly sensitive device for detecting the LcrV and potentially many other biomarkers.

Superior Capsular Reconstruction With Autologous Fascia Lata Using a Single Lateral-Row Technique Is an Effective Option in Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiologic outcomes of arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (ASCR) with fascia lata autograft in patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears (IRCTs) performed using a single lateral-row fixation technique. We studied a retrospective case series of patients with large or massive IRCTs for ASCR with fascia lata autograft. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Constant score. Healing of the graft was assessed by magntic resonance imaging or ultrasound. Acromiohumeral distance was evaluated by radiographs. Thirty-one patients with an average age of 61 years and an average follow-up of 35 months (24-51 months) underwent ASCR with fascia lata autograft. There was a significant improvement in VAS (7.7-0.7), Constant score (36.0-78.7), forward elevation (115°-171°), external rotation (33°-50°), strength (0.3 kg-2.3 kg), and acromiohumeral distance (6.1 mm-8.6 mm) (P < 0.001). Graft failure was present in 13.8% of patients, as shown by magnetic resonance imaging (26 patients) or ultrasound (3 patients). Patients with failed ASCR showed worse Constant scores (68.5.8 vs 80.2, P= 0.007), worse VAS (2.5 vs 0.4, P= 0.00002), worse external rotation (20° vs 54°, P= 0.004), lower acromiohumeral distance (5mm vs 9mm, P= 0.007), and a high association with the presence of os acromiale (χ2P= 0.003). No revision or subsequent surgical procedures were required. ASCR, with autologous fascia lata and single lateral row configuration, is an effective option in irreparable rotator cuff tears and results in clinical and radiologic improvement. Level IV, retrospective case series.

Biomechanical Analysis of Sagittal Plane Pin Placement Configurations for Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures

Anterior to posterior (AP) pinning is the recommended sagittal pin configuration in divergent lateral entry coronal pinning of pediatrics supracondylar fractures. However, there was still a lack of evidence regarding alternative sagittal pins configurations. We aimed to compare the construct stiffness of alternative sagittal pin configurations by using synthetic bone models. Sixty synthetic pediatric humeri were osteotomized to create a supracondylar fracture. After the fracture reduction, all specimens were fixed in the coronal plane with divergent lateral entry pin configurations in four different patterns in the sagittal plane: AP, crossed, divergent and parallel sagittal pin configuration. Each configuration was tested with five loading patterns. The AP sagittal pin had significantly lower construct stiffness than the divergent (p = 0.003) and the parallel sagittal pin configuration (p = 0.005) in external rotation loading tests. The divergent sagittal pin had the highest construct stiffness in extension, valgus, and external rotation loads, but the parallel sagittal pin had lower construct stiffness under extension load than the divergent and crossed sagittal pin configurations. The divergent sagittal pin configuration provides greater construct stiffness than other sagittal pin configurations due to the maximal pin spreading distance at the fracture site and the pin angle lock mechanism.

Advanced calibration kit for scanning microwave microscope: Design, fabrication, and measurement.

We present in this paper a new design of a capacitive calibration kit for scanning microwave microscopy (SMM). As demonstrated by finite element modelings, the produced devices are highly independent of material parameters due to their lateral configuration. The fabrication of these gold-based structures is realized by using well established clean-room techniques. SMM measurements are performed under different conditions, and all capacitive structures exhibit a strong contrast with respect to the non-capacitive background. The obtained experimental data are employed to calibrate the used SMM tips and to extract the capacitance of produced devices following a method based on the short-open-load calibration algorithm for one-port vector network analyzers. The comparison of experimental capacitance and nominal values provided by our models proves the applicability of the used calibration approach for a wide frequency range.

High-speed lateral PIN germanium photodetector with 4-directional light input.

We experimentally demonstrate a high-speed lateral PIN junction configuration germanium photodetector (Ge-PD) with 4-directional light input. The typical internal responsivity is about 1.23 A/W at 1550 nm with 98% quantum efficiency and dark current 4 nA at 1V reverse-bias voltage. The equivalent circuit model and theoretical 3-dB opto-electrical (OE) bandwidth of Ge-PD are extracted and calculated, respectively. Compared to the conventional lateral PIN Ge-PD with 1-directional light input, our proposed device features uniform optical field distribution in the absorption region, which will be benefit to realize high-power and high-speed operation. In particular, in the condition of 0.8 mA photocurrent, the measured 3-dB OE bandwidth is about 17 GHz at bias voltage of -8 V which is well matched to the theoretical estimated bandwidth. With additional digital pre-compensations provided by the Keysight arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), the root raised cosine (RRC) filter and roll-off factor of 0.65 are employed at transmitter (TX) side without utilizing any offline digital signal processing (DSP) at receiver (RX) side. The 50 Gbit/s, 60 Gbit/s, 70 Gbit/s, and 80 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ), and 60 Gbit/s, 70 Gbit/s, 80 Gbit/s, and 90 Gbit/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) clear opening of eye diagrams are realized. In order to verify the high-power handling performance in high-speed data transmission, we also investigate the 20 Gbit/s NRZ eye diagram variations with the increasing of photocurrent.

Electrical characterization of nitride silicon layers SiN:x enriched in silicon at different stoichiometry - photovoltaic application

The main objective of researches in the field of photovoltaic is to increase the efficiency. This work aims a new concept which is the integration of nanoparticles in the anti-reflection layerSi3N4 (silicon nitride), in order to improve the performance of solar cells. This concept is based on the up conversion, where the nanoparticles are characterized by the ability to function as a converter of infrared rays having high energies in the receptivity in the visible. The concept of conversion leads to a better exploitation of the solar spectrum, by widening the useful range of the spectrum. Firstly, we realized SiNx layers at different compositions and proved that variation by calculating the silicon excess and the gap energy. But the focus is on the analysis of photocurrent measurements for the vertical and lateral configuration to show the role of nanparticules. And we finalize with measurement of currents at the test bench I-V to find the ideal stoichiometry for nanoparticles.

56 Gb/s NRZ O-Band Hybrid BiCMOS-Silicon Photonics Receiver Using Ge/si Avalanche Photodiode

We report on hybrid BiCMOS-Silicon photonics receivers with waveguide coupled Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes, designed in a lateral separate charge absorption multiplication configuration. We demonstrate optical modulation amplitude sensitivities of -14.4 dBm for error-free operation at 50 Gb/s and -18.6 dBm under the KP4-FEC limit at 56 Gb/s using NRZ-OOK modulation. An in-depth analysis of the receiver sensitivity is carried out to understand the impact of dark current, and to identify pathways for further improvements. The demonstration of such highly sensitive receivers, supported with a receiver model, paves the way to improve optical link margins at 50 Gb/s and beyond.

Effects of Lateral Constraints and Geometrical Characteristics on Deformation Capacity of the Persian Historic Unreinforced Masonry Shear Walls under Uncertainty Conditions

In the most structural codes, deformation capacity of the unreinforced masonry shear walls is estimated based on their structural behavior(failure mode) and aspect ratio. In this paper, deformation capacity was determined for the Persian historic brick masonry walls by considering the effects of various parameters such as lateral constraints, aspect ratio and thickness. Also, to take into account the uncertainties in material and geometry of the walls in their deformation capacity, partial factor γdu was proposed, somehow, deformation capacity of shaer wall is determined by multiplying this factor in the computed deformation. Accordingly, the in-plane behavior of 48 different specimens of masonry walls with four lateral constraint configurations (contribution of transverse walls and also top slab), four distinct aspect ratios(height to length) of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5, three traditional wall thicknesses of 0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 m, under pre-compression load of 0.10 MPa were computed using nonlinear pushover analyses. Then, the obtained force-deformation curves were idealized by bilinear curves (linear elastic – perfectly plastic) to make them easier for comparison objectives as well as to be more adopted in practical purposes. The latter results indicated that deformation capacity of the shear walls decreases by stiffer lateral constraints, more thickening; and decrease in height-to-length aspect ratio. In addition, it was observed that the transverse walls (vertical constraints on two sides, and at two ends of the base shear walls) were more efficient in reducing deformation capacity than the top slab (horizontal constraint). As a result, according to the numerical calculations, the ultimate drift value for the Persian historic brick masonry walls determined between 1.3% and 2.7%. Eventually, the partial factor of γdu to consider uncertainty in modulus of elasticity and thickness assessment in deformation capacity of the Persian historic masonry shear walls achieved in the range of 1.3 to 1.7.

The inhibition of type 304LSS general corrosion in hydrochloric acid by the New Fuchsin compound

Inhibition of Type 304 L SS corrosion in 0.5 M HCl by New Fuchsin is reported using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The study was complemented by DFT calculations and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and the data were interpreted in terms of the Point Defect Model (PDM) and the Anion-Catalyzed Active Dissolution Model (ACADM). Both account for the experimental data. DFT and MCS simulation show that aromatic rings and -NH2 groups interact with the Cr2O3 surface and the inhibitor adopts a lateral configuration on the surface.

Early Flare Root Development on Nursery Field-Grown Seedling Stock

Field production of seedlings used to create nursery stock liners involves transplanting and root pruning that can alter root system architecture. Seedlings of eight species of trees commonly used in urban landscapes were selected based on the configuration of their woody lateral roots; Preferred (maximum gap between roots ≤90 degrees), Acceptable (maximum gap 120–150 degrees), and Inferior (≥180 degree gap—no lateral roots on one side). The lateral root configuration (LRC) of the seedlings was compared to the LRC one year after replanting. The number of lateral or regenerated roots alone was generally adequate to form an acceptable root flare (≥3 roots) one year after seedlings were replanted. The maximum gap in lateral roots as a seedling was not consistent with the maximum gap one year after the seedlings were replanted in most species. It often became larger. Neither lateral roots nor regenerated roots alone could reliably produce a root structure with an acceptable maximum gap between roots. Lateral roots and roots regenerated from the pruned end of the main root, together produced enough flare roots one year after replanting with a small enough maximum gap in the radial distribution for good stability. This information may be an initial step in developing criteria for seedling grading systems that will improve root systems of nursery stock grown for planting in urban landscapes.

Probing magnetism in atomically thin semiconducting PtSe2

Atomic-scale disorder in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides is often accompanied by local magnetic moments, which can conceivably induce long-range magnetic ordering into intrinsically non-magnetic materials. Here, we demonstrate the signature of long-range magnetic orderings in defective mono- and bi-layer semiconducting PtSe2 by performing magnetoresistance measurements under both lateral and vertical measurement configurations. As the material is thinned down from bi- to mono-layer thickness, we observe a ferromagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic crossover, a behavior which is opposite to the one observed in the prototypical 2D magnet CrI3. Our first-principles calculations, supported by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy imaging of point defects, associate this transition to the interplay between the defect-induced magnetism and the interlayer interactions in PtSe2. Furthermore, we show that graphene can be effectively used to probe the magnetization of adjacent semiconducting PtSe2. Our findings in an ultimately scaled monolayer system lay the foundation for atom-by-atom engineering of magnetism in otherwise non-magnetic 2D materials.

Effect of Submicron Structural Parameters on the Performance of a Multi-Diode CMOS Compatible Silicon Avalanche Photodetector

We present a theoretical study on gain and bandwidth of a CMOS-compatible submicron multi-diode Si avalanche photo-detector suitable for operation at high speed and moderate voltage. A two-dimensional model is used to obtain the avalanche build-up of carriers in the depleted region considering the dead-space effect. The regions between fingers are discretized to sub-regions, and the carriers are specified by their energy and position indices. The model also considers the effects of carriers diffusion from the substrate region, and the parasitic effects due to the presence of multiple diodes in lateral configuration. The gain and frequency response data obtained from the model are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data taken from literature. The results are shown for variation of gain and bandwidth with substrate thickness, finger spacing, and number of diodes. It has also been shown that there exists optimum choice of substrate thickness so that the gain–bandwidth product reaches maximum keeping other parameters constant.