Lateolabrax Japonicus Research Articles

Substituting dietary fishmeal with soybean meal isolate influences hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of partial substitution of dietary fishmeal (FM) by soy protein isolate (SPI) on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota of spotted seabass. A diet containing 30% FM formed the basal diet (FM), and two SPI diets were formulated in which 25% (SPI25) and 50% (SPI50) of FM were replaced by SPI. Each diet was fed to triplicates of fish for 56 days. The results showed that replacing dietary FM with SPI reduced triglyceride and cholesterol contents in the liver and serum, and the hepatic lipid droplets area was also decreased by dietary SPI inclusion. Furthermore, replacement of dietary FM with SPI markedly down-regulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis (srebpc-1c, fas, acc1, hmgcr, pparγ and chrebp) and lipolysis (atgl, hsl, pparα, and cpt1). Moreover, high-throughput sequencing analyses of gut microbiota revealed that dietary SPI inclusion dramatically decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Overall, this study indicated that replacing 25-50% of dietary FM with SPI could reduce lipid accumulation in serum and liver of spotted seabass, which was associated with the suppressed hepatic lipogenesis and the remodeled gut microbiota.

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Growth, Nutritional Utilization, Carcass Composition and Survival of Asian Seabass Lates Calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) Fingerlings Rearing in Net Cages

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Growth, Nutritional Utilization, Carcass Composition and Survival of Asian Seabass Lates Calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) Fingerlings Rearing in Net Cages

Host‐associated Bacillus siamensis and Lactococcus petauri improved growth performance, innate immunity, antioxidant activity and ammonia tolerance in juvenile Japanese seabass ( Lateolabrax japonicus )

Five possible probiotic strains (Bacillus siamensis LF4, Micrococcus yunnanensis LD5, Micrococcus aloeverae LC3, Mitsuaria chitosanitabida LD3 and Lactococcus petaurid LF3) were previously isolated from the intestine of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). A feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary administration of the five potential probiotic bacteria on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, immune response, antioxidant capability and ammonia tolerance in juvenile Japanese seabass (L. japonicus). The fish were fed for six weeks with control diet (C, without probiotics) or diets supplemented with 1 × 108 CFU/g of B. siamensis LF4 (T1), Lc. petaurid LF3 (T2), M. chitosanitabida LD3 (T3), M. aloeverae LC3 (T4) and M. yunnanensis LD5 (T5), respectively. Above 93.33% survival rate was in the control and treatments, indicating that the five potential probiotics are safe for Japanese seabass. Supplementation of probiotics (except M. aloeverae LC3) also significantly improved weight gain rate and specific growth rate of Japanese seabass, and B. siamensis LF4 significant enhanced the feed intake of fish (p < .05). Significantly increased trypsin activity was detected in fish fed B. siamensis LF4 (T1) and Lc. petaurid LF3 (T2)-containing diets, while B. siamensis LF4 significantly boosted amylase activity (p < .05). Overall, B. siamensis LF4 and Lc. petaurid LF3-supplemented groups (T1 and T2) were noticed with improved antioxidant and innate immunity by evaluating relative indictors, that is total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), lysozyme, complement 3 (C3), glutamic–oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic–pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels. The cumulative mortality of Japanese seabass, experimentally exposed to ammonia (80 mg/L) for 96 h, was significantly lower in fish fed diets T1 and T2 as compared to control and other experimental diets. In summary, host-associated B. siamensis LF4 and Lc. petauri LF3 could be applied as probiotics for improving growth performance, innate immunity, antioxidant activity and ammonia tolerance in juvenile Japanese seabass (L. japonicus).

Determination of lethal concentration (LC50) of silver nanoparticles produced by biological and chemical methods in Asian seabass fish

Determination of lethal concentration (LC50) of silver nanoparticles produced by biological and chemical methods in Asian seabass fish

Effects of salinity on gills' chloride cells, stress indices, and gene expression of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch, 1790).

A 2-week research was carried out to assess water salinity (WS) effects including 0, 15, 35, and 50‰ on osmoregulatory mechanisms and stress indices in Asian sea bass (34.4g) juveniles. Except for fish reared at 50‰, in the other treatments, it gradually decreased to the prescribed WS during a 10-day period (- 5‰ a day). After a 10-day acclimation period, fish were reared at the prescribed WS for 2weeks. Fish reared at 15 and 35‰ had higher chloride cell (CC) counts in the interlamellar region. The number of CC in the interlamellar region elevated with increment of WS up to 35‰, but they were pronouncedly reduced in 50‰ group. The diameter of CC in the interlamellar region was not affected by WS. The smallest nucleus diameter of CC in the interlamellar region was observed in fish reared at 15‰ (P < 0.05). The largest and the smallest amounts of serum aspartate aminotransferase were observed in fish reared at freshwater and 15‰, respectively. Fish reared at 35‰ had the highest serum sodium and potassium contents. Serum chloride content and total osmolality increased with increment of WS (P < 0.05). Serum cortisol and glucose contents gradually increased with elevation of WS up to 35‰; then, their contents remarkably decreased. The relative expression of insulin like growth factor-1 in the liver of fish reared at 35‰ was strikingly higher than that in the other groups. The relative expression of HSP70 gene in fresh water group was pronouncedly elevated compared to other treatments. The relative expression of interleukin-1β in 15 and 35‰ groups was higher than that in the other groups; however, the relative expression of lysozyme gene in the liver of fish reared at fresh water was pronouncedly lower than that in the other treatments. The results of this study suggested rearing L. calcarifer at 15‰ closer to the isosmotic point and better provide its welfare.

Dietary supplementation with an acidifier blend (citric, lactic, and phosphoric acids) influences growth, digestive enzymes, and blood chemistry of juvenile Japanese sea-bass (Lateolabrax japonicus)

Dietary supplementation with an acidifier blend (citric, lactic, and phosphoric acids) influences growth, digestive enzymes, and blood chemistry of juvenile Japanese sea-bass (Lateolabrax japonicus)

High hydrogen peroxide concentration-low exposure time of plasma-activated water (PAW): A novel approach for shelf-life extension of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) steak

A new method for using plasma-activated water (PAW; 100 ppm H2O2) to improve the cold (4 °C) shelf-stability of Asian sea bass steaks (ASBS) was established. Soaking with PAW, created utilizing oxygen and argon, for 30–120 s successfully extended the shelf-life of ASBS by suppressing microbial growths below the permissible level (7 log CFU/g) for 25 days, whereas control reached the microbiological limit after 10 days (p < 0.05). PAW-treated samples had lower accumulation rates of total volatile base nitrogen (< 25 mg/100 g), trimethylamine (< 5 mg/100 g), and propanal (< 400 nmol/g) than control (p < 0.05). PAW improved lipid stability (TBARS <2 mg/kg) but promoted protein oxidation (protein carbonyl ~0.01–0.02 nmol/mg). Hardness and water holding capacity of PAW treatments were better preserved during storage than control as indicated by higher breaking force and lesser expressible moisture drip. Although metmyoglobin tended to stay stable during storage, all treatments' surface total color change tended to increase by 2–5 folds. Overall, argon-produced PAW with 100 ppm H2O2 and a short soaking time (30 s) seemed to be a promising method for protecting the quality and safety of ASBS.

Molecular characterization and chemotaxis assay of a CC motif chemokine ligand 25 from Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus)

CC motif chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) is a key chemokine that attracts various types of leukocytes, such as activated peritoneal macrophages. However, information on CCL25 in fish is limited. Here, a CCL25 gene (LjCCL25) was identified from Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), showing upregulation in multiple tissues against Vibrio harveyi infection. The recombinant LjCCL25 (rLjCCL25) only significantly induced the migration of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MΦ) both in vitro and in vivo, but didn't induce that of neutrophils or lymphocytes. Additionally, rLjCCL25 only induced migration of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated MO/MΦ (M1 type). Knockdown of Japanese sea bass CC chemokine receptor 9 (LjCCR9) expression in MO/MФ by RNA interference inhibited the LjCCL25-induced chemotaxis of resting and M1 type MO/MФ. Moreover, administration of 300 ng/g rLjCCL25 effectively increased the survival of V. harveyi-infected fish and decreased bacterial load. Our study demonstrates that LjCCL25 functions as an MO/MФ chemoattractant via LjCCR9 in Japanese sea bass against V. harveyi.

Influence of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) enriched diet on antioxidant status, immunity level, and pro-anti-inflammatory cytokines modulation in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch 1790) against Vibrio anguillarum

Effect of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) on growth, immunity, disease resistance, and immune-related gene expressions in juvenile Asian sea bass (barramundi), Lates calcarifer against Vibrio anguillarum was investigated. V. anguillarum infected fish fed by 2g BVP kg−1 diet exhibited significant growth, albumin (AB), serum total protein (TP), and globulin (GB) levels. Similarly, enhanced lysozyme (LZM), phagocytic (PC), anti-protease (AP), respiratory burst (RB), bactericidal (BC) activities and total immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were observed in fish fed 2g BVP kg−1. In addition, use of 2g BVP kg−1 in diet modulated several immune related gene expressions against Vibrio disease. This study exhibited a positive effect of dietary 2g BVP kg−1 diet on hemato-biochemical and immunological responses, which enhance the immunocompetence and health status of L. calcarifer against V. anguillarum infection.

The investigation of storage situation of fish muscle via the analysis of its exudate by MALDI-TOF MS

The potential of MALDI-TOF MS was investigated in terms of its capability to determine the change of exudates of fish muscle with different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 1 and 2), and frozen storage periods. The exudates were collected from dead chilled marine fish species, large yellow croacker (Larimichthys crocea, LC) and freshly slaughtered freshwater fish species, Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) to be studied as models. 109 proteins, in which, 32 are extracellular proteins, and 15 are intracellular proteins, were identified by analyzing exudate of LC using MALDI-TOF MS and HPLC-MS/MS. The results show that the present method may be able to determine the change of fish muscle foods in a more sensitive mode than K value indicated quality control. The feasibility of verifying the storage situation of fish sample was performed by analyzing fish samples obtained from the local market. It is promising to estimate the storage situation of fishery products or other animal muscle foods by analyzing their muscle exudates based on the presently developed strategy.

Techno-economic evaluation of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) nursery rearing in small net cages (hapas) under different coastal salinities

Techno-economic evaluation of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) nursery rearing in small net cages (hapas) under different coastal salinities

Development and characterization of 20 microsatellite markers in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) and cross-amplification in related species

The spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) is an economically valuable cultured fish species in China. In this study, 20 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci of L. maculatus were isolated from genomic data and characterized using 40 wild individuals. The number of alleles and the effective number of alleles ranged from 2 to 12 (average of 5.1000) and from 1.180 to 8.000 (average of 3.3097). The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.083 to 0.875 (average of 0.4405) and from 0.153 to 0.875 (average of 0.5633), respectively. Deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in 11 loci (P &lt; 0.05). Polymorphism information content ranged from 0.141 to 0.862 (average of 0.5265) and most loci were heterozygous. Cross-amplification trials in two cryptic congeneric species, the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and the barramundi, Lates calcarifer, achieved successful amplification of 16 primers. The microsatellite markers developed in this study could be used for research on genetic breeding of L. maculatus and genetic relationships among tested taxa.

Estimating the Economic Loss Due to Vibriosis in Net-Cage Cultured Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): Evidence From the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

This study aims to estimate the economic loss due to vibriosis in the production of Asian seabass in floating net-cages on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Asian seabass has contributed significantly to Malaysia's economic activities and food security. However, its production can be hindered by the occurrence of diseases, such as vibriosis, causing severe economic losses to farmers. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on 14 small-scale monoculture Asian seabass net-cage farms. Using a stochastic bioeconomic model and inputs from the survey, existing literature, and expert opinion, the economic losses were determined. Moreover, this model considered the prevalence of Vibrio spp. at a farm on the east coast and the risk posed by its infection from hatcheries. The results showed that 71.09% of Asian seabass simulated in the stochastic model survived. The mortality rate due to vibriosis and other causes was at 16.23 and 12.68%, respectively. The risk posed by Vibrio spp. infection from hatcheries contributed to 2.77% of the increase in Asian seabass mortality. The stochastic model estimated that the total cost of producing a tail of Asian seabass was €2.69 per kilogram. The economic loss of vibriosis was estimated at €0.19 per tail per kilogram, which represents 7.06% of the total production cost of Asian seabass per kilogram. An increase in the prevalence of clinical vibriosis and vibriosis case fatality rate at 42 and 100%, respectively, will lead to an increase in the cost of grow-out Asian seabass by €0.29 per tail from the default value. An increase in pellet price per kilogram by €1.38 and feed conversion ratio pellet by 0.96 will consequently increase the cost of grow-out Asian seabass by €2.29 per tail and €0.82 per tail, respectively. We find that the occurrence of Vibrio spp. infection at the hatchery level can contribute to an increased risk in the mortality of Asian seabass during the grow-out phase. Hence, we also need to focus on the control and prevention of vibriosis infection from hatcheries.

CRISPR-based platform for rapid, sensitive and field-deployable detection of scale drop disease virus in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer).

Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) is a major pathogen of Asian sea bass that has emerged in many countries across the Asia Pacific since 1992 and carries the potential to cause drastic economic losses to the aquaculture sector. The lack of an approved vaccine for SDDV necessitates timely prevention as the first line of defence against the disease, but current diagnostic platforms still face challenges that render them incompatible with field applications, particularly in resource-limited settings. Here, we developed a novel detection platform for SDDV based on a CRISPR-Cas12a-based nucleic acid detection technology combined with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA-Cas12a). Using the viral adenosine triphosphatase (SDDV-ATPase) gene as a target, we achieved the detection limit of 40 copies per reaction and high specificity for SDDV. The coupling with fluorescence and lateral flow readouts enables naked-eye visualization and straightforward data interpretation requiring minimal scientific background. Compared with semi-nested PCR in field sample evaluation, our RPA-Cas12a assay is more sensitive and capable of detecting SDDV in asymptomatic fish. Importantly, the entire workflow can be carried out at a constant temperature of 37°C within an hour from start to finish, thus removing the need for an expensive thermal cycling apparatus and long turnaround times associated with PCR-based methods. Therefore, owing to its high accuracy, rapidity and user-friendliness, the developed RPA-Cas12a platform shows the potential for diagnosis of SDDV at point of need and could be a valuable tool to help protect fish farming communities from large-scale epidemics.

Red sea bream iridovirus infection in cage farmed Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer): Insights into the pathology, epizootiology, and genetic diversity

Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is an emerging viral pathogen having significant socio-economic and environmental impacts on marine and brackish aquaculture systems. The study documents certain interesting findings of an RSIV disease outbreak that caused 50% cumulative mortality among cage farmed Asian sea bass in India. The confirmatory diagnosis was made based on internationally approved protocols. The affected fish showed splenomegaly, anaemia, and abnormally enlarged cells within the spleen, liver, kidney, and brain. The consistent presence of two fish pathogens, viz., Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis, in the liver, along with characteristic vibrio-induced pathologies were noted, indicating the possible role of these bacterial pathogens in RSIV pathogenesis during the outbreak. More strikingly, the surviving fish were found to carry the virus even after two months post-outbreak, warranting future investigations on the carrier status of RSIV survivors. Transmission electron microscopy in the survivors demonstrated atypical virus particles within the degenerated cells of the vital organs, suggesting the role of host immune response in preventing the maturation of RSIV particles in the survivors. Phylogram based on MCP and ATPase genes demonstrated the spread of the same RSIV clone across different countries, regardless of the fish species. Results also revealed the presence of two RSIV subtypes. Both subtypes were mainly distributed in marine demersal fishes of Asian countries. Presently, subtype 2 is the most frequently reported one. Subtype 1 revealed higher genetic diversity with a wider geographical spread and host range. Molecular analyses revealed that MCP and ATPase genes could be targeted in RSIV subtyping, with MCP as a better candidate. A purifying selection was observed on the MCP gene that can be applied for diagnostic protocols. In short, the study generates certain thought-provoking insights on RSIV through the analyses of a recent outbreak along with the genetic and epizootiological data of global strains. Further, the paper also forms the first report on the presence of RSIV in surviving fish post-disease outbreak in the absence of clinical signs. Altogether, the results highlight the necessity of strengthening quarantine and RSIV diagnostic measures to have sustainable aquaculture practices.

Fish disease study of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in a floating marine cage: Endoparasite and blood profile

Abstract. Hidayati D, Nurindra AR, Abdulgani N, Setiawan E, Maulidina N, Syahroni N, Mulyadi Y. 2021. Fish disease study of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in a floating marine cage: Endoparasite and blood profile. Biodiversitas 22: 4505-4511. The Indonesian government has multiple targets and priority programs to increase aquaculture productivity in 2021. Hence, the development of mariculture commodities such as Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in one of the potential coastal areas, Sendang Biru, is strategic. However, sustainable productivity needs good management, including the health monitoring of fish. This study aimed to determine the condition of seabass under mariculture in a floating cage in Sendang Biru, Malang, Indonesia. Thirty seabass (Lates calcarifer) from 0 to 60 days after stocking age (ASE) were taken from a Sendang Biru floating cage. Blood and intestine samples were taken five times from day 0 to day 60 ASE. Blood samples were carried out through the caudal vein and observed using a hemocytometer. Endoparasite analysis was performed by fish intestine examination from the anterior intestine to the posterior rectum. Pseudoterranova and Diphyllobothrium were found with 10% and 3.33% prevalence, respectively. The intensity of Pseudoterranova was one individual/fish, and that of Diphyllobothrium was 2.33 individuals/fish. The highest mean of total erythrocyte count (TEC) found in 0 day ASE was at the level of 0.82±0.55×106 cells/mm3, and the lowest was found in 60 days ASE (0.51±0.24×106 cells/mm3). The highest mean of total leucocyte count (TLC) was 9.20±3.69x104 cells/mm3, at day 0, and leukocyte levels tended to decrease until day 60 ASE (7.74±3.43×104 cells/mm3). Overall, despite the TEC and TLC tending to decrease from 0 to 60 days ASE, in statistically indicated no significant differences in TLC at different ASEs (p &gt; 0.05). The hematological profile indicated the health statuses of the cultured Asian seabass in the current study were in a condition of anemic and infected.

Novel composite 3D-printed filament made from fish scale-derived hydroxyapatite, eggshell and polylactic acid via a fused fabrication approach

The great green composites, the three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments containing bio-based polyester, natural hydroxyapatite and eggshell composites, were rationally designed and fabricated. We report herein novel bioactive 3D-printing filaments prepared from fish scale-derived hydroxyapatite (FHAp), polylactic acid (PLA) and a natural antibacterial agent from eggshell (EGS). The preparation of FHAp and EGS from Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) scales and chicken EGS, respectively, are also described. The structural, mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting composites were evaluated together with the water contact angle, free-radical scavenging ability and antibacterial effects. Polylactic acid typically exhibits poor free-radical scavenging ability and no antibacterial effect. Incorporating FHAp and EGS as fillers in the processed filament significantly enhanced the functional performance of the PLA composite. The addition of FHAp enhanced cell attachment and proliferation, suggesting osteointegration potential. The addition of EGS containing CaO component provided the antibacterial properties. PLA/EFHAp composites were porous and displayed excellent tensile strength, proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro, antioxidant properties, water resistance and antibacterial properties. In addition, the developed PLA/FHAp and EFHAp filaments are amenable to large-scale production and implementation in a variety of in vivo implants of bone or other biomedical appliances.

Genome-Wide Characterization of Aquaporins (aqps) in Lateolabrax maculatus: Evolution and Expression Patterns During Freshwater Acclimation.

Aquaporin (aqp) proteins are a group of small integral membrane proteins that play crucial roles as pore channels for the transport of water and other small solutes across the cell membrane. In our study, we identified 17 aqp genes from the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) genomic database. Gene organization, motif distribution, and selection pressure analyses were performed to investigate their evolutionary characteristics. The aqp mRNA displayed tissue-specific expression pattern in ten selected tissues of healthy spotted sea bass. To investigate the potential involvement of spotted sea bass aqps in osmoregulation, the expression profiles of aqp genes in gills were examined during freshwater (FW) acclimation using qRT-PCR. The mRNA level of aqp3a was dramatically induced during 1-3 day of the FW transition period (77-fold and 15-fold upregulated on 1day and 3day than in the control group), indicating that aqp3a may play an important hypo-osmoregulatory role in spotted sea bass. In addition, the expression levels of aqp1aa, aqp1ab, aqp3b, aqp7, and aqp9b increased to various degrees at 1day after transferring to FW, suggesting their potential involvement in the FW acclimation process. Our study provides a valuable foundation for future studies aimed at uncovering the specific roles of aqp genes during salinity acclimation in spotted sea bass and other teleost species.

Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Sea Bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) Resulting from Different Slaughter Methods Using Electronic-Nose (E-Nose) and Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) is known for its unique flavor and high nutritional value. In this study, the influence of slaughter methods on the volatile compounds (VOCs) in sea bass was investigated using electronic nose (E-nose) technology and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). VOCs in raw and cooked sea bass resulting from different slaughter methods were effectively distinguished using both techniques. Aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols were associated with the basic flavor of sea bass, whereas esters, organic acids, and furans enriched the aroma. In raw sea bass, the fishy odor was the strongest in the HSD group (head shot control death), followed by that in the IFD (ice faint to death) and BDS (bloodletting to death) groups. The VOC content increased and stabilized after steaming, enhancing pleasant odors such as fatty and fruity aromas. In cooked sea bass, the content of diacetyl and ethanol was the highest in the EAD group (eugenol anesthesia to death), which may be a residue of eugenol, imparting a distinct irritating chemical odor. Furthermore, abundant (E)-2-octenal, 2-heptanone, benzaldehyde, and esters in the BDS group imparted a strong, pleasant aroma. The findings indicate that heart puncture and bloodletting is the preferred slaughter method to maintain sea bass quality, providing new insights into the volatile changes in sea bass induced by different slaughter methods.

Quercetin Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Excessive Fat Deposition of Spotted Seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) Through the Regulatory for Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum

This study aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin (QUE) on fat deposition and the underlying mechanism. Fish were fed four test diets: normal fat diet (NFD), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg quercetin (QUE0.5 or QUE1.0). The results showed that HFD feeding resulted in poor growth and feed utilization while QUE treatment reversed this. The fat contents of serum and liver were increased by HFD and QUE supplementation significantly decreased fat content. Furthermore, gene expressions and ultrastructure observation showed that mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy were inhibited and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the HFD group. QUE can activate the biogenesis and autophagy of mitochondria and suppress ERS, which is related to its fat-lowering effect.