Latency Of Wave Research Articles

Differences in environmental perception of gender and sleep quality in self-regulating sleep thermal environment

This study was to explore gender differences in response to subjective comfortable thermal environment by performing human experiments in summer. A total of six discontinuous conditions for self-regulating ambient temperature were designed with five males and five females. Sleep onset latency and slow wave sleep, from the physiological indices of electroencephalograph, electromyography and electrooculography, measure sleep quality objectively. Results indicate that gender differences in subjective temperature preferences, thermal sensation and sleep quality are reflected by temperature or temperature intervals. In particular, women have a significantly higher temperature range than men. Meanwhile, the temperature sections of males and females corresponding to thermal sensation and sleep quality are summarized under the same thermal resistance. Moreover, the results of temperature difference between men and women on thermal perception and sleep quality showed that the temperature difference of subjective sleep quality coincides with the objective one, but greater than the subjective thermal perception results implying that a greater discrepancy between males and females in sleep thermal physiological needs than during their awake.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Ocular Electrophysiological and Perimetric Anomalies.

IntroductionNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystemic disease caused by the mutation of Nf1 gene located on chromosome 17q11.2. The mutation determines the loss of function of the protein neurofibromin with consequent uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Patients are characterized by a wide range of dermatological, neurological, and ophthalmological symptoms.PurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate, through pattern visual evoked potentials (p-VEPs) and frequency doubling technology (FDT) Matrix perimetry, the objective and psychophysical functionality of the optic pathways in a group of NF1 patient.MethodsThe study group consisted of 26 patients affected by NF1 and 17 healthy controls. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, p-VEPs with the evaluation of amplitude and latency of the P100 wave, and FDT perimetry, with the evaluation of central sensitivity (CS), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and glaucoma hemifield test (GHT).ResultsNF1 patients showed a statistically significant alteration in the transmission of visual impulse. P-VEPs results highlighted a reduced amplitude and an increased latency of the P100 wave, suggesting an involvement of the visual pathway. Visual field analysis showed a significant reduction in all the observed parameters as well (CS, MD, PSD, and GHT).ConclusionThe present study showed, in NF1 patients, a qualitative and quantitative alteration in the conduction of stimuli through the visual pathways. The observed alterations are present, although, only at a subclinical level. None of the patients included in the study showed any manifest visual deficit nor had any concomitant pathology that might have affected the outcome of the study. In conclusion, electrophysiological exams and computer perimetry may take part, alongside a wider array of exams, in the differential diagnosis and later monitoring of NF1.

OSBORN WAVES DURING TARGETED TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT

SESSION TITLE: Fellows Cardiovascular Disease Posters SESSION TYPE: Fellow Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Osborn waves also known as current of injury, J waves, camel-hump waves, hypothermic waves, late delta wave; is a deflection with a dome/ hump at the J point (R-ST junction) on the EKG. First described in 1953 by Dr. John Osborn while studying effects of hypothermia in dogs and was considered a bad prognostic sign leading to ventricular fibrillation. Most commonly seen in hypothermia and other causes include hypercalcemia, brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cardiopulmonary arrest from oversedation, vasospastic angina or idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, early repolarization and Brugada syndrome. Osborn waves are usually seen in the inferior and lateral precordial leads while in Brugada syndrome the EKG changes are seen in the right precordial leads. CASE PRESENTATION: A 50 year old female with past medical history of schizoaffective disorder , diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, obesity, sleep apnea presented to the Emergency room s/p cardiac arrest secondary to aspiration and ROSC achieved after 25minutes. Initial arterial blood gas post intubation showed respiratory acidosis with arterial Ph of 7.18 which was appropriately corrected with ventilatory changes. Targeted temperature management (TTM) was initiated post ROSC. Patient was admitted to the Medical ICU. She was sedated and paralysed for shivering while on TTM. Initial Troponin was 0.06. Patient was hemodynamically stable. Initial EKG showed narrow complex tachycardia (figure1). She was cooled using arctic sun protocol with goal of 33 F (92C). 12hrs into TTM patient developed bradycardia with heart rate of 40bpm , QTc 574 with characteristic osborn waves on EKG (figure2). Blood pressure was stable. She was rewarmed with resolution of bradycardia and osborn waves (figure3). 2decho with ejection fraction of 36-40% and no valvular or wall motion abnormality. DISCUSSION: Hypothermia is defined as core body temperature <95°F (35°C), and causes EKG changes of diagnostic and prognostic significance. Sinus tachycardia develops initially as part of the general stress reaction, however sinus bradycardia with prolongation of PR, QRS and QTc intervals occurs at temperatures less than 90°F. Atrial ectopic activity leading to atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation can occur when temperatures reach 86°F or lower. At this level of hypothermia, 80% of patients have Osborn waves that consist of an extra deflection at the end of the QRS complex. Asystole occurs at temperature <60°F. CONCLUSIONS: Osborn waves are known to result from the high potassium gradient within the epicardium relative to the endocardium during ventricular repolarization. The differential diagnosis of prominent Osborn waves including early repolarization, hypercalcemia, and the Brugada syndrome should be considered and risk of ventricular arrhythmias should be considered. Reference #1: Maruyama M, Kobayashi Y, Kodani E, et al. Osborn waves: history and significance. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2004;4(1):33-39. Published 2004 Jan 1. Reference #2: Imad A. Alhaddad, Mohammed Khalil, and Edward J. BrownJr. Osborn Waves of Hypothermia. Circulation. 2000;101:e233–e244 Reference #3: Mori J. Krantz, M.D., and Christopher M. Lowery, M.D. Giant Osborn Waves in Hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:184. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm030851 DISCLOSURES: Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with pfizer Please note: $1001 - $5000 Added 06/11/2020 by Yizhak Kupfer, source=Web Response, value=Consulting fee No relevant relationships by Ratnam Santoshi, source=Web Response

Auditory Brainstem Response in Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

To analyze auditory brainstem response (ABR) findings of preterm and term infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with perinatal problems. Case series with chart review. Secondary care hospital. Analysis consisted of a consecutive series of 101 infants (69 preterm and 32 term) admitted in the NICU of Hospital Fernando Fonseca between 2016 and 2018 with perinatal problems who underwent an ABR evaluation. The major perinatal problems identified were hyperbilirubinemia, intravenous gentamicin >5 days, mechanical ventilation >5 days, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, meningitis, and periventricular hemorrhage. Gentamicin use significantly increased the absolute latency of wave I in preterm infants (95% CI, 0.01-0.37; P = .037). Mechanical ventilation significantly decreased the latency of wave V and intervals I-V and III-V in preterm infants (95% CI, -0.35 to -0.22; P = .026; 95% CI, -0.33 to -0.00; P = .001; 95% CI, -0.46 to 0.12; P = .049). Congenital cytomegalovirus significantly decreased interval III-V in preterm infants (95% CI, -0.36 to -0.01; P = .042).Multivariate analysis revealed that gentamicin use, lower gestational age, and lower birth weight predicted an increased ABR threshold in preterm infants (95% CI, 1.64-15.31; P = .016; 95% CI -1.72 to -0.09; P = .030; 95% CI, -14.55 to -0.63; P = .033). ABR measurements in term infants were not significantly altered, with the exception of an increased latency of wave III with a lower gestational age (95% CI, -0.49 to -0.01; P = .038). These findings suggest that perinatal problems in the NICU significantly impair the ABR threshold and the auditory pathway maturational process in preterm but not term infants.

Auditory Processing in Children with Specific Language Impairment: A FFR Based Study.

Specific language impairment (SLI) is diagnosed when a child has difficulty in producing or understanding spoken language for no apparent reason. The study attempted to assess the sub-cortical encoding in children with SLI using speech-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR). The objective of the study was to compare the amplitude and latency of the frequency following response (FFR) parameters between the children with SLI and typically developing children. The frequency following response was recorded using/da/stimuli from ten ears of children diagnosed with SLI. The amplitude and the latencies of the different peaks of FFR in children with SLI were compared with those of typically developing children. The results of the study showed that the latencies of wave C and D were significantly prolonged in children with SLI compared to typically developing children. The waveforms obtained from the typically developing (TD) children were clearer and easily identifiable, with larger negativity observed in the troughs. The waveform morphology was poorer in children with SLI with shallower peaks. Thus, it can be concluded that speech evoked ABR gives an insight into the auditory processing ability of children with SLI. It indicates that signal processing in the auditory pathway of children with SLI is temporally distorted and which might affect the development of language.

Topography of the lesion in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Introduction Etiology of ISSNHL includes cessation of vascular perfusion, viral infection and cochlear membrane injury. Precise location of injury should be defined for a target-oriented treatment. Vestibular complaints in ISSNHL are hypothesized as involvement of vestibule. Vestibular complaints can be either due to involvement of inner ear or neural tract at any level. Objectives In the present study we aimed to demonstrate involvement of vestibular organs in the absence of vestibular symptoms. It was aimed to evaluate superior and inferior vestibular neural pathways. Methods c-vemp and o-vemp were applied to patients suffering ISSNHL without vertigo. Pure tone averages, audiogram configurations, degree of hearing loss were analyzed. Latencies of P1 and N1 waves, amplitudes of P1–N1 waves were evaluated. Asymmetrical vemp wave patterns were compared between two ears regarding difference of PTA. Results Latencies of c-vemp waves were longer and amplitudes were smaller. o-vemp parameters were similar on both sides. Positive correlation was observed between c-vemp latencies and degree hearing loss. Conclusion Inferior vestibular nerve pathway is affected in the absence of vertigo in ISSNHL with spared superior vestibular nerve pathway. Damage in IVN pathway correlates with degree of ISSNHL.

Auditory brainstem responses in children with autistic spectrum disorder

Background The assessment and management of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex and therefore requires continuous efforts for developing evidence-based guidelines for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of ASD. This research aims to study auditory brainstem response (ABR) in autistic children as a potential biomarker that could detect autism early during infancy as well as to study its relation to repetitive behavior. Patients and methods It included 60 children diagnosed with ASD according to DSM-5 among those attending the Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic at Elhadara University Hospital and Mamoura Psychiatric Hospital. Those with hearing or visual impairment, epileptic syndromes, psychotic illness, or other affective disorder were excluded from the study. In all, 53 (88.3%) boys and seven (11.7%) girls participated in this study. Their mean±SD age was 6.41±1.99 years. Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 2nd ed., Repetitive Behavior Scale–Revised, and audiological studies were performed with emphasis on ABR by a consultant of audiology. Results Statistical analysis was done on the results and the study showed that absolute latency of waves III and V on the right ear and those of waves I and III on the left ear and interpeak latencies I–III and I–V of both the right and left ears were significantly away from norms in the ASD group and latency of wave I from the left side shows a significant positive correlation with total Repetitive Behavior Scale–Revised score. This denotes that a longer duration of wave I corresponds to severity of repetitive and restricted behaviors. Conclusion During initial assessment of a suspected ASD case, click ABR at an intensity of 80 dB (not the usual one at an intensity of 30 dB for screening of hearing impairment) to be requested and examination of the full parameters for assessment of auditory processing and not only for excluding a hearing problem.

Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the lateral geniculate body of monocular form deprivation amblyopic kittens.

The present study compared the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the lateral geniculate body between form deprivation amblyopia kittens and normal kittens to examine the significance of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body in the pathogenesis of amblyopia. Twenty kittens were divided into control group (n = 10) and deprivation group (n = 10). A black opaque eye mask was placed to cover the right eye of the deprivation group. Pattern visual-evoked potentials (PVEPs) were detected weekly in all kittens .After the kittens in the deprivation group developed monocular amblyopia, the lateral geniculate bodies of all kittens were removed. The expression of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body of the two groups was compared by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The latency of the P100 wave in the right eye of the deprivation group was longer than that of the left eye and that of the right eye of the control group (p < 0.05), and the amplitude decreased (p < 0.05). The number and average optical density of BDNF-positive cells in the deprivation group were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05), and the expression of BDNF in the deprivation group was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The expression of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body of the amblyopic kittens decreased, and the decrease in BDNF promoted the development of amblyopia. These results demonstrate that BDNF in the lateral geniculate body plays an important role in visual development.

CZĘSTOTLIWOŚCIOWE ODPOWIEDZI WYWOŁANE U DOROSŁYCH, KTÓRZY MOGĄ LUB NIE MOGĄ ŚPIEWAĆ CZYSTO

BackgroundIt is believed that auditory processing occurs normally in people who can sing in tune and improperly in people who cannot. Auditory feedback seems to be a crucial factor in the way the voice is produced and monitored. Evaluation of auditory processing using the Frequency Following Response (FFR) allows fine-grained neural processing to be objectively identified and might be a way of differentiating between those who sing in-tune and those who sing off-tune.The aim of this study was to analyse the FFR responses of people who can sing in-tune and compare them to those who sing off-tune.Material and methodsFFR responses were recorded in 37 adults who were assigned to one of two groups: (i) a control group (CG) consisting of 17 adults who could sing in-tune (ii) an experimental group (EG) consisting of 20 adults who sang off-tune.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in the electro-physiological responses of the EG compared to the CG for the latencies of waves A, C, D, and F in the right ear. In contrast, FFR amplitude measurements did not seem to be a suitable parameter for identifying changes in the coding of speech sounds.ConclusionsFFR responses in the EG showed a different pattern from the CG group, with a number of longer latencies in the EG. However, FFR amplitude did not differ significantly between the groups.

Functional Integrity of the Inferior Vestibular Nerve and Posterior Canal BPPV.

The functional integrity of the inferior vestibular nerve (IVN) may be evaluated by the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) response, which requires signal transmission via the nerve. As functional integrity of the IVN innervating the posterior semicircular canal is required to produce the typical positioning vertigo and nystagmus characterizing posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PCBPPV), we hypothesized that normal cVEMPs would be found in most PCBPPV patients. Twenty-four PCBPPV patients participated in a prospective cohort study. All were treated by canal repositioning maneuver and had air-conduction cVEMP and videonystagmography (VNG). Follow-up evaluations including history and otoneurological bedside examination were carried out 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the initial treatment. At the last follow-up, the patients filled the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaire. Normal cVEMPs were recorded in 19 (79%) and were absent in 5 (21%) of the subjects. The average DHI in the patients with normal cVEMP was 16.42 ± 17.99 vs. 0.4 ± 0.89 among those with pathological cVEMP (p < 0.04, Mann–Whitney test). Thirteen (54%) patients experienced recurrent PCBPPV (rPCBPPV). The average DHI score was significantly higher among patients having recurrence (22.15 ± 18.61) when compared to those with complete cure (2.36 ± 5.98; p < 0.003, Mann–Whitney test). Ten (77%) of the subjects with rPCBPPV had normal and 3 (23%) had pathological cVEMP as compared to 9 (82%) and 2 (18%) subjects in the non-recurrent (nrPCBPPV) group (Fisher's exact test—not significant). cVEMP p13 and n23 wave latencies and amplitudes, inter-aural differences in p13-n23 peak-to-peak amplitudes, and response thresholds did not differ between the groups. No differences were found between the rPCBBPV and nrPCBBPV groups in VNG caloric lateralization and directional preponderance values. We have found that in most cases, PCBPPV symptoms and signs are associated with normal cVEMP response supporting the role of IVN functional integrity. The absent cVEMPs in the minority of patients, although having similar clinical presentation, raise the possibility that the ipsilateral saccule is affected by the same pathology causing degeneration of the utricle macula. Alternatively, lacking inhibitory stimuli from the involved ipsilateral utricle or partial degeneration of the IVN and ganglion could explain the diminished cVEMP response.Clinical Trial Registration: The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov Internet site (study ID—NCT01004913; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01004913?cond=BPPV&cntry=IL&draw=2&rank=3).

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in patients with primary Sj\xf6gren\u2019s syndrome without central nervous system involvement

ObjectivesPrimary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune, multisystem exocrinopathy characterized by dysfunction of the exocrine glands. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is estimated to be present in 10–60% patients with pSS. The present study aimed to evaluate brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in pSS patients without central nervous system involvement, and without otolaryngological abnormalities.MethodThirty-six pSS patients (35 women, 1 man, mean age 48 years old) and 40 healthy volunteers were investigated. BAEP, brain imaging, laboratory parameters, and clinical neurological and otolaryngological examinations were performed.ResultsAbnormal BAEP were recorded in 16.7% patients. The mean wave BAEP I and V latency and mean wave III-V and I-V interpeak latencies were significantly longer in pSS patients than the controls. There were no statistically significant correlations between BAEP parameters and laboratory tests. None of the patients was found having the abnormalities on brain imaging.ConclusionsThis study confirms that in pSS patients without clinical central nervous system impairment, auditory pathway disturbances could be found. Disorders of brain bioelectrical activity may be a consequence of ongoing autoimmune process.Key Points• BAEP abnormalities confirmed the clinically observed involvement of the central nervous system in patients with pSS.• Brain bioelectrical activity dysfunctions in pSS patients may be a consequence of ongoing inflammatory and/or immunological processes.

A waves in electroneurography: differential diagnosis with other late responses.

Neurographic studies are an extension of clinical examination and are performed for the functional assessment of peripheral nerves. The study of motor and sensory conduction velocity and the presence, amplitude, morphology and symmetry of the response to electrical stimulation are crucial for the diagnosis and management of peripheral neuromuscular disorders. Neurography also plays an important role in the search for so-called late responses comprising the F wave, H reflex, axonal response and A wave. By analysing the parameters of each late wave, this paper addresses the pathophysiological features and the most common conditions impairing the physiology of late responses, with a special focus on A waves.

Inverted Covariate Effects for First versus Mutated Second Wave Covid-19: High Temperature Spread Biased for Young.

(1) Background: Here, we characterize COVID-19’s waves, following a study presenting negative associations between first wave COVID-19 spread parameters and temperature. (2) Methods: Visual examinations of daily increases in confirmed COVID-19 cases in 124 countries, determined first and second waves in 28 countries. (3) Results: The first wave spread rate increases with country mean elevation, median population age, time since wave onset, and decreases with temperature. Spread rates decrease above 1000 m, indicating high ultraviolet lights (UVs) decrease the spread rate. The second wave associations are the opposite, i.e., spread increases with temperature and young age, and decreases with time since wave onset. The earliest second waves started 5–7 April at mutagenic high elevations (Armenia, Algeria). The second waves also occurred at the warm-to-cold season transition (Argentina, Chile). Second vs. first wave spread decreases in most (77%) countries. In countries with late first wave onset, spread rates better fit second than first wave-temperature patterns. In countries with ageing populations (for example, Japan, Sweden, and Ukraine), second waves only adapted to spread at higher temperatures, not to infect the young. (4) Conclusions: First wave viruses evolved towards lower spread. Second wave mutant COVID-19 strain(s) adapted to higher temperature, infecting younger ages and replacing (also in cold conditions) first wave COVID-19 strains. Counterintuitively, low spread strains replace high spread strains, rendering prognostics and extrapolations uncertain.

Effect of Rutin on Diabetic Auditory Neuropathy in an Experimental Rat Model.

ObjectivesDiabetic auditory neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that has a major impact on patients’ quality of life. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of rutin in treating diabetic auditory neuropathy in an experimental rat model.MethodsForty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: group 1, control; group 2, diabetic rats; and groups 3–5, rats treated with rutin (at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, respectively). We used auditory brain stem response, stereology of the spiral ganglion, and measurements of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) to evaluate the effects of treatment.ResultsSignificant improvements in auditory neuropathy were observed in the rutin-treated groups in comparison with the diabetic group (P<0.05). Auditory threshold, wave latency, wave morphology, the volume and number of neurons in the spiral ganglion, and SOD and MDA activity showed improvements following treatment.ConclusionRutin shows promise as a treatment modality for diabetic auditory neuropathy, but more trials are warranted for its clinical application.

Continued development of auditory ability in autism spectrum disorder children: A clinical study on click-evoked auditory brainstem response

ObjectivesThe study aimed to analyze the developmental mode of auditory at the level of brainstem in preschool autistic children using click-evoked auditory brainstem response (click-ABR). Methods: Twenty children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 20 age matched typical development children (TD) were recruited. The detail data recorded from click-ABR were collected at two time periods (T1 and T2). ResultsThere was no significant change in TD group at two time periods. In ASD group, wave V latency was significantly shortened at T2 compared to that recorded at T1. The interpeak latency of I–V was short at T2 versus at T1 in the autistic children. Compared to the TD group, ASD was associated with longer latencies for waves V and longer interpeak latencies of I-III, I–V at T1. In addition, ASD group also indicated longer latencies of wave III and wave V, longer interpeak latencies of I-III and I–V at T2 compared to the TD group. ConclusionsASD group had immature and dysfunction developmental mode in auditory stimuli perception at the level of brainstem. The performance of auditory ability in children with ASD improved gradually with ages. However, there are still differences compared with TD children.

Smoking induced alterations in auditory pathways: Evidence from evoked potentials

Objectives: Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) are used for assessment of integrity of auditory pathway. Given the widespread prevalence of smoking, interpretation of ABR data must be done in light of smoker/nonsmoker status. Materials and Methods: The present study was done on 30 normal, healthy non-smoker males and 30 healthy, smoker males in the age group of 18-40 years. Approval of Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent was taken from all volunteers. ABR was recorded using Biopac MP 150 system. The recordings were done in a state of abstinence of 12 hours (chronic smoking state) and 10 minutes after smoking (acute smoking state). In the non-smoker group, only one set of recordings were done. The peak latencies and amplitudes of the ABR waves were analyzed. Results: Analysis of data revealed a significant prolongation of the latencies of wave I and II and Inter-peak latency I-III in chronic smoking state as compared to non-smoking state. The amplitudes of waves I, II and V were also significantly reduced in chronic smoking state. A comparison between the non-smokers and acute smoking state revealed significantly prolonged latency of waves I and II in the acute smoking state accompanied by a significant decrease in the amplitudes of all waves of ABR. There were no significant differences in latencies and amplitudes of the chronic and acute smoking state. Conclusion: Smoking led to an increase in latency and decrease in amplitude, thereby indicating that it adversely affected the auditory pathway. Thus, interpretation of data of ABR should consider smoking as a confounding variable.

Analysis of Auditory Brainstem Response Change, according to Tinnitus Duration, in Patients with Tinnitus with Normal Hearing.

The purpose of this study was to analyze auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveforms of patients with tinnitus with normal hearing, according to tinnitus duration, and demonstrate the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of tinnitus. From January 2016 to December 2017, patients who presented to our hospital with tinnitus as their chief complaint were enrolled and reviewed retrospectively. Pure tone audiometry and ABR tests were performed. The patients were classified into three groups according to tinnitus duration: acute (<1 month), subacute (1-6 months), and chronic (>6 months). The amplitudes of waves I and V and the latencies of waves I, III, and V were evaluated. In this study, 177 ears of 128 patients with tinnitus with normal hearing were evaluated. Wave V amplitude was significantly lower during the subacute phase than during the acute phase. The absolute latency value of wave V was greater during the subacute phase than during the acute phase. The interpeak latency I-V was significantly prolonged during the subacute phase compared with the acute and chronic phases. Wave V amplitude, wave V absolute latency, and interpeak latency I-V varied significantly between cases with a 1-month and 6-month tinnitus history. The compensatory response to tinnitus decreased sharply after 1 month of symptoms. Early tinnitus identification and treatment initiation are recommended.

Safety of Intravitreal Injection of Stivant, a Biosimilar to Bevacizumab, in Rabbit Eyes.

Purpose To evaluate the safety of intravitreal injection of Stivant, a biosimilar to bevacizumab, in rabbits using electrophysiological and histological analysis.MethodsBoth eyes of 41 New Zealand albino rabbits were injected with 0.1 mL (2.5 mg) of Stivant. The rabbits were scheduled to be sacrificed 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after injection for histopathological evaluations. Clinical examinations and electroretinography (ERG) were performed at baseline and just before sacrificing the rabbits. Fourteen separate rabbits received a reference drug (Avastin) and were considered as the control group. Furthermore, three other rabbits received the same volume of saline (saline control group). Rabbits of both control groups were sacrificed four weeks after injection. ERG was performed 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after injections.ResultsNo significant difference was observed in a- and b-wave amplitudes and latency after intravitreal Stivant injection between baseline and different time points. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference in wave amplitudes and latency between the Stivant and control groups. The histology of rabbit eyes of the Stivant and control groups after intravitreal injections was not distinguishable.ConclusionThe biosimilar Stivant, up to a dose of 2.5 mg, did not appear to be toxic to the retina in albino rabbits. These results suggest that this drug could be a safe and inexpensive alternative to intravitreal bevacizumab. The efficacy of these injections was not investigated in this study and needs to be evaluated in future studies.

The neural and cognitive mechanisms of knowledge attribution: An EEG study

Despite the ubiquity of knowledge attribution in human social cognition, its associated neural and cognitive mechanisms are poorly documented. A wealth of converging evidence in cognitive neuroscience has identified independent perspective-taking and inhibitory processes for belief attribution, but the extent to which these processes are shared by knowledge attribution isn't presently understood. Here, we present the findings of an EEG study designed to directly address this shortcoming. These findings suggest that belief attribution is not a component process in knowledge attribution, contra a standard attitude taken by philosophers. Instead, observed differences in P3b amplitude indicate that knowledge attribution doesn't recruit the strong self-perspective inhibition characteristic of belief attribution. However, both belief and knowledge attribution were observed to display a late slow wave widely associated with mental state attribution, indicating that knowledge attribution also shares in more general processing of others' mental states. These results provide a new perspective both on how we think about knowledge attribution, as well as Theory of Mind processes generally.

Donor Cytomegalovirus Transmission Patterns in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients With Primary Infection.

The epidemiology of single versus multiple cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain transmission from donor (D+) to seronegative solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients (R-) is uncertain, as is whether "relapsing" recipient infection represents changing strain predominance when multiple strains are transmitted. Here we characterized CMV strain transmission patterns in D+/R- SOT recipients. We studied pairs or groups of D+/R- SOT recipients who received organs from a common donor (group A) and recipients who experienced ≥2 waves of CMV DNAemia (group B). CMV in plasma was characterized by genotype-specific real-time PCR for genes gB and gH. Single concordant genotypes were identified in 12 of 18 recipient pairs/group sharing a common donor (group A); at least 6 of 18 (33%) donors transmitted > 1 strain. A single CMV strain was detected in 14 of 15 recipients in group B; only 1 recipient had coinfection. A shift in CMV strain predominance occurred after the first posttransplant year in at least 4 recipients with coinfection. Using a common donor approach, we confirmed that multiple CMV strain transmission from donors to R- SOT recipients is not uncommon. D+/R- SOT recipients with CMV coinfection can undergo changes in strain predominance in late waves of CMV DNAemia.