Late XVIII Research Articles

Актуализация проблематики Чужого в ценностно-смысловом контексте по материалам русской культуры конца XVIII – первой четверти XIX вв.

The scientific interest in the problematic of the ‘Other’ remains relevant, particularly in light of ongoing globalization processes. Modern cultures confront, alienate or adopt the values of those with whom they communicate. Questions concerning whether to accept the ‘Other’ and their experiences, the potential for their transformation, and the necessity of openness towards the ‘Other’ constitute a significant modern agenda in intercultural communication. This article presents an effort to synthesize models of reception of the ‘Other’ as articulated by both domestic and European thinkers, including the author’s original scheme of the value-semantic system “Self – Other”. The concept of the ‘Other’ is examined through phenomenological and civilizational approaches. The author notes a spectrum of characteristics attributed to the ‘Other’ and proposes a value-semantic lens for their consideration. A central question that persists to the present day is the possibility of understanding the ‘Other’ or Alien. An analysis of this issue through a value-based optic has revealed the factors of identification and consolidation of the ‘Self’ in relation to the ‘Other’. The author explores this problematic through culturally-historical examples of Russian-French interactions in the late XVIII – first quarter of the XIX centuries. The given examples and cultural and historical experience can be used in the analysis of the current cultural situation.

The evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries.

The article examines the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the development of relations between France and Spain, the analysis of various factors that influenced the diplomacy of the two countries. The object of the study is various treaties, armed conflicts and specific political steps characterizing Franco-Spanish relations. Special attention is paid to the role of the union of the two countries in the confrontation with Great Britain. The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes and consequences of changes in relations between France and Spain in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. A special role in the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations is noted for the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in France and the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. The active foreign policy of Napoleonic France eventually resulted in a full-scale war on the Iberian Peninsula. The author uses chronological, historical-comparative and historical-systemic research methods in his work. These methods allowed to analyze the evolution of the Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. Periods of military confrontation were interspersed with the time of the union of the two countries. There was a certain duality at the heart of the Franco-Spanish alliance. On an ideological level, most of Spanish society did not accept the ideas of the French Revolution. From an economic point of view, it was not profitable for Spain to enter into the Anglo-French confrontation. Ties with the Spanish colonies were disrupted. From the point of view of European politics, Spain, isolated by its geographical location, did not always benefit from an alliance with France, since it was an unequal partner in it. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the proposed periodization of the history of Franco-Spanish relations of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries, its division into a number of stages. This makes it possible to better structure the work and identify the interrelationship of the changes that determined the nature of Franco-Spanish relations at each stage. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that in this work the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries is considered as a whole and continuous process, the influence of domestic political events on changes in the foreign policy of the two countries is analyzed.

Церковное проповедничество в приходах Кольского благочиния в конце XVIII — начале XIX века

The article is devoted to the previously unexplored issue of the preaching activities of urban and rural clergy in the parishes of the Kola deanery of the Arkhangelsk Diocese in the late XVIII — early XIX century. The research is based on documents from the foundation of the Kemsky Spiritual Collegium (National Archive of the Republic of Karelia), which was subordinated to parishes in Russian Lapland. It turns out that at that time there were no "learned priests" with full seminary education in the clergy of the Kola deanery who could deliver catechetical teachings of their own composition. The preaching of local priests was limited to the recitation of ready-made texts recommended by the Holy Synod. New information is introduced into scientific circulation about the Kola dean Archpriest Vasily Ivanovsky, who played a prominent role in the parish administration in the Kola North at the end of the XVIII — early XIX century.

Statistical information about some towns of the North in Russian geographical dictionaries of the late XVIII–XIX centuries

Statistical information about some towns of the North in Russian geographical dictionaries of the late XVIII–XIX centuries

Становление и развитие институтов прямой демократии в США: историко-правовой аспект

Direct democracy appeared in the United States back in the colonial period. However, when the country became sovereign in the late XVIII century, the founding fathers gave preference to representative democracy in order to prevent the mob rule. This research traces the history of various institutions of direct democracy in the United States. The late XIX – early XX centuries saw an era of progressivism in the United States: civil society struggled against negative social, political, and legal phenomena. Implementation of referendums, general direct elections, recalls of officials, etc., into the legal system seemed a perfect solution. In the early XX century, these institutions were enshrined in the legislation of some Western states and proved rather effective. The so-called second wave of direct democracy occurred after 1950s, and institutions of direct democracy became even more widespread. This process reached its peak in the late XX – early XXI centuries. As a result, they predominate in the current US legislation. The USA are currently going through a further rise in direct democracy, which is even more implemented into the legal system. The American experience of direct democracy is of considerable interest to Russia as it may help to improve the domestic state mechanisms of making socially important decisions.

The views of scientists-police officers on the problem of epidemic prevention

The subject of the study is the provisions formulated by foreign and domestic jurists in the field of policeistics regarding the prevention of epidemic threats. The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the views of cameralist authors on these issues in antithesis with the views of representatives of social Darwinism. The aim of the study is the scientific reconstruction of the political and legal model of the functioning of state power structures, namely the executive and medical police for the prevention of epidemic diseases, presented in the works of scientists-police officers of the late XVIII – early XX centuries. Abstraction, comparative legal and content analysis were chosen as the methods of study, with the help of which the works of political scientists were studied. The scope of application of the results and their novelty lies in the awareness of the value of the accumulated social and state-legal experience in the prevention of various kinds of epidemics. In the context of the emergence of a new coronavirus infection, the problem of determining and promptly applying a set of effective anti–epidemic measures has become particularly acute, many of which had deep historical roots and were reanimated as living conditions and everyday life, on the one hand, and the imperious dictates of the state, on the other. The conclusions and results of the work were accumulated on the basis of studying the works of representatives of the science of the police state and law. It was revealed that the stated problems are historically imperishable. The complex of preventive measures of an anti-epidemic nature was developed which historically spontaneously and entered into the usual norms of everyday life in Russia since ancient times. Since the XIV century, all kinds of quarantine and other restrictive measures have been taken to counteract mass diseases. At the same time, these diverse measures had a common focus despite the various sources of origin and development.

Художественное наследие в актуализации традиционных педагогических технологий и реализации инновационных идей образования

The purpose of the research is to create a comprehensive methodology with the inclusion of traditional pedagogical technologies based on the system of the historical Russian school of fine arts. Using the example of planning ensembles of a Russian manor with the definition of their influence on the cultural development of life in urban suburbs during the heyday and development of art workshops and crafts in the late XVIII and early XIX centuries. The paper provides an analysis of a number of methodological approaches in the educational system, which is based on the educational and cultural component of art education. The purpose of this article was to analyze the social features of the planning, content and distribution of functions of the socio-cultural development of the Russian estate. The research can be successfully applied in educational programs and additional education, in the field of architecture, design, restoration and ecology.

Благочинные монастырей в системе церковного управления Российской империи в конце XVIII–начале XX века

The paper deals with the study of the role of deans of monasteries in the system of Church administration and their influence on the activities of Orthodox monastic monasteries in the Russian Empire of the late XVIII – early XX centuries. Based on legislative acts and archival records, the author analyzes the scope of activity of deans in the structure of church authorities of the Synodal period. It is concluded that the deans, in accordance with the instructions, as well as the instructions of the bishop and the consistory, exercised direct control over Orthodox monasteries: the composition of the brethren, economic, financial and charitable activities.

ANALYSIS OF SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE TERRITORY OF CHUVASHIA (late XVIII – first third of the XX century)

School education system in Russia passed a difficult and thorny path in its evolvement and development. Compared with its Western European counterpart, domestic secondary school has a shorter history. In our country, the first primary and secondary educational institutions providing general education appeared only at the end of the XVIII century. Throughout the XIX century, they were repeatedly reformed; as a result, noticeable quantitative and qualitative changes took place. However, despite this, we can talk about certain continuity in the evolution of the Russian school until the beginning of the XX century. The fundamental breakdown of established general education system occurred as a result of the establishment of Soviet power. During the 1920s and 1930s, all levels and links of the education sector were reorganized. The purpose of the study is to analyze historical sources on the problem of formation and development of the general school education system in the territory of modern Chuvashia. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of regulatory and archival documents. In our work, we relied on the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, considering events in their historical interrelation, analyzing diverse historical sources on the topic of research. Historical-comparative and historical-typological methods of research were used. Based on them, it was possible to identify the main groups of sources and give them a scientific analysis. The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that in regional historiography, it is for the first time that the main groups of historical sources on the topic of evolvement and development of the general school education system in the region are analyzed starting from the end of the XVIII century and up to the 1920s, i.e. until the time of creating the Soviet school education system. Most archival sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Study results. The article characterizes two main groups of historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in Russia». These are regulatory documents and archival materials. They are the most multinomial and important for studying the topic. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its main provisions can help to better understand the current state and prospects for the development of domestic educational system. The results obtained can also be used to develop generalizing works on the history and culture of the region. This study is not exhaustive. In the future, it is necessary to pay attention to such interesting groups of historical documents as memoirs, letters and memoirs of participants in the educational process, i.e. teachers, students and educational organizers of the late XVIII – first third of the XX century. Conclusions. Historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in the Territory of Modern Chuvashia at the end of the XVIII – first third of the XX century» are numerous and diverse. They are representative, giving the opportunity to study different aspects of the topic and help to recreate the general course of the regional school development the within the period under review and identify its specifics.

Interactive map of social and cultural space of the Russian regional capital of the late XVIII - the first third of the XIX century (based on the materials of Tambov).

The object of the study is the social and cultural space of the city of Tambov in the late XVIII – the first third of the XIX century. The source base of the study consists of documents of several funds of the State Archive of the Tambov region, as well as plans of the city of Tambov in 1781, 1803, 1828 and 1832. The main goal of the study is to present the mechanism of creating an interactive map of the cultural space of the city of Tambov. In the research, in addition to classical historical methods, the systematization and analysis of statistical, record-keeping, cartographic and visual sources was carried out by using geo-information technologies. The main scientific result of the research was the samples of analyses of statistical and visual material of the interactive resource. The chosen platform made it possible to present the scientific results in the form of diagrams of the distribution of the share of different estates in separate quarters of the city, lists of demographic data on the population of Tambov; cards with reference historical data on the cultural heritage objects of the city. Specific results of the study include the determination of the number of quarters inhabited by these or those class groups, as well as the identification of whole groups of quarters marked by a noticeable homogeneity of the class composition of the population. The main methodological and technological result of the research is the provision of an efficient mechanism for analyzing urban space, systematization of data on its development and inhabitants, which can be available to a wide range of users. The information and technology of the proposed resource shows the possibilities of its use not only for research activities, but also for educational, excursion and museum work.

«МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ» ДОРЕФОРМЕННОЙ САМАРЫ

The author of the article for the first time introduces the biographies of Samara doctors of the late XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries to the scientific community. The research is based on numerous sources found in the funds of the central and local archives of the Russian Federation. The author reveals details of the professional path of Samara doctors, examines the features of their daily work, and explores some aspects of interactions within the medical community of pre-reform Samara. The study was conducted in the context of modernization theory. The author came to the conclusion that the formation of the medical community of the Samara province from graduates of Russian educational institutions intensified in the pre-reform decade. At the same time, the foundations of medical research, preventive medicine and sanatorium treatment were laid in the Samara province.Samara established itself as one of the centers of the increasingly popular trend in the practice of health conservation, i.e., kumiss treatment.

Features of Teaching Humanities in the Institutes of Noble Maidens of the Late XVIII — Mid XIX-th Century (Based on the Material of the Ego Documents)

Based on the analysis of ego­documents of the 18th–19th centuries (A. Levshina, G. Alymova (Rzhevskaya), A. Sokolova, M. Uglichaninova, A. Eshevskaya, E. Vodovozova) the authors examine the main strategies for teaching humanities at the Smolny Institute. Using the methods of cultural-historical, comparative-historical, and gender analyses, the authors look over the changes in teaching methods of these disciplines, starting from the era of Empress Catherine II, when the dominant aspect of teaching was the installation of utopia-eupsychia, the utopia of creating a “new breed” of women, where a significant attention was paid to theatrical culture. The last pedagogical subject of the article is the reform of K. D. Ushinsky in the memoirs of E. Vodovozova, carried out at the very beginning of the 1860s, when women’s education in Smolny, primarily related to the humanities, lost its exclusivity and elitism due to the emergence of female gymnasiums in Russia (starting from 1857).

Демографическая характеристика мещанского сообщества города Усть-Сысольска (конец XVIII века)

The main aspects of the demographic situation in relation to the Philistines of the town of Ust-Sysolsk at the beginning of the town history (late XVIII century) are studied. Attention is paid to the study of the number of Philistines, the possibilities of entering and leaving this community, the mortality of the Philistine population and the results of the mobilization of the Ust-Sysolsk Philistines into the army of the Russian Empire.

Белорусская национальная идея сквозь призму исторического анализа: этапы, подходы, перспективы

Among the variety of functions of the national idea as an important part of the modernization processes, one can single out its significance as a historical constant, an imperative defining the goals of the national-state organism. From the position of the epistemological ideal, it is possible to analyze and evaluate various national ideas, since the true effectiveness of a national idea depends on its historical adequacy. Within the framework of five stages of the history of the formation and evolution of the Belarusian national idea during the late XVIII – first decades of the XXI century, the last of which is not completed, the cultural and civilizational confrontation of the Polish-Catholic (and later the entire Western) and the Russian-Orthodox world manifested itself. As a result, today there are three competing approaches to the definition of Belarusian national identity – the Western-Russian-pro-Soviet (which has an obvious advantage in terms of rational validity and historical authenticity), the Litvinist and hybrid (dualistic). The complex of the main myths of Litvinism, refuted within the framework of his-torical analysis, includes the concepts of the cultural and state development of Belarus isolated from the rest of the principalities of Ancient Russia in the XI – XIII centuries, the non-Slavic (Baltic) ethnic origin of Belarusians, the great cultural development and a high degree of legal democracy of the Belarusian society under the rule of Lithuania and Poland, its significant linguistic and the cultural difference from Moscow Rus, the decline of the Belarusian lands after their incorporation into the Russian Empire, the genocide of Belarusians on the initia-tive of Moscow in the XVII and XX centuries. The condition for completing the formation of a full-fledged na-tional idea in the Republic of Belarus is the rejection of the artificial construction of parallel history, the use of Western-centric cultural stamps, fetishization of what has no real relation to its national-state formation. A pro-ductive methodological principle of studying the past of Belarus can be the identification of the history of the Belarusian people and the history of Polish-Lithuanian subjects and institutions, as well as an objective as-sessment of the processes and consequences of foreign expansion into its territory.

Gabriel's Failed Revolution of 1800: Causes and Prerequisites

This work is devoted to a very little-studied topic of the Virginia Slave Conspiracy led by Gabriel and is the first study of this issue in Russian historiography. The present article analyzes in detail the causes and prerequisites of the failed uprising of 1800. At the same time, the author relies on the published materials of the trial and the works of leading Western researchers. 
 The first part is devoted directly to the history of studying this issue. Using historical-genetic and retrospective methods, the author traces the influence of foreign policy, domestic political, social, economic, demographic, socio-cultural factors on the formation of a socially explosive situation in Virginia by 1800, and
 also identifies a number of subjective reasons and prerequisites for a slave conspiracy, such as: motives of personal revenge and banal miscalculations of the authorities who did not take proper measures. At the same time, the main emphasis is on comparing approaches and substantiating the complex of causes and
 prerequisites in Western historiography.
 As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that in the case of Gabriel's conspiracy, it is not just about a failed uprising, but about the emergence in Virginia of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries of a real revolutionary situation, the formation of which was facilitated by a combination of interrelated factors.
 The results of the research conducted in this article can be used in research and teaching activities related to the study of American history and the history of the African-American people (Black History).

ВТРАЧЕНИЙ ДВІР ЖЕВУСЬКИХ: ЛОКАЛІЗАЦІЯ БУДІВЕЛЬ ТА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЇХ ПЛАНУВАЛЬНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК

The lost court of Franciszka Zhevuska on the Galician suburb of Lviv, located at the present-day 14-16 V. Vynnychenka Street, has been examined. This court is a classic example of suburb residences that were common on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the register of 1768, there were approximately 110 courts in the suburbs of Lviv, but none of them has not been preserved. The article presents the results of the localization the buildings of the lost Zhevuski court based on descriptive and cartographic sources, specifically the inventory description from 1768 and Lviv maps from the late XVIII century. The complex included buildings of various types: a palace, an outbuilding, a stable, a granary, and an inn, indicating its use not only as the residence of the owners but also as a multifunctional complex with the potential for generating income. The planning characteristics are determined, including the dimensions and outlines of the buildings in plan, the number of floors and the materials from which they are built. The main building of the complex is a two-story brick palace, built in 1774-1775 according to the project of the famous architect Petro Poleiovskyi. Other buildings and structures are wooden and built earlier. The information presented in the article is the basis for the following studies of the architecture of the courts and the implementation of a theoretical graphic reconstruction of the Zhevusky court.

Pskov land estates

The article is devoted to the estates of Russian nobility of Pskov region located close to the Federal State Budget Institution of Culture “State Memorial Historical-Literary and Natural-Landscape Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin “Mikhailovskoye” (The Push-kin Museum-Reserve).The authors propose to consider the possibility of including these estates in the sphere of museum-reserve activity with the aim to create new tourist’s routs and to spread knowledge about life of the late XVIII – early XX centuries.The article is based on the results of field studies conducted in 2021–2022 in comparison with published historical, archival and bibliographic documents, in order to draw attention to the state of objects, the problem of their preservation, restoration and inclusion in the field of regional tourism.

«Crime is a kind of moral disease ...»: ideas about the means and methods of treatment and prevention of criminal behavior in the Anglo-American socio-cultural sphere in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries

«Crime is a kind of moral disease ...»: ideas about the means and methods of treatment and prevention of criminal behavior in the Anglo-American socio-cultural sphere in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries

Tres proyectos de identidad indígena en la provincia de Chiloé, Chile (siglos XXI-XVIII)

This article analyzes three understandings of indigenous identity in Chile’s Chiloé province using an approach that combines archive work, bibliographical material and conversations with relevant stakeholders. It proposes a study focused on the differences between three definitions of ‘indigenous’ or ‘indian’ in Chiloé: the ethnic invention of the veliches in the XXI century, the leftist Mapuchization in the first half of the XX century, and the monarchic corporatism of the Republic of Indians (república de indios) in the late XVIII century. These differences or mismatches reveal the interactive, unstable and circumstantial nature of any identity as well as the connections and global dimensions of social processes that are usually interpreted from a particularistic viewpoint that disregards history. This article does not set out to prove the misrepresentation of indigenous identity. Rather, it proposes that to assume its historicity is to highlight our creativity (both as a capacity and a need). In the same vein, such an assumption is an attractive means of freeing ourselves from the whirlwind of ethnic nationalism and conservative fiction, the self-exoticization and the folkloric view of multiculturalism.

SPIRITUAL MENTORS AND SERVANTS IN THE SOUTHERN UKRAINE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

A review of the book: Dianova N. M. Activities of orthodox archierei in Kherson eparchy (from late XVIII century to early ХХ century): a monograph / N. M. Dianova ; Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Department of History and Philosophy. – Odesa : Odesa National University, 2022. – 205 p.