Late Sown Conditions Research Articles

Molecular diversity and genetic potential of new maize inbred lines across varying sowing conditions in arid environment

Developing high-yielding and resilient maize hybrids is essential to ensure its sustainable production with the ongoing challenges of considerable shifts in global climate. This study aimed to explore genetic diversity among exotic and local maize inbred lines, evaluate their combining ability, understand the genetic mechanisms influencing ear characteristics and grain yield, and identify superior hybrids suited for timely and late sowing conditions. Seven local and exotic maize inbred lines were genotyped using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers to assess their genetic diversity. These diverse lines were utilized to develop 21 F1 hybrids using a diallel mating design. These hybrids, alongside a high-yielding commercial check (SC-10), were evaluated under field conditions across two growing seasons under timely and late sowing conditions. The results showed that sowing date, assessed hybrids, and their interaction significantly influenced all measured agronomic traits. Notably, late sowing reduced plant height, ear characteristics, and, ultimately, grain yield. Several hybrids, particularly L101 × L103, L101 × L105, L104 × L105, and L104 × L107 under timely sowing, and L101 × L105 and L104 × L107 under late sowing, surpassed the agronomic performance of check commercial hybrid. Inbred lines L101 and L103 emerged as superior combiners for ear traits and yield, while line L106 showed promise for breeding shorter-stature plants. Hybrid combinations L101 × L105, L104 × L107, and L106 × L107 were identified as specific good combiners for grain yield and related traits under both sowing conditions, indicating their potential for commercial development. Strong positive associations were observed between grain yield and certain agronomic traits highlighting their utility for indirect selection in early breeding generations.

Exploring Genetic Diversity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Timely Sown and Terminal Heat Stress Conditions using Multivariate Approaches

Background: Wheat, a vital food crop, is increasingly threatened by heat stress due to climate change. This significantly impacts yields and grain quality. India, a major wheat producer, urgently needs heat tolerant varieties and late sown wheat is particularly susceptible to terminal heat stress. This study aimed to identify diverse heat tolerant genotypes among evaluated genotypes that can be used in further breeding programs. Methods: The study investigated genetic diversity in 29 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under timely and late sown environments at DRPCAU, Bihar during rabi 2020-21 by employing 11 morpho-physiological traits in Randomized Block Design. Multivariate approaches such as principal component analysis, genotype by trait biplot and cluster analysis were employed to categorize and identify the genotypes with desirable traits for heat tolerance. Result: Our study revealed a significant negative correlation between grain yield per plant and canopy temperature. Cluster analysis categorized genotypes into distinct groups under both timely and late sown conditions. The identified diverse lines from these clusters, exhibiting desirable traits, hold significant potential as parents for future breeding programs, emphasizing the crucial role of heat tolerance in wheat improvement.

Performance of late sown wheat genotypes under drought stress at Khajura, Banke, Nepal

This study aimed to identify wheat genotypes tolerant to drought and terminal heat stress under late-sown conditions using stress tolerance indices. A field experiment was conducted with 18 genotypes, including checks, at the Directorate of Agricultural Research, Lumbini Province, Khajura, Banke. The trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under two conditions: normal irrigated and simulated drought (via rainout shelter). Grain yield was recorded, and stress susceptibility and tolerance indices were estimated. The research showed that the average grain yield of all tested genotypes decreased by 58.8% under stress conditions compared to normal irrigated condition . There was a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in grain yield across genotypes when grown under both irrigated and stress conditions. The genotype NL 1488 produced the highest grain yield of 3725 kg/ha, followed by Banganga (3693.67 kg/ha), NL 1447 (3550.33 kg/ha), NL 1423 (3454.67 kg/ha), NL 1444 (3426 kg/ha), and NL 1445 (3224.67 kg/ha) under normal irrigated conditions. Similarly, the genotype NL 1447 produced the highest grain yield of 1547.33 kg/ha, followed by NL 1415 (1541.67 kg/ha), NL 1444 (1442.33 kg/ha), NL 1345 (1349.33 kg/ha), NL 1446 (1338.33 kg/ha), and NL 1451 (1328.33 kg/ha) under drought conditions. The highest values of MP, GMP, and STI were obtained in genotype NL 1447, followed by NL 1444, NL 1415, NL 1451, and NL 1446. Thus, these genotypes exhibit high yield potential under both irrigated and drought conditions, making them suitable candidates for breeding programs aimed at improving drought resilience in wheat.

Genetic Variability and Association Analysis for Various Quantitative Traits in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris)

Background: Lentil (microsperma) is the earliest domesticated grain legume grown for its lens shaped seeds. The current study was carried out to assess genetic variability, trait association between seed yield and its attributing components and to assess the direct and indirect effects of various attributing components on seed yield. Methods: The current experiment evaluated hundred lentil germplasm lines with three checks in augmented design across two environments viz., timely sown (E1) and late sown (E2) during rabi 2022-23. The data was recorded on 11 quantitative traits and all the statistical analyses were done using R studio. Result: High PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, 100 seed weight and number of pods per plant suggesting that these traits are genetically controlled by additive gene action and their direct selection is effective. Path analysis revealed that biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of primary branches, seeds per pod and days to flowering were the highest positive direct contributors to the seed yield. Based on the observations of the present study, genotypes PL 105, LH 18-03, IPL 406, LH 18-38, LH 18-42, LH 18-45 and LH 18-46 were found to be better performing under timely sown conditions. Similarly, genotypes LH 09-18, LH 09-19, LH 09-20, LH 09-26, LH 09-27, WBL 77 and Kota Masoor 2 were found superior under late sown conditions.

Screening of New Wheat Varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) Suitable for Late-sown Conditions, High Yield Potential, and Favorable Economics in the Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India

Screening of New Wheat Varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) Suitable for Late-sown Conditions, High Yield Potential, and Favorable Economics in the Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India

Physiological and Yield Responses of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) to Terminal Heat Stress

In present investigation we studied the influence of terminal heat stress on several agronomic, physiological and yield-related variables in 10 mustard genotypes; Advance-414, Anmol, Bond, Coral-432, JKMS 8532, MRR-8030, NMS-2018, Rajshree, RH-30 and Sonalika. The experiment conducted under control condition (Sown in October) and heat stressed environment (Sown in November) to assess the role of ambient and high temperatures, respectively. Different characteristics including relative water content (RWC), water saturation deficit (WSD), relative dry weight (RDW), membrane stability index (MSI), days to flowering, plant height and yield attributes were analysed in respect to heat stress. The results demonstrated strong relationship between genotype and treatment in responses to heat stress. In terms of RWC, RH-30 maintained high value in both normal (95.17 ± 0.991%) and late sown (72.78 ± 1.022%) circumstances, but Coral-432 showed sensitivity to stress conditions with reduction in relative water content ranging from 80.91±0.085% in control environment to 51.30±0.988% in late sown condition. Heat stress significantly raised water saturation deficit in all genotypes, with RH-30 retaining lower WSD (4.83 ± 0.083%; control and 27.22±0.595% heat stress) than Coral-432 (19.08 ± 0.467% control and 48.70 ± 0.179% heat stress) whereas membrane stability index ranged from 5.03 ± 0.033% to18.03 ± 0.176%. Yield attributes such as seed yield per plant, test weight drastically reduced under heat stress whereas, genotype RH-30 showed resistance to stress and highest in seed yield (14.22 ± 0.215 g) and 1000-seed weight (test weight; 4.35 ± 0.066 g) under stress. Plant height and number of branches also showed similar reduction in respect to heat stress. Overall, genotypes RH-30 and Rajshree found superior to stress tolerance in all tested parameters and further used in the breeding programme to develop the heat resilience cultivar in mustard.

Approaches for Genetic Analysis of Chickpea Genotypes under Late Sown Condition

Investigation of the genetic potential of chickpeas is crucial in order to achieve durable and high-yielding genotypes. The goal of this study is to identify the genetic potential and personality traits associated. Evaluation of thirty-six desi genotypes of chickpea under late sown condition revealed that substantial degree of variation was present, while three traits viz., Leaf pattern, flower colour, seed shape and plant pigmentation were found monomorphic, whereas foliage colour, seed surface were dimorphic,polymorphic traits were noted in leaflet size, plant growth habit, plant height, seed colouring, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. Magnitude of genotypic coefficient ofvariations, high heritability along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean recorded forharvest index, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant and number of effective pods per plant.Correlation and path analysis revealed biological yield, 100 seed weight, seed per plant, harvest Index and plant height are the mostimportant characters,while imparting selection as these exhibited strong association and maximum positive direct effects on seed yield per plant.Intra cluster D2 values showed that most diverse genotypes were Phule G13110 and PG 0104, hybridization program between these genotypes may generate desirable sergeants for various yield attributing traits. Genotypes GL 12021, PG 158, PG 0104, JG 24, H 12-62, IPC 2010-134, GNG 2261, GL29098, BG 3067, IPC 2012-98, Phule G13110 and RVSSG 38 were present in more than one PCs hence contributed maximum towards yield and can be used in various breeding programmes for yield improvement under late sown condition.

Performance of varieties under different sowing methods and seed rates on growth, yield attributes and yields of wheat under late sown condition

Performance of varieties under different sowing methods and seed rates on growth, yield attributes and yields of wheat under late sown condition

Performance of French Bean Genotypes at Late Season Sowing in Sylhet, Bangladesh

Performance of four French bean genotypes were evaluated at late sowing condition in Randomized Complete Block design with three replications at the experimental field of Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh to assess the yield performance of French bean genotypes under late-season sowing conditions in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Seeds of four French bean genotypes including BARI Jharsheem-1, Jharsheem-2, Jharsheem-3 and Local were sown in the main field at 25 November and 25 December 2022. The highest number of pods per plant was found in the genotype BARI Jharsheem-1 (32.14), which was statistically at par with the genotype BARI Jharsheem-2 (30.46). The lowest number of pods per plant was found in the genotype BARI Jharsheem-3 (20.10) which was closer to local genotypes (21.68). The highest pod yield per plant was found in BARI Jharsheem-1 (194.45 g) and the lowest in BARI Jharsheem-2 (125.62 g) which was statistically similar with the remaining two genotypes. The highest yield per decimal was produced by the genotype BARI Jharsheem-1 (95.04 Kg) but the lowest yield per decimal was produced by BARI Jharsheem-2 (61.41 Kg). Significant variation was found of sowing date on yield and yield attributes of French bean except some parameters. Maximum yield per decimal was produced from 25 December sowing (73.57 Kg) than 25 November sowing (68.09 Kg). However, interaction effect showed appreciable amount of green pods from BARI Jharsheem-1 at 25 November (87.17 kg/decimal) and 25 December sowing (102.91 kg/decimal) indicating bright scope during late winter season. The results conclude that among the genotypes, BARI Jharsheem- 1 had the highest pod yield and yield per decimal. Sowing on December 25 produced higher yields (73.57 kg/decimal) than November 25 (68.09 kg/decimal). These findings suggest the potential to improve French bean yield and market availability during late winter through optimized genotype selection and sowing dates.

Genetic studies through generation mean analysis in chickpea under timely and delayed planting

Afield experiment was conducted to study gene effects by using 6 generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of each of four crosses (RSG-973 × HC-5, RSG-963 × RSG-973, CSJD-884 × Avrodhi and RSG-974 × CSJ-515). The G × E interaction was found significant in each cross for all characters. The mean performance was greater for every character in every generation of every cross under timely sowing compared to late sowing conditions. The environment and the genetic constitution of parents used in the crosses affected the magnitude as well asthe direction of the various components of the gene (d, h, i, j, and l) in the majority of cases. Duplicate epistasis was more prevalent than complementary epistasis. The magnitude of dominance effects and epistasis effects were observed higher than additive and main effects, respectively. Under both conditions, mostly crosses for various traits showed the prevalence of nonadditive type of gene effects (h, j, and l).

Characterization of Bread Wheat Genotypes Using SSR Markers for Terminal Heat Tolerance

Wheat is a major global food crop, but its productivity is increasingly threatened by terminal heat stress due to climate change. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and heat tolerance of widely grown bread wheat genotypes using SSR markers to identify heat-tolerant cultivars adaptable to various regions in Bangladesh. A total of 15 genotypes were screened, and 13 polymorphic SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers were used to determine the genetic similarity and categorize genotypes based on their heat tolerance. The molecular analysis revealed 13 polymorphic SSR markers that produced distinct PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) bands across the different genotypes. By the conclusion of the study, bread wheat genotypes were categorized as either tolerant or sensitive to heat, and the genetic similarity among the varieties was assessed using molecular markers. The genetic similarity coefficients obtained from the SSR primer screening ranged from 0.00 to 0.925. The lowest genetic distance (0.000) was found in Nadi 2 vs BAW1147 variety pair indicating that they are genetically similar to each other. Comparatively higher genetic distance (0. 925) was observed between BAW 1290 vs BARI Gom 28. The dendrogram divided the fifteen genotypes into two main groups, A and B, both formed at a similar coefficient of 0.05. Group A included seven genotypes and was further divided into two clusters, while Group B comprised eight genotypes, which were also divided into two clusters. The categorization of the genotypes was based on the average Heat Susceptibility Index (HSI), Thousand Grain Weight (TGW), grain yield, and the relative reduction in TGW and grain yield under stress conditions compared to timely sown conditions, aligning with the molecular data. Among the fifteen genotypes, BARI Gom 25, BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 27, BARI Gom 28, BARI Gom 29, BARI Gom 30, and BARI Gom 31 demonstrated their adaptability to late sown conditions. The heat tolerance observed in these genotypes, as indicated by their SSR marker scores, is anticipated to provide valuable insights for molecular breeding studies focused on heat resistance.

Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and correlation in advanced breeding lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) under heat stress condition

Abstract An experiment was conducted under normal (with six irrigation during crop period) and stressed condition during Rabi 2019 in All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Wheat, MARS, Dharwad, Karnataka with the view of assessing genetic variability, heritability and expected genetic advance in 104 F4 families of the cross HD2864 × DBW14. The progenies exhibited wide range of variation for all the traits indicating the presence of enough genetic variability in the material under study. Under timely sown condition, the traits like leaf waxyness, NDVI at different stages, SPAD at different stages, number of productive tillers per plant, seeds per spike, grain filling duration, spike length, thousand grains weight and seed set percentage showed high variability. The traits like plant height, canopy temperature at different stages and membrane stability index showed low variability. Under late sown condition, the traits like leaf waxyness, plant height, NDVI at different stages, SPAD at different stages, number of productive tillers per plant, seeds per spike, yield per plant, row bulk yield and seed set percentage showed high variability. The traits like days to maturity, spike length and membrane stability index showed low variability. The findings shows that all traits related to crop yield are positively linked, except for canopy temperature at different growth stages. Promising lines identified through Heat susceptibility index (HSI) and Heat tolerance index (HTI) can be utilized in future breeding programs to enhance crop productivity. Keywords: Variability, Coefficient of variation, Heritability, Genetic advance.

Evaluating the role of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in enhancing wheat productivity in late sown conditions (Triticum aestivum L.)

Evaluating the role of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in enhancing wheat productivity in late sown conditions (Triticum aestivum L.)

Irrigation During Flowering Is Critical for Enhancing Productivity and Economics of Late-Sown Indian Mustard Compared to other Management in the Arid Regions of Western India

ABSTRACT Global warming delays the harvest of kharif crops, which delay the subsequent sowing of Indian mustard, especially in northwestern India and also causes dry winters that exacerbate challenges for the timely sowing of rabi-crops. To check this, a field experiment was conducted during the Rabi-seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 to assess the influence of sowing dates, irrigation, and fertilizer levels under late-sown conditions. A split-plot design was used with two sowing dates, two irrigation levels and four fertilizer levels (87.5%, 100%, 112.5% and 125% RDF; Recommended-fertilizers-dose). Crop sown in the 4th week of November significantly reduced seed (46.79 and 38.77%) and stover yield (43.72 and 41.62%) as compared to the 2nd week of November sowing during 2018–19 and 2019–20, respectively. Uptake of NPK by seed and stover was higher with the 2nd week of November sowing. The 2nd week of November sowing resulted in significant increase in water productivity by 63.72% and Benefit cost ratio (B:C) by 75.45% over the 4th week of November sowing. Irrigation at flowering stage increased the seed yield, water productivity and B:C by 11.94%, 1.72% and 9.17%, respectively, as compared to No post-sown irrigation. The biological yield of the Indian mustard increased with every increase in fertilizer doses but the response was significant up to 112.5% RDF (90 kg N, 33.75 kg P2O5 and 22.5 kg K2O ha−1). Application of 112.5% RDF increased the seed, stover yield, water productivity and B:C by 16.17%, 9.29%, 15.66% and 11.27%, respectively, over 87.5% RDF.

Stability analysis of male sterile-derived pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) hybrids under variable growing condition

The identification and deployment of high-yielding pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] hybrids adapted to various stress agro-ecologies are crucial for enhancing food and nutrition security in northern India. A study was carried out during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2019 and 2020 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana in different growing situations (early-sown and late-sown patterns and rainfed to irrigated conditions) to investigate the genotype-environment interaction (GEI) of 59 pearl millet restorer lines, male sterile lines and their derived hybrids. Pooled analysis of variance for genotype, environment and GEI was significant for days to 50% flowering, seed yield and harvest index. These results indicate the significant differences among the genotypes, various environments and response of GEI. By combining the results of regression analysis and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) biplot, the genotypes HMS58 A1×EMRL-14/105, HMS54 A5×EMRL-14/127 and EMRL-15/109 exhibited high mean seed yield and high stability across environments. Among the tested environments, irrigated late-sown condition for seed yield and harvest index; and rainfed early-sown condition for days to 50% flowering had the highest discrimination ability. Hence, this study can help for the grouping of pearl millet potential hybrids and allow multi-year trials for identifying the best genotypes in the northern India.

Assessment of genetic diversity for terminal heat tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) under very late sown condition

Assessment of genetic diversity for terminal heat tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) under very late sown condition

Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield attributes and yield of black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown condition

Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield attributes and yield of black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown condition

Effect of macro and micro nutrients application on yield attributes and yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown conditions

Effect of macro and micro nutrients application on yield attributes and yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown conditions

Correlation and path coefficient analysis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under timely and late sown conditions

Correlation and path coefficient analysis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under timely and late sown conditions

Energy Use Efficiency of late Sown Short Duration Rice Varieties Under Different Nitrogen Management Practices

One of the major causes of low nitrogen use efficiency in rice is the application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) more than crop requirement at times when it is not required by plant during late sown conditions. This experiment was conducted at Rajendranagar farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad during kharif2021. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three short duration rice varieties DRR Dhan-44, MTU 1010, MTU 1156 and four nitrogen management practices (sub-plots) recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) @ 120 kg N ha-1, Silicon coated urea (SCU) @ 90 kg ha-1, Leaf Colour Chart based N application (LCC)@105 kg N ha-1, Soil test crop response based N application (STCR) @ 114.5 kg N ha-1. Among the varieties highest energy input (13.22 GJ ha-1) was recorded in DRR Dhan-44 but energy output (172.6 GJ ha-1) and energy use efficiency (10.26 GJ ha-1) were recorded in MTU 1156. Among the N management practices highest energy input (13.94 GJ ha-1) was recorded in RDN@ 120 kg N ha-1 and energy use efficiency (10.38 GJ ha-1) was recorded with Leaf colour chart based N application@105 kg Nha-1