Late Ripening Cultivars Research Articles

CONSTRUCTION OF A HIGH DENSITY MOLECULAR LINKAGE MAP FOR LYCHEE BASED ON AFLP AND RAPD MARKERS

A high density molecular genetic linkage map of lychee was constructed with AFLP and RAPD molecular markers, based on 73 individuals of a 'Maguilix Jiaohesanyuehong' F 1 population. The parents of the population were highly divergent because the female parent was an extremely late ripening cultivar and the male parent is a stenospermocarpy mutant of a very early maturation cultivar 'Sanyuehong'. According to the linkage analysis by Joinmap 3.0 software, the resulting genetic map formed 16 linkage groups which involved 312 markers (169 AFLP and 143 RAPD markers), covered a total genetic distance of 1040.43 cM and had an average interval of 3.51 cM with 19.5 markers per linkage group. The largest linkage group contained 120 markers and covered 124.8 cM. This map is the highest density molecular linkage map in lychee constructed so far and is much better than the one we constructed in 2003. The new map provides a good foundation for QTL location or molecular marker-assisted breeding.

QUALITY OF LATE STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

A new tendency in strawberry production is to have strawberries on the market for as long a period as possible, that is why more and more late ripening strawberry cultivars are grown. Consequently the goal of this research was to determine the fruit quality of late ripening cultivars, by chemical analysis. Four strawberry cultivars ('Arosa', 'Marmolada', 'Patty' and 'Raurica') were included in the research. Dry matter, total soluble solids, total acidity, pH value, vitamin C, total phenols, total flavonoids, total non-flavonoids, total anthocyanins, reducing sugars, sucrose and antioxidant activity were determined. All investigated cultivars showed satisfying quality. However cultivar 'Arosa' showed the best quality among four selected cultivars.

친환경적 밤 종실해충 방제 연구

밤 종실의 생산량과 재배 농가의 소득증대를 위한 친환경적 방제 기술을 보급하고자 밤의 주 생산지인 경상남도 밤나무 집단 재배지에서 몇 가지 친환경적인 방법으로 처리하였다. 그 결과, 복숭아명나방(Dichocrocis punctiferalis)의 피해율은 조생종(단택, 삼조생)의 경우, 웜스톱 처리구에서 피해율이 7.76%로 가장 낮았고, 웜스톱+목초액, 포충등 처리구 순으로 증가였다. 중생종(유마, 축파)의 피해율은 웜스톰 처리구에서 13.39%로 가장 낮았으며, 만생종(박미, 은기)은 피해율간 유의차가 있었다(p<0.05). 처리별 방제가는 조생종, 만생종 밤의 웜스톱 처리구에서 각각 40.49%, 41.89%로 가장 높았다. 밤바구미(Curculio sikkimensis)의 피해율은 조생종과 중생종 밤에서 낮았으며, 숙기별 처리간의 유의차가 없었다(p>0.05). 만생종 밤에서의 피해율은 웜스톱과 이미다클로프리드 처리구가 15.38%로 가장 피해율이 낮았으며, 항공방제, 웜스톱, 포충등 처리구 순이었다. 밤바구미(Curculio sikkimensis)에 대한 처리별 방제가는 조생종과 중생종에서는 낮았고, 만생종의 웜스톱과 이미다클로프리드, 항공방제 처리구에서 방제가는 각각 34.59%, 28.94%였다. This study was conducted to develop environmentally friendly control techniques to reduce chestnut insect pests. The study sites were selected in intensive chestnut orchards of Jinju city, Gyeongnam province. In early and middle-ripening cultivars of chestnut tree, the damage of chestnut fruits by Dichocrocis punctiferalis was significantly lower in wromstop than other treatment such as wromstop+wood vinegar, Capture-machine (p<0.05), While there was no significant difference among treatments in late-ripening cultivars. The hight control effect for D. punctiferalis was showed the highest in wromstop treanment with 40.49% and 41.89% in early and late-ripening cultivars. The control effects for Curculio sikkimensis in late-ripening cultivars of chestnut tree were 34.59% in wromstop imidacloprid treatment and 28.94% in air control treatment.

Japanese Beetles Facilitate Feeding by Green June Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on Ripening Grapes

Adult activity of native green June beetles, Cotinis nitida L., and invasive Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, peaked in late July in Kentucky coincident with later stages of veraison in early- and midseason ripening grape (Vitis spp.) cultivars. Most C. nitida feeding aggregations sampled on clusters of early-ripening grapes in the research vineyard also contained Japanese beetles. Assays showed C. nitida generally are unable to bite into intact ripe grape berries, whereas Japanese beetles readily do so. The beetles' disparate biting ability is likely because of differences in their mandibles, which are sharply pointed and opposable in P. japonica compared with C. nitida mandibles that are bluntly spatulate, do not meet at their tips, and seemingly are only suited for feeding on fruit pulp or other soft food. Japanese beetles were shown to facilitate C. nitida feeding by biting through the skin and providing access to the soft berry pulp. Juice from early- and midseason ripening grape cultivars with relatively high sugar content elicited the greatest feeding by P. japonica. A scenario is suggested wherein Japanese beetles open wound sites and contaminate fruits with yeasts that induce fermentation volatiles that attract C. nitida. Japanese beetles had difficulty biting berries of Sunbelt, a late-ripening cultivar. Phenological resistance, i.e., planting cultivars that ripen after peak flight, could be an effective management strategy. Establishment of P. japonica in grape-growing regions of the southeastern United States will likely elevate the pest status of C. nitida in vineyards.

Orchard performance and fruit quality of 50 apple cultivars grown or tested in commercial orchards of the Czech Republic

Tree vigour, occurrence of mildew and scab, yields, yield efficiency, fruit weight, flesh firmness and soluble solids content of apple trees on M 9 rootstock were monitored between 1998–2005 in 42 commercial orchards situated in all the major growing regions of the Czech Republic. Altogether 50 cultivars were included into the evaluation. The characteristics of newly bred or newly introduced cultivars were compared to the cultivars of standard assortment such as Gloster, Golden Delicious, Idared, Jonagold, Melrose, Rubín and Šampion. The group of late ripening cultivars imported from France (Baujade, Early Smith, Granny Smith and Red Winter) proved to be unsuitable for climatic conditions of the Czech Republic. Cultivars of the Rubín group (Bohemia, Gold Bohemia) showed a better quality of fruits than the cultivars of the Jonagold group, but were significantly inferior regarding yields and yield efficiency. The cultivars Rucla, Pinova and Rubinstep seemed to be potential competitors of Jonagold or Rubín; their fruit quality is similar to Rubín, and their yield efficiency is comparable to that of Jonagold. Topaz, which is resistant to scab and has recently spread in the Czech Republic, is specific for its early yield and a very good productivity observed in a majority of the orchards. In addition, characteristics of other evaluated cultivars and their potential prospects for growing in the Czech Republic are briefly discussed.

Predicted Crop Value for Nectarines and Cling Peaches of Different Harvest Season as a Function of Crop Load

Several field experiments to assess the effect of tree size and crop load on fruit size and yield efficiency were conducted in cling peach and nectarine orchards of different harvest seasons in Chile. Trees were randomly selected in each orchard and then hand-thinned at the beginning of pit hardening to a wide range of crop loads. The fraction of above-canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the canopy (PAR i) was determined at harvest. All fruits were counted and weighed and average fruit weight calculated. Crop load and yield were normalized by tree size measured by intercepted PAR i. For each orchard, the relationship between crop load and fruit size or crop load and yield efficiency was assessed by regression analysis. Fruit size distribution was calculated from fruit size adjusted for fruit load assuming a normal fruit size distribution and valued according to shipment date and price obtained from a Chilean export company. Using crop load as a covariate, fruit size adjusted for crop load was compared for nectarine and peach cultivars. Fruit size adjusted for fruit load and yield efficiency was greater with late season cultivars than the early or midseason cultivars. Predicted crop value (PCV), normalized in terms of PAR intercepted, was calculated for all the cultivars. Large differences in predicted crop value were found for early, midseason, and late ripening nectarines. Early and late ripening cultivars had the highest predicted crop value, especially at lower crop loads and larger fruit sizes. The early season cultivars had high crop value as a result of higher fruit prices, whereas the late season cultivar had high crop value as a result of higher production. With cling peaches, the early season cultivar ‘Jungerman’ had a lower predicted crop value than the late season cultivars ‘Ross’ and ‘Davis’. For cling peaches, the highest PCV was achieved at a relatively high crop load with high yield and small fruit size.

Differences in fruit skin thickness between selected apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars assessed by histological and sensory methods

In total 20 grown cultivars and advanced selections were included in a two-year study of apple skin thickness. The mean skin thickness of single cultivars measured on classical histological sections through the skin varied from 33.3 &amp;mu;m to 73.1 &amp;mu;m. The late ripening cultivars (Resista,Melrose, Angold and Zuzana) had a thicker skin than the earlier ripening ones. Direct measurements of the apple skin showed that its thickness was not uniform but variable to a great extent between single slices even within a very short distance. The magnitude of variability seemed to be also somewhat dependent on the cultivar. The skin thickness was significantly influenced by the year in some cultivars. The greatest difference in this respect was found in Gala Must where the skin was much thicker in 2003 than 2004. A close relationship was found between the varietal means of skin thickness obtained by direct measurement and corresponding mean scores of panellists. The values of Idared and Topaz were notably remote from the regression line. This disagreement was probably related to different skin structures of both cultivars. &amp;nbsp;

Predicted Crop Value for a Cling Peach and Three Nectarines of Different Harvest Seasons as a Function of Crop Load

Several field experiments to assess the effect of tree size and crop load on fruit size and yield were conducted in a `Ross' cling peach orchard and in three nectarine orchards of different harvest seasons in Chile. Trees were randomly selected in each orchard and then hand-thinned at the beginning of pit hardening to a wide range of crop loads. The fraction of above-canopy photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the canopy (PARi) was determined at harvest and all fruits were counted, weighted, and average fruit weight calculated. Cropload and yield were expressed in terms of fraction of PARi. Data on farm gate prices for export fruit of different sizes and export dates were obtained from a Chilean export company. For each orchard, the relationship between cropload and fruit size or cropload and yield efficiency was assessed by regression analysis. Fruit size distribution was calculated from adjusted fruit size assuming a normal fruit size distribution and valued according to shipment date and price. Using crop load as a covariate, fruit size adjusted for cropload was calculated for each nectarine orchard. Differences in adjusted fruit size and yield efficiency were detected among cultivars. Predicted crop value, normalized in terms of PARi intercepted, was calculated for all the cultivars. Large differences in predicted crop value were found for early, mid-season, and late-ripening nectarines. The early and late ripening cultivars showed the highest predicted crop value, especially at lower crop loads and larger fruit sizes. On the other hand, `Ross' cling peach showed its highest crop value at a medium crop load with high yield and relatively small fruit size. (Funded by FONDECYT grant 1930695.)

Evaluation of foreign apricot cultivars in Hungary

The extension and renewal of cultivar assortment is one of the key elements in the improvement of apricot production. Competitiveness can only be achieved by planting cultivars which meet all market requirements and yield reliably under the environmental conditions of the given production site. Beside breeding programmes, the range of cultivars can also be extended by the domestication of foreign cultivars. Most apricot cultivars have low ecological tolerance, therefore, cultivars improved or developed in other countries should only be involved in production after due consideration. The suitability of such cultivars has to be examined for several years. Foreign apricot cultivars have been tested in our cultivar collection for over 10 years. Hereby, the most important aspects of market value and the adaptability to the environmental conditions of the production site are demonstrated. According to the results of our examinations the production of early ripening 'Orange Red' and `Goldrich' can be promising in Hungary. From cultivars ripening in the peak season only those are expected to be widely produced which differ from Hungarian cultivars or surplus them in some respects. From the cultivars examined 'Harogem' which ripens at the same time as `Gönci magyar kajszi' has remarkably aesthetic fruits with glossy surface, while the large fruits of `Hargrand' has firm pulp. Late ripening cultivars have significant importance in the northern border of production. According to our examinations the cultivars 'Callatis', `Comandor and `Sirena' are applicable in Hungary to extend the harvesting season.

Evaluation of foreign apricot cultivars in Hungary

The extension and renewal of cultivar assortment is one of the key elements in the improvement of apricot production. Competitiveness can only be achieved by planting cultivars which meet all market requirements and yield reliably under the environmental conditions of the given production site. Beside breeding programmes, the range of cultivars can also be extended by the domestication of foreign cultivars. Most apricot cultivars have low ecological tolerance, therefore, cultivars improved or developed in other countries should only be involved in production after due consideration. The suitability of such cultivars has to be examined for several years. Foreign apricot cultivars have been tested in our cultivar collection for over 10 years. Hereby, the most important aspects of market value and the adaptability to the environmental conditions of the production site are demonstrated. According to the results of our examinations the production of early ripening 'Orange Red' and `Goldrich' can be promising in Hungary. From cultivars ripening in the peak season only those are expected to be widely produced which differ from Hungarian cultivars or surplus them in some respects. From the cultivars examined 'Harogem' which ripens at the same time as `Gönci magyar kajszi' has remarkably aesthetic fruits with glossy surface, while the large fruits of `Hargrand' has firm pulp. Late ripening cultivars have significant importance in the northern border of production. According to our examinations the cultivars 'Callatis', `Comandor and `Sirena' are applicable in Hungary to extend the harvesting season.

Morphological evaluation of olive germplasm present in Tuscany region

This work was done to quantify, evaluate and preserve the genetic variation of the olive (Olea europaea L.) from Tuscany and to look for ready-to-use valuable characters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare fruit, pit, leaf and growth habit characteristics among 83 accessions. Clustering of cultivars would suggest the existence of a strictly related genetic base with little morphological differences. Numerical analysis of phenotypical characters enabled to discriminate among accessions and to reduce the number of cultivars for further studies. It can be used as a rapid method to classify and compare phenotypes within large olive collections. The collected germplasm can be a useful sources of variability for those attributes not traditionally accounted for in olive plant selection. Several late-ripening cultivars, interesting for oil-quality; two cultivars with suited for low-pruning cultivation growth habit as well as four accessions with peculiar leaves, employable as ornamental, were identified. Furthermore, some cultivar with different initial growth potential, susceptible to be used for wood production or high density plantation, were catalogued. Data and photographs of most of the accessions here described were transferred to Internet where are available for consultation at the address http: //www.area.fi.cnr.it/olivo/olivit.htm

Prediction of reference values for early leaf analysis for peach trees

Abstract Leaf analysis of peach (Prunus persica, L. Batsch) trees is restricted to midsummer (120 days after full bloom), which is the standard time for leaf sampling of fruit trees. In order to carry out foliar diagnosis in this plant at nonstandard times, reference values based on maximum yield exist for specific areas. When a diagnosis is applied with different objetives other reference values are needed. It may prove useful to bring forward the time when samples are taken. Samples taken 60 and 120 days after full bloom for two seasons, 1987 (using the late ripening cultivar “Calanda”; grafted on seedling) and 1992 (irrespective of cultivar or rootstock), were used to calculate the correlation between concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) present in leaves. The high significance gave rise to the following linear regression equations, which show the relationship between nutrients at the above mentioned times: N60days = 0.705N120 days + 1.557; P60...

‘Odem’ Grape

Abstract In a breeding program for table grapes initiated in 1968 at Bet Dagan, one of the objectives has been to breed late-ripening cultivars of Vitis vinifera. A late-ripening plant selected from a cross of ‘Zeni’ and ‘Toufahi’, made in 1969, is being named ‘Odem’.

‘Baldwin’ Rabbiteye Blueberry

Abstract ‘Baldwin’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) is a new cultivar originating from the cooperative blueberry breeding program of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations and the USDA. It is a very productive, late-ripening cultivar with good flavor and firm, dark-blue fruit. Bacause of its lengthy ripening period ‘Baldwin’ is intended primarily for pick-your-own and backyard planting in areas of the southern United States where rabbiteye blueberries are grown successfully. ‘Baldwin’ is named in honor of Abraham Baldwin, Yale graduate, U.S. Senator, and founder and first president of the Univ. of Georgia,.

‘Elul’ Grape

Abstract In a breeding program for table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) initiated in 1968 at Bet Dagan, one of the objectives has been to breed late-ripening cultivars. A late-ripening selection from a cross between ‘Dabouki’ and ‘Cal-meria’ has been made and is being named ‘Elul’.

Decoy‐crop Trapping of House Sparrows

SUMMARYControl of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) on experimental plots of ripening cereals justifies more expensive techniques than on commercially grown cereals. Sowing of decoy crops of very early to very late ripening cultivars and enclosing these in a cage of netting designed to trap sparrows offers a promising method of minimizing damage.