Later Stages Of Development Research Articles

A gibberellin-assisted study of the transcriptional and hormonal changes occurring at floral transition in peach buds (Prunus persica L. Batsch)

BackgroundFlower load in peach is an important determinant of final fruit quality and is subjected to cost-effective agronomical practices, such as the thinning, to finely balance the sink-source relationships within the tree and drive the optimal amount of assimilates to the fruits. Floral transition in peach buds occurs as a result of the integration of specific environmental signals, such as light and temperature, into the endogenous pathways that induce the meristem to pass from vegetative to reproductive growth. The cross talk and integration of the different players, such as the genes and the hormones, are still partially unknown. In the present research, transcriptomics and hormone profiling were applied on bud samples at different developmental stages. A gibberellin treatment was used as a tool to identify the different phases of floral transition and characterize the bud sensitivity to gibberellins in terms of inhibition of floral transition.ResultsTreatments with gibberellins showed different efficacies and pointed out a timeframe of maximum inhibition of floral transition in peach buds. Contextually, APETALA1 gene expression was shown to be a reliable marker of gibberellin efficacy in controlling this process. RNA-Seq transcriptomic analyses allowed to identify specific genes dealing with ROS, cell cycle, T6P, floral induction control and other processes, which are correlated with the bud sensitivity to gibberellins and possibly involved in bud development during its transition to the reproductive stage. Transcriptomic data integrated with the quantification of the main bioactive hormones in the bud allowed to identify the main hormonal regulators of floral transition in peach, with a pivotal role played by endogenous gibberellins and cytokinins.ConclusionsThe peach bud undergoes different levels of receptivity to gibberellin inhibition. The stage with maximum responsiveness corresponded to a transcriptional and hormonal crossroad, involving both flowering inhibitors and inductors. Endogenous gibberellin levels increased only at the latest developmental stage, when floral transition was already partially achieved, and the bud was less sensitive to exogenous treatments. A physiological model summarizes the main findings and suggests new research ideas to improve our knowledge about floral transition in peach.

Evaluation of temperature- and ethanol-related developmental degree variations by a new scoring system (FETAX-score) applicable to Frog Embryo Teratogenicity Assay: Xenopus

The aim of the present work is to propose a new quantitative assessment method (FETAX-score) for determining the degree of Xenopus laevis embryo development intended for use in embryotoxicity studies. Inspired by a similar scoring system used to evaluate developmental delays (young-for-age phenotypes) in rat embryos cultured in vitro, the FETAX-score was established by considering seven morphological features (head, naris, mouth, lower jaw, tentacles, intestine, anus) that are easily evaluable in tadpoles during the late stages of development at the conclusion of the test. Given that X. laevis development is temperature-dependent and that temperatures below 14°C and above 26°C are teratogenic, the FETAX-score was tested in embryos maintained at 17, 20, 23 and 26°C. No abnormalities were observed in any group, while the total score was temperature-related, suggesting that the FETAX-score is sensitive to moderate distress that does not influence general morphology. Intestine and anus were the least sensitive structures to temperature variations. To assess the applicability of the FETAX-score in developmental toxicological studies, we evaluated FETAX-score in tadpoles exposed during the morphogenetic period to Ethanol (Eth) at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 % v/v. Gross malformations were observed only in tadpoles from the Eth 2 % group. By contrast, data analysis of the other Eth groups showed dose-related reductions in the FETAX-score. Tentacles were the most sensitive structures to Eth-related delays. These results support the use of the FETAX-score to quantitatively assess developmental deviations in FETAX embryotoxicity studies.

Competition between brown stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in field corn.

Interspecific competition is an important ecological concept which can play a major role in insect population dynamics. In the southeastern United States, a complex of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), primarily the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are the 2 most common pests of field corn, Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae). Stink bugs have the greatest potential for economic injury during the late stages of vegetative corn development when feeding can result in deformed or "banana-shaped" ears and reduced grain yield. Corn earworm moths lay eggs on corn silks during the first stages of reproductive development. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the impact of feeding by the brown stink bug during late-vegetative stages on subsequent corn earworm oviposition, larval infestations, and grain yield. Brown stink bug feeding prior to tasseling caused deformed ears and reduced overall grain yield by up to 92%. Across all trials, varying levels of brown stink bug density and injury reduced the number of corn earworm larvae by 29-100% and larval feeding by 46-85%. Averaged across brown stink bug densities, later planted corn experienced a 9-fold increase in number of corn earworm larvae. This is the first study demonstrating a competitive interaction between these major pests in a field corn setting, and these results have potential implications for insect resistance management.

P-560 Characterization of ploidy level and parental genome inheritance abnormalities in preimplantation human embryos

Abstract Study question Can preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) platforms with integrated genotyping aid the characterization of genome-wide chromosomal abnormalities in human embryos and factors contributing to their occurrence? Summary answer Signatures detected by genotype-criteria-based models in PGT pinpoint origin of haploidy, triploidy and genome-wide uniparental disomy (gwUPD), highlighting recombination deficiencies potentially underpinning these phenomena. What is known already While there is a growing body of knowledge on the frequency and origin of individual chromosome abnormalities, very little is known about genome-wide chromosomal abnormalities in human development. Indeed, genome-wide abnormalities are incompatible with normal human development, making the preimplantation stage the ideal time to characterize them. Novel PGT technologies provide the research and clinical opportunity to characterize both known ploidy-level abnormalities (triploid/haploid) and identify theoretical genome-wide abnormalities undetectable at later stages of development. Study design, size, duration PGT genotyping data from 96660 embryos were used to assess incidence of ploidy-level abnormalities and correlation with potential predisposing clinical factors. Parental origin of putative haploidy and triploidy was assessed on 14 and 41 embryos with parental genotypes available (trios), respectively. For the 41 triploid trios, meiotic origin and recombination rates were also evaluated. A novel genotype-criteria based model to detect theoretical gwUPD and meiotic origin was developed on a semi-contemporaneous 74009 female embryo dataset. Participants/materials, setting, methods PGT was performed with targeted next-generation sequencing, including 5000 genome-wide SNPs. Informative SNPs from trios were used to identify parental origin of haploidy/triploidy. Informative SNPs within 5cM of the centromere were used to evaluate meiotic origin and extended beyond 5cM to identify maternal recombination observing shifts between single (SPH) and biparental (BPH) homologs. gwUPD was predicted when low genome-wide heterozygosity, increased homozygosity in the centromeric region, and decreased similarity to sibling embryos were observed. Main results and the role of chance Genome wide ploidy abnormalities were detected in 1.1% (n = 1.063/96.660; CI 95%: 1-1,2%) of embryos. Haploidy was mainly of paternal origin (n = 12/14), whereas triploidy was exclusively maternal in origin (n = 41/41) and prominently due to meiosis II errors (n = 30/41; 73.2%; 95% CI:57.1-85.8%). Advanced maternal age was positively associated with an increased risk of triploid conceptions (OR = 1.059 per year; p < 0.001). Investigation of maternal recombination rates detected by three consecutive SNPs shifting between SPH and BPH (with a calculated genotyping error of 0.16%) in triploid embryos revealed an outlier group of 7 embryos with statistically lower (P < 0.001) identified crossover events (0-2 events genome-wide) compared to the average 23.7 detectable events genome-wide (SD:4.3). Recombinant gwUPD was predicted in 41 out of 74009 human embryos (0.05%; 95% CI:0.04-0.07%). These embryos showed a high homozygosity in pericentromeric regions, as a proof of each pair of chromosomes being the same parental homolog resulting from a faulty meiosis II, but with detectable heterozygosity regions throughout the rest of the genome, indicating that crossovers occurred between the two parental homologs during prophase I. Multifocal biopsies from the same embryos confirmed the reproducibility of identification of the number of recombination events in triploid embryos and the gwUPD prediction. Limitations, reasons for caution This assay genotypes only a portion of the genome and underestimation of recombination events is possible. Our current detection of gwUPD is limited to recombinant uniparental isodisomy of MII origin only. Therefore, the exact prevalence of these abnormal gwUPD configurations requires further understanding and analysis. Wider implications of the findings Genotyping in routine PGT can identify severe genome-wide abnormalities with associated gestational complications that would otherwise go undiagnosed. Comprehensive characterization of these abnormalities is not possible at later stages of development. Therefore, PGT offers a unique opportunity to delve into their biological origin and identify novel biomarkers for embryo competence. Trial registration number not applicable

Developing augmented reality filters to display visual cues on diverse skin tones

Introduction: Variations in skin tone can significantly alter the appearance of symptoms such as rashes or bruises. Unfortunately, previous works utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) in simulating visual symptoms have often failed to consider this critical aspect, potentially leading to inadequate training and education. This study seeks to address this gap by integrating generative artificial intelligence (AI) into the AR filter design process.Methods: We conducted a 2 × 5 within-subjects study with second-year nursing students (N = 117) from the University of Florida. The study manipulated two factors: symptom generation style and skin tone. Symptom generation style was manipulated using a filter based on a real symptom image or a filter based on a computer-generated symptom image. Skin tone variations were created by applying AR filters to computer-generated images of faces with five skin tones ranging from light to dark. To control for factors like lighting or 3D tracking, 101 pre-generated images were created for each condition, representing a range of filter transparency levels (0–100). Participants used visual analog scales on a computer screen to adjust the symptom transparency in the images until they observed image changes and distinct symptom patterns. Participants also rated the realism of each condition and provided feedback on how the symptom style and skin tone impacted their perceptions.Results: Students rated the symptoms displayed by the computer-generated AR filters as marginally more realistic than those displayed by the real image AR filters. However, students identified symptoms earlier with the real-image filters. Additionally, SET-M and Theory of Planned Behavior questions indicate that the activity increased students’ feelings of confidence and self-efficacy. Finally, we found that similar to the real world, where symptoms on dark skin tones are identified at later stages of development, students identified symptoms at later stages as skin tone darkened regardless of cue type.Conclusion: This work implemented a novel approach to develop AR filters that display time-based visual cues on diverse skin tones. Additionally, this work provides evidence-based recommendations on how and when generative AI-based AR filters can be effectively used in healthcare education.

P-209 Development and characterization of human uterine myometrium in prenatal stage: insights from a single-cell atlas and three-dimensional imaging

Abstract Study question What’s the timepoint of human uterine myometrial formation and how dose it develop in the prenatal stage. Summary answer This study identified that the myometrium layer initially forms at postconceptional week (PCW) 11, ESR1+, IGFBP5, POSTIN may play pivotal role in myometrial development. What is known already Using immunohistochemistry staining, previous studies observed a faint expression of α-SMA in the outer mesenchyme at approximately 8-9 weeks of gestation and showed the early development of muscular layer in the uterine wall, and the expression of α-SMA becomes more prominent in the uterine corpus and cervix by 18 weeks, suggesting the maturation of smooth muscle cells may commence from 18 weeks of gestation. ESR-1 gene encodes estrogen receptor alpha, which plays a pivotal role in menstruation, pregnancy, and parturition. In adult female myometrium, estrogen performs functions in proliferation before term and contractile at term. Study design, size, duration This is an observational study. To investigate when exactly the smooth-muscle tissue appears during uterine development, we have collected 14 uterine tissue samples from 14 aborted fetuses across seven gestational time points from PCW 8 to PCW 15. Participants/materials, setting, methods Uterus from aborted fetuses from PCW8- PCW15 cover the fusion of Mullerian tube and development of Myometrium. The 10X genomics scRNA-seq and immune labeling were performed. In addition, we have integrated scRNA-seq data from adult uterine tissue for comparison. Main results and the role of chance We provide a single cell atlas of the human developing uterus, and we observed that smooth-muscle cells (SMCs), identified by ACTA2, TAGLN, MYH11, exhibited a significant increase in abundance starting from PCW 11, but weaker signals of SMCs were also detected at earlier stages. Using the iDISCO technique with continuous α-SMA labeling to examine the localization of α-SMA in the uterus between PCW10- PCW12, we observed the entire process of myometrial development in 3-D level. We utilized an oblique section of 3-D reconstruction uterus and extended it to 150 μm. Subsequently, apparent signals became visible in the middle of the uterine wall and the uterine fundus. Collectively, these findings suggest that the anatomical myometrium layer initially forms at PCW 11. We used the CytoTRACE to assess the capacity of differentiation of adult and fetal SMCs, SMCs come from fetus appeal a significant grander potential. Specifically, fetal uterine SMCs showed higher expression of ESR1, IGFBP5, and POSTN, while adult uterine SMCs exhibited higher expression of PDGFRB and IGFBP7. These results suggested ESR1+ SMCs could be the precursor of SMCs and SMCs in fetal uterus could be in a primary state. Limitations, reasons for caution While our study did not capture later stages of development or postnatal changes. Future studies are needed to understand the full spectrum of myometrial development. It is also important to note that the findings in this study are specific to human and may not directly translate to other species. Wider implications of the findings Our study provides a basis for studying abnormal myometrial development and its association with various reproductive disorders, such as the abnormal uterine development in female fetus with Turner syndrome. Potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for uterine malformations and abnormal uterine contractility may also of research interest. Trial registration number not applicable

Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Perineuronal Nets in the Human Prefrontal Cortex-A Possible Link to Microcircuitry Specialization.

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a type of extracellular matrix (ECM) that play a significant role in synaptic activity and plasticity of interneurons in health and disease. We researched PNNs' regional and laminar representation and molecular composition using immunohistochemistry and transcriptome analysis of Brodmann areas (BA) 9, 14r, and 24 in 25 human postmortem brains aged 13-82 years. The numbers of VCAN- and NCAN-expressing PNNs, relative to the total number of neurons, were highest in cortical layers I and VI while WFA-binding (WFA+) PNNs were most abundant in layers III-V. The ECM glycosylation pattern was the most pronounced regional difference, shown by a significantly lower proportion of WFA+ PNNs in BA24 (3.27 ± 0.69%) compared to BA9 (6.32 ± 1.73%; P = 0.0449) and BA14 (5.64 ± 0.71%; P = 0.0278). The transcriptome of late developmental and mature stages revealed a relatively stable expression of PNN-related transcripts (log2-transformed expression values: 6.5-8.5 for VCAN and 8.0-9.5 for NCAN). Finally, we propose a classification of PNNs that envelop GABAergic neurons in the human cortex. The significant differences in PNNs' morphology, distribution, and molecular composition strongly suggest an involvement of PNNs in specifying distinct microcircuits in particular cortical regions and layers.

VALUE OF OIL FIELD INTEGRATED MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Today, there is practically no doubt about the need to use geological and dynamic models for the development of oil fields. Most of the world's companies actively use them and are guided by the results obtained as a result of their construction and calculations on them. At the same time, the value of creating integrated models of oil fields at a late stage of development among specialists in various fields raises many questions and doubts. In the work performed, an integrated model is understood as a combination of three models into a single calculation system: a geological and dynamic model of the field, models of all wells and a model of the surface development network. The latter includes both a production and transportation system and a system for injecting formation stimulation agents. Opinions differ on the need and feasibility of creating integrated models, since there are no statistics on their widespread use and the benefits obtained from this in the form of additional oil production or cost savings.This article shows the results of creating an integrated model of a large N oil field, which has been in operation for more than 60 years and is at a late stage of development. The work was carried out on the domestic software complex, during which the parameters of the initial information and factors affecting the quality of creating an integrated model were determined. When creating an integrated model, information about the real position of pipelines, their dimensional characteristics, as well as the reliability of measurements of wellhead pressures and volumes of pumped fluid are important. As a result of the construction and adaptation, the possibilities of practical application of the integrated model were determined, such as determining the state of pipelines and identifying bottlenecks in them. In the process of work, the database of various services is synchronized. In practice, the narrow section of the oil pipeline identified on the model was replaced, and additional oil production from the section was obtained. Thus, the value of creating an integrated model in the form of the actual result of its application in order to increase oil production is shown.

ENGINEERING OF LIQUID-GAS EJECTOR USING NUMERICAL SIMULATION

The article deals with the development and application of the technology of injection of low-pressure associated petroleum gas (APG) into the reservoir through the reservoir pressure maintenance system (RPMS) in connection with the entry into force of the Russian government decree on the mandatory utilization of 95 % of produced APG. The technology under consideration, the key element of which is a liquid-gas ejector (LGE), makes it possible to achieve this level with minimal investment, in the shortest possible time and to stop flaring APG at flares remote from the central oil and gas treatment facilities of oil and gas production facilities. LGEs have a relatively simple and reliable design due to the absence of moving elements.At present, there are known LGEs of classical designs, in which the level of hydrodynamic losses can reach 40–60 %. High hydrodynamic losses make it inexpedient to use such ejectors at small fields operated at a late stage of development, remote from the central oil and gas treatment facilities, due to the limitations of the existing equipment complex and the allowed operation mode of the injection well stock. To ensure the possibility of including LGE in the RPM system it was required to develop a new design of LGE, allowing to reduce hydrodynamic losses up to 30 %, as well as to ensure the maximum possible percentage of APG utilization. The article is devoted to the development, calculation of geometry and operating mode of LGE using numerical modeling in ANSYS environment.Modeling of the flowing part of the main elements of LGE (confuser nozzle, diffuser throat and gas channel width) at different values of parameters directly affecting the level of hydraulic losses is carried out. The results of calculations of numerical simulation of LGE allowed to optimize the dimensions of the internal geometry of LGE, thus it was possible to develop a new device for the required initial data, which will reduce the level of hydraulic losses up to 30 % and ensure the involvement of the maximum volume of gas in the RPM system.

PbbHLH137 interacts with PbGIF1 to regulate pear fruit development by promoting cell expansion to increase fruit size.

The regulation of fruit development is a complex process and a core issue in the fruit tree industry. To investigate the role of PbGIF1 in pear fruit development, we identified a transcription factor PbbHLH137 that regulates pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit development by screening a yeast library constructed from fruit cDNA. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and split luciferase complementation (split-LUC) assays were performed to confirm the PbbHLH137-PbGIF1 interaction. By tracing the complete fruit development process, we found that PbbHLH137 expression was closely related to fruit size and highly involved at the late pear fruit development stage. Transgenic experiments showed that heterologous expression of PbbHLH137 or PbGIF1 promoted fruit enlargement. PbbHLH137 promoted mainly the expansion of fruit cell volume, whereas PbGIF1 mainly increased the number of cells. Further LUC experiments demonstrated that PbGIF1 promoted the transcriptional activation ability of PbbHLH137. Our work identified PbbHLH137 as a transcription factor that regulates fruit development, and showed that PbGIF1 played an ongoing role during fruit development, making it a candidate gene for genetic improvement of pear fruit development.

Primary Cilia are Required for Cell-Type Determination and Angiogenesis in Pituitary Development.

The functional maturation of the pituitary gland requires adequate cell differentiation and vascular network formation. Although spatiotemporal signaling and transcription factors are known to govern pituitary development, the involvement of primary cilia, nonmoving hair-like organelles, remains unclear. In this study, we uncovered the contribution of primary cilia to cell-type determination and vascular network formation during pituitary development. Homozygous knockout mice lacking a ciliary kinase, Dyrk2-/-, exhibit abnormalities in ciliary structure and pituitary hypoplasia, accompanied by varying degrees of failure in differentiation among all types of hormone-producing cells in the anterior lobe. Aberrations in cell differentiation in Dyrk2-/- mice arise from a decrease in the expression of crucial transcription factors, Lhx4, Lhx3, and Prop1, resulting from the inactivity of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during the early stages of development. Furthermore, the loss of Dyrk2 results in vascular system abnormalities during the middle to late stages of development. Mechanistically, transcriptome analyses revealed the downregulation of vitronectin-integrin αvβ3-VEGFR2 signaling, essential for orchestrating vascular development. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that primary cilia play a pivotal role as critical regulators of cell survival, cell determination, and angiogenesis during pituitary gland development through the activation of Hh signaling. These findings expand our understanding of the potential link between pituitary dysfunction in human disorders and ciliopathies.

Prospects and current state of chemical EOR methods applied in Kazakhstan

At present, at almost all fields of the Republic of Kazakhstan the main technology of oil recovery enhancement is the traditional method of waterflooding of productive formations. Many oil and gas fields in Kazakhstan are at a late stage of development and are categorized as «mature» fields. In the global experience of mature field development, the key focus is on the application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques - chemical, thermal, gas and microbiological methods. This paper considers the application of chemical EOR at a number of Kazakh fields such as Zaburunye, North Buzachi, Kalamkas, East Moldabek. As the results of the pilot studies have shown, the most effective EOR here is the application of polymer flooding. It should also be noted that polymer flooding is successfully applied in Kazakhstan for high-viscosity oil fields such as North Buzachi (oil viscosity 316-417 mPa·s), East Moldabek (oil viscosity 246-377 mPa·s). In this case, water cut, smoothing of injectivity profile and, as a result, increase of oil production is achieved. Successful application of the technology largely depends on the parameters of physical and chemical impact at each stage - the volume of injection of gel-polymer composition, concentration of ingredients, the flow rate of filtered water, the presence and linear size of cracks, the permeability of pore channels and etc. Polymer flooding applied in Kazakhstan showed its technological and economic efficiency on the example of pilot tests, laboratory studies, which reduces water cut and increases oil production. Widespread use of EOR methods would allow increasing recoverable oil reserves by at least 5-10 %. Keywords: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR); gas Injection; hydrocarbon recovery methods; chemical EOR methods; thermal EOR methods; oil production; polymer flooding; oil recovery.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF MORALITY FROM PHILOSOPHICAL CONTENT INTO CRITIQUE OF SATIRE IN INDIAN ART

The development of the concept of satire holds an important place in the philosophical content of Indian art as it has transformed in several ways reflecting the socio-cultural and political changes. Satire has been voiced in Indian art over the years through its varied expressions that are crucial to understanding the hidden content of commentary or the overtly implied motives of satire in different art forms. The purpose of my research is to explore two interdependent concepts, first, the kinship of satire to the concept of Indian moral philosophy; and second, the reflection of moral philosophy through varied expressions of satire in Indian art. Morality has had deep roots in Indian philosophy since ancient times. The moral and ethical framework of philosophy revolves around the concept of ‘Dharma’ that holds immense importance in the philosophical foundation of different schools such as Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. It is also central to the metaphysical identity of the Indian culture that aims to foster ethical conduct through righteousness and justice. Indian art has evolved through the ages as a reflection of society and its influence on the formation of culture and values. Teachings of morality have been integral to the Indian culture rather than the biting language of satire that found its expressions in Indian art around the later stages of development, that is around the medieval period when a deeper inflow of foreign influence began entering the Indian cultural system. I aim to understand the evolution of morality from the ancient period progressing toward the critical harsh mockery of satire in contemporary Indian art.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHEBELYN GAS CONDENSATE FIELD

The paper provides a brief geological and industrial characterization of the Shebelinsky gas-condensate field, including the height of the gas-bearing layer, the area of gas occurrence, porosity, permeability of collectors, effective gas-saturated thickness of the coppery sandstones, and araucarite strata. The peculiarity of the deposits lies in the low permeability and gas saturation, deterioration of collector properties of productive reservoirs from the lower to the upper and from the central to the peripheral part of the deposit. A structural map of the cover of coppery sandstones and a map of water saturation of all productive horizons are presented. The dynamics of gas reserves and reservoir pressures of the field over the years are shown, along with the authors; forecasts for their future dynamics. Calculations of the volumes of water saturation of horizons and the total volume of reservoir water that has invaded the gas-bearing part of the field have been conducted. An analysis of water saturation and its future prospects has been carried out. Statistical calculations of the dependence of water saturation volumes on time and reservoir pressure have been performed, indicating a decrease in the rates of water saturation at the late stage of field development. A geological section of the Shebelinsky field is presented, indicating the possibility of gas migration through tectonic faults. All factors influencing the maintenance of reservoir pressure within the deposit have been analyzed, including: contour water flooding; surface subsidence; internal waterdrive regime; the elasticity of rock formations, gas, and It is shown that drilling 12 deep wells within the Shebelinsky field did not reveal new deposits or caps but confirmed the presence of gas saturation to a depth of 5.5 thousand meters. The analysis of field development indicates a balance between gas production and its migration from deep horizons as of the year 2023. Approved development indicators and author’s options are provided, supported by actual field development. The conclusion is drawn that, due to migration with a volume of production of 1700– 1900 million m3, the field will operate for another 100 years.

Prediction of emergency-free operation of production wells with a horizontal termination under conditions of high removal of mechanical impurities on the example of the Severo-Komsomolskoe field

Relevance. As readily available oil reserves are developed and production technologies develop, oil and gas companies are gradually moving to the development of previously unprofitable assets. Over the past five years, several oil-and-gas condensate fields with oil rims have been put into operation in Western Siberia. Their development is further complicated by oil high viscosity and poor cementation of the reservoir rocks. Low values of critical drawdown do not allow oil to be produced without destruction of the productive formation, and mechanical impurities entering the well lead to spillage of perforation intervals and downhole equipment failures. The use of mathematical modeling in relation to the operation of wells in the conditions of the removal of mechanical impurities will make it possible to control production and select the optimal well operation mode. Aim. Forecasting the trouble-free operation of a production well under conditions of high removal of mechanical impurities. Objects. Producing oil wells; the subject of the study is the movement of solid particles in the wellbore of a production well, the relationship and dependence of formation of sand plugs on the operating parameters of the well. Methods. Theoretical research methods – analysis (analysis of models for calculating the critical flow velocity in a horizontal pipe (calculation of the critical velocity in a single-phase flow; calculation of the critical velocity in a multi-phase flow; calculation of the critical velocity based on the balance of forces)) and modeling (simulation of work wells with the removal of mechanical impurities). The totality and combination of these methods are adequate to the goals and objectives, the object and subject of the study of this work. Results. The problem of sand production is typical not only for fields that are in the late stages of development, but also for fields that have recently been put into operation. Sand shows up are a complicating factor in the operation of wells at the Severo-Komsomolskoe high-viscosity oil field located in Western Siberia. The main object of development of the studied field is a weakly cemented sandy layer. Oil production in such difficult areas requires a very careful approach to the choice of development system, to the selection of methods to deal with complications, including the choice of the right method to limit sanding. However, regardless of the approach taken to solve the problem of sand production, some rock will still flow into the well. To prevent the formation of sand plugs, it is necessary to understand the nature of the movement of solid particles along the wellbore. It is possible to assess whether a well is capable of carrying out solid particles from a horizontal section using modeling in specialized software products. Modeling of the well operation, taking into account the influence of mechanical impurities, made it possible to solve the following problems: 1) determine the fluid to carry rock particles out of the horizontal section; 2) identify the areas in which there is a risk of sand plugs; 3) present the dependence for calculating the critical speed for high-viscosity oil with different water cut; 4) assess how the water cut and gas factor affect well operation in conditions of high removal of mechanical impurities; 5) calculate the time of formation of sand plugs.

The controlling effect of sedimentary characteristics on the heterogeneity of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Wuliwan area

The sedimentary system of the delta front is complex. The hydrodynamic conditions, changes in sediment supply, and mineral composition are crucial factors that influence the quality of reservoirs. Reservoir quality varies among different sedimentary units. In this field of research, there is a general tendency to mainly use core data and logging curves for reservoir characterization and prediction, while neglecting the combination with the microscopic scale of the reservoir. This article proposes a new method to characterize reservoir heterogeneity by studying the sedimentary characteristics of reservoirs. This method uses casting thin-section data to aid in core and logging research. This study consists of five parts: core analysis, casting thin-section study, logging facies study, geological analysis, and single-well prediction. Combining macroscopic and microscopic methods helps clarify the controlling effect of sedimentary characteristics on reservoir heterogeneity. The research results indicate that this research method effectively solves the challenge of characterizing reservoir heterogeneity in the middle and later stages of development of low-permeability reservoirs. The research outputs serve as valuable references for the advancement of analytical matching fields.

Fertilization efficiency of thirty marketed and experimental recycled phosphorus fertilizers

Recycling phosphorus (P) from waste streams like sewage sludge, animal manures or food industry by-products is required to sustain soil fertility without depleting non-renewable P resources. Several technologies are available for P recovery, leading to fertilizers differing in P solubility and bioavailability. In this study, thirty fertilizers obtained through different technologies were tested to assess if their fertilization efficiency was equivalent to mineral soluble fertilizer applied as triple superphosphate (TSP). The main selection criteria were (1) ensuring a wide chemical diversity, and (2) choosing products already on the market or at a late stage of development, to encompass a representative selection of current and future recycled fertilizers. The products were classified according to their organic carbon content and neutral ammonium citrate (NAC), and the main P species of each fertilizer was determined through K-edge and L2,3-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES). Three pot experiments with wheat, barley and ryegrass were conducted in three growing substrates with contrasting properties, all within a pH range of 5.8–6.9. Fertilizers containing ammonium magnesium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, and dicalcium phosphate type species as dominant P species showed a similar fertilization efficiency to TSP, while fertilizers with hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, phytic acid or iron phosphates as their main P species had lower fertilization efficiencies. We conclude that while the trend towards high-efficiency, refined inorganic recycled P fertilizers is positive, lower-performing, mostly unrefined fertilizers must be assessed in light of their long-term P supply potential and additional benefits to soil health owing to their content of organic matter and other nutrients.

A Quadruple Mutant of OsPRP1 Controls Pollen Fertility by Regulating the Expression of Anther Development-Related Genes in Oryza sativa L.

Plant proline-rich proteins (PRPs) are cell wall proteins that are widely distributed in plants. Previous studies have shown that these proteins play a crucial role in adversity stress processes, but their function in the regulation of pollen fertility in rice remains unknown. In this study, we identified that OsPRP1 contains a Pollen_Ole-e_I allergenic structural domain, obtained the OsPRP1 quadruple mutant named osprp1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4, and observed significant reductions in pollen fertility, seed-setting rates, and the deformation and collapse of microspores during the late stages of pollen development. RNA-Seq analysis indicated the down-regulation of genes involved in anther development in osprp1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4, suggesting that OsPRP1 plays a role in regulating pollen fertility. In conclusion, a loss of function in OsPRP1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4 leads to decreased pollen fertility and seeding rates, which not only expands the functional spectrum of plant PRP genes but also provides new theoretical insight into the mechanism of fertility regulation in rice.

The acquisition of Polarity Items in L3/Ln Catalan by speakers of English, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish: implications for L3/Ln development theorising and language teaching

ABSTRACT This paper provides fresh insights on how PIs (Polarity Items) in non-veridical contexts (questions and conditionals) are represented in the grammar of multilingual learners of Catalan at different stages of development. It explores how this non-native grammatical system interacts with other previously acquired systems of negation and the implicit and explicit evidence about the negative system as presented in textbooks. We test 89 Ln learners of Catalan (L1 English/Italian/Spanish/Portuguese) on the interpretation of PIs in non-veridical contexts. The findings reveal that initially, learners exhibit both facilitative and non-facilitative transfer from their prior languages (L1/L2), and that grammatical restructuring in L3/Ln development is influenced by learners’ language background, syntactic context, and proficiency in Catalan. The results indicate a tendency towards stagnation and reduced accuracy throughout the learning process, especially among learners whose L1 had a facilitative effect either during initial transfer or later stages of development. These observations are discussed in the context of theories of morphosyntactic transfer in L3/Ln acquisition, as well as L3 development. The paper also evidences that the presentation of PIs in textbooks can shape and restructure learners’ interpretation of these items and proposes acquisitionally and pedagogically informed criteria for the instruction of PIs to Catalan learners.

Single-nucleus transcriptome reveals cell dynamic response of liver during the late chick embryonic development

The late embryonic development of the liver, a major metabolic organ, remains poorly characterized at single cell resolution. Here, we used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) to characterize the chicken liver cells at 2 embryonic development time points (E14 and D1). We uncovered 8 cell types including hepatocytes, endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, erythrocytes, cholangiocytes, kupffer cells, mesothelial cells, and lymphocytes. And we discovered significant differences in the abundance of different cell types between E14 and D1. Moreover, we characterized the heterogeneity of hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal cells based on the gene regulatory networks of each clusters. Trajectory analyses revealed 128 genes associated with hepatocyte development and function, including apolipoprotein genes involved hepatic lipid metabolism and NADH dehydrogenase subunits involved hepatic oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between E14 and D1 at the cellular levels, which contribute to changes in liver development and function. These DEGs were significantly enriched in PPAR signaling pathways and lipid metabolism related pathways. Our results presented the single-cell mapping of chick embryonic liver at late stages of development and demonstrated the metabolic changes across the 2 age stages at the cellular level, which can help to further study the molecular development mechanism of embryonic liver.