Late Arrival Research Articles

Impact of consumer foresight on efficient overselling

AbstractOverselling is commonly adopted in the travel and hospitality sectors where a good or service is sold in excess of actual supply. We examine the impact of consumer foresight on efficient overselling when there are two dimensions of uncertainty, namely, early consumers are uncertain about their service valuations and the seller is uncertain about late demand arrival. We show that when consumers are naïve and have no foresight to anticipate future events, the seller resorts to the use of partial refunds and involuntary cancellation when the mandatory compensation for seller‐initiated cancellation is low, resulting in efficiency loss. When consumers are sophisticated and have perfect foresight on future events, efficiency is achieved when the seller sells the entire capacity in advance and relies solely on voluntary cancellation to re‐sell units when late demand warrants it. Refund complements overselling both by improving allocation efficiency in involuntary cancellation and by mitigating the cost of overselling when consumers have limited foresight. Unlike the social planner, the seller may suffer from consumer foresight. Our findings pinpoint the mandatory compensation in involuntary cancellation as a strategic tool for the social planner to tilt the seller's preference in the seller‐initiated cancellation policy to achieve efficient overselling.

Vehicle re-routing under disruption in cross-dock network with time constraints

This study expands on the investigation of the vehicle routing problem with cross-dock (VRPCD) by incorporating disruption in a network with suppliers, customers, and a single cross-dock. It is assumed that the disruption (e.g., traffic accident or mechanical failure) impacts the scheduled pickup times of vehicles carrying freight; hence, pickup or delivery is affected by late vehicle arrivals to suppliers, cross-docks, and customers as well as increased transportation cost for the carrier. To help decision makers mitigate the impact of this type of disruption, mixed-integer linear programs (MILPs) are developed to model VRPCD with time-window constraints under both normal and disrupted conditions that will quantify the impact of disruption. The Golden Ball metaheuristic is adapted to provide an optimal or near-optimal solution of the MILPs in a short time period. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and algorithms, numerical experiments are performed on hypothetical networks containing a realistic number of pickup and delivery locations. Results from numerical experiments and ANOVA analysis showed that: 1) the cross-dock is able to cope with the disruption when the number of disrupted nodes is small, 2) early breakdown of an inbound vehicle with fewer nodes on its routes causes smaller service delays, 3) as the number of disrupted nodes increases, it is advantageous to reroute outbound vehicles, and 4) when the breakdown occurs earlier in the planning horizon, it is better to reroute both inbound and outbound vehicles whereas only outbound vehicles should be rerouted when the breakdown happens later in the day.

Posterior Circulation Stroke Patients Receive Less Reperfusion Therapy Because of Late Arrival and Relative Contraindications: A Retrospective Study.

Reperfusion treatment (RT) is administered to individuals with posterior circulation strokes (PCS) later and less frequently. We aimed to study the impact of demographic and clinical factors on the decision for RT in PCS. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the data from 500 subjects admitted to the tertiary stroke centre's emergency department between 2018 and 2020 due to PCS. Demographic and clinical factors were analysed among three groups: the RT group, the group with no RT because of absolute contraindications (ACI), and the group with no RT because of relative contraindications (RCI). Of the patients, 202 (40.3%) were female. The median NIHSS was four (4), and the subjects' median age was 69 (18). RT was performed on 120 (24%) subjects. FAST symptoms (OR-5.62, 95% CI [2.90-12.28]) and higher NIHSS (OR-1.13, 95% CI [1.09-1.18]) at presentation, atrial fibrillation (OR-1.56, 95% CI [1.02-2.38]), hypertension (OR-2.19, 95% CI [1.17-4.53]) and diabetes (OR-1.70, 95% CI [1.06-2.71]) increased the chance of RT. Late arrival was the most prevalent ACI for 291 (58.2%) patients. FAST-negative subjects (OR-2.92, 95% CI [1.84-4.77]) and males (OR-1.58, 95% CI [1.11-2.28]) had a higher risk of arriving late. Because of RCI, 50 (10%) subjects did not receive RT; the majority were above 80 and had NIHSS ≤ 5. Subjects with RCI who received the RT had a higher NIHSS (4 vs. 3, p < 0.001), higher hypertension (59 (92.2%) vs. 35 (77.8%), p = 0.032) and heart failure (23 (35.9%) vs. 7 (15.6%), p = 0.018) prevalence. There was a trend for less RT in females with RCI. Late arrival was the most common barrier to RT, and the male gender increased this risk. because of relative contraindications, 10% of subjects were not considered for RT. The presence of FAST symptoms, vascular risk factors, and a higher NIHSS increased the chance of RT.

Simulation Model for Airport Disruption Management

Ensuring the regularity of flights is one of the key tasks of the airline. Three main components of effective functioning of the air transport system comprise ensuring flight safety, regularity and high quality of the services provided, that is, the service component of the air transportation process.At the same time, it is worth paying attention to the fact that regularity or punctuality of flights is the basis for ensuring safety, the rhythmic implementation of the daily plan allows strictly adhering to the standards for timely maintenance and preventive inspections of aircraft. And flights operated with significant delays nullify all the efforts of air carriers to show a high level of service on board and when servicing passengers at airports. Violation of regularity of flights implies airline's losses and significant reputational damage. The traditional reasons for flight delays are unfavourable weather conditions, technical reasons, late arrival of the aircraft. But the indicator of delays in departures and arrivals of flights of some Russian air companies increases from time to time due to the congestion of airports, the congestion of airport waiting areas, disruptions in the rhythm of the execution of the daily planning.Every flight delay creates a disruption. The issue of disruption management has always been a topic for scientific discussions and research. The object of research presented in the article is to study the model of managing an airport disruption, the task was to study options for decision-making in the form of a queue of aircraft for departure and analyse the results of these decisions, where the objective function will be to minimise losses from delay.For decision-making, it is proposed to use a simulation model of a conditional disruptive situation.

The Centralization and Sharing of Information for Improving a Resilient Approach Based on Decision-Making at a Local Home Health Care Center

Home care centers face both an increase in demand and many variations during the execution of routes, compromising the routes initially planned; robust solutions are not effective enough, and it is necessary to move on to resilient approaches. We create a close-to-reality use case supported by interviews of staff at home health care centers, where caregivers are faced with unexpected events that compromise their initial route. We model, analyze, and compare two resilient approaches to deal with these disruptions: a distributed collaborative approach and a centralized collaborative approach, where we propose a centralization and sharing of information to improve local decision-making. The latter reduces the number of late arrivals by 11%, the total time of late arrival by 21%, and halves the number of routes exceeding the end of work time (contrary to the distributed collaborative approach due to the time wasted reaching colleagues). The use of a device, such as a smartphone application, to centralize and share information thus, allows better mutual assistance between caregivers. Moreover, we highlight several possible openings, like the coupling of simulation and optimization, to propose a more resilient approach.

An epsilon-constraint-based exact multi-objective optimization approach for the ship schedule recovery problem in liner shipping

Time management is crucial for liner shipping services. A variety of unexpected events can disrupt liner shipping schedules. A real-time port capacity analysis and rescheduling the original ship operations would be necessary to counteract the negative effects of such disruptions. Different ship schedule recovery options can be adopted in response to disruptive events (e.g., ship sailing speed adjustment, skipping of disrupted ports). However, shipping lines face conflicting decisions when selecting ship schedule recovery options. As an example, the commonly-used ship speeding-up option could effectively reduce delays during the voyage but would increase the fuel cost. Similarly, the skipping of disrupted ports may substantially decrease the associated delays but would incur additional costs associated with supply chain disruptions and misconnected cargo. Nevertheless, there is a lack of analytical methods that enable the evaluation of competing objectives in ship schedule recovery and effective multi-objective solution approaches. Therefore, this study proposes a novel multi-objective model for ship schedule recovery that aims not only to minimize the total late ship arrivals at ports but also to minimize the total profit loss due to disruptive events that may occur at sea and/or at ports. An epsilon-constraint-based exact optimization algorithm is adopted to obtain optimal Pareto Fronts. The computational experiments conducted for a real-life transit route demonstrate that the adopted exact optimization algorithm is able to generate Pareto Fronts in a timely manner. Moreover, the conducted sensitivity analyses provide interesting insights regarding the effects of different disruption types and unit fuel costs on ship schedule recovery.

Assessment of onset-to-door time in acute ischemic stroke and factors associated with delay at a tertiary care center in South India.

Intravenous thrombolysis is an effective treatment of acute ischemic stroke but has a narrow therapeutic time window of 3-4.5 h. Pre-hospital delay is a major barrier to patients becoming eligible for thrombolysis. This single-center study assessed the factors causing longer onset-to-door (OTD) time to identify measures that will help decrease the delay. Patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting to the emergency department from August to October 2022 were included in the study. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and was completed by interviewing the patient or the caregivers. Patients were classified as early and late arrivers with the cutoff being 3.5 h. We then analyzed the relationship between early arrival and demographic factors, clinical factors, patient response factors, and logistic factors. Our study consisted of 153 patients. The average OTD time was 674.33 ± 812.713 min (median: 300; interquartile range: 151-885). The pre-hospital delay was present in 66% of patients. 16.9% of patients came beyond 24 h. In the multivariate analysis, the odds of early arrival were higher among patients who perceived their symptoms as serious (odds ratio [OR]: 18.801; confidence interval [CI]: 3.728-94.803) and lower among patients who experienced a delay in reaching due to traffic (OR: 0.085; CI: 0.008-0.873). Lack of knowledge about stroke centers among both patients and health professionals also contributed to longer OTD times. Out of 52 early arrivers, 24 received thrombolytic therapy after excluding wake-up strokes and contraindications. Pre-hospital delay continues to stand in the way of patients receiving thrombolysis. Comprehensive stroke education, increasing awareness regarding stroke centers, and promoting ambulance services are some of the interventions which could help tackle the issue.

Measurement of the time structure of FLASH beams using prompt gamma rays and secondary neutrons as surrogates

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of online monitoring of irradiation time (IRT) and scan time for FLASH proton radiotherapy using a pixelated semiconductor detector. Approach. Measurements of the time structure of FLASH irradiations were performed using fast, pixelated spectral detectors based on the Timepix3 (TPX3) chips with two architectures: AdvaPIX-TPX3 and Minipix-TPX3. The latter has a fraction of its sensor coated with a material to increase sensitivity to neutrons. With little or no dead time and an ability to resolve events that are closely spaced in time (tens of nanoseconds), both detectors can accurately determine IRTs as long as pulse pile-up is avoided. To avoid pulse pile-up, the detectors were placed well beyond the Bragg peak or at a large scattering angle. Prompt gamma rays and secondary neutrons were registered in the detectors’ sensors and IRTs were calculated based on timestamps of the first charge carriers (beam-on) and the last charge carriers (beam-off). In addition, scan times in x, y, and diagonal directions were measured. The experiment was carried out for various setups: (i) a single spot, (ii) a small animal field, (iii) a patient field, and (iv) an experiment using an anthropomorphic phantom to demonstrate in vivo online monitoring of IRT. All measurements were compared to vendor log files. Main results. Differences between measurements and log files for a single spot, a small animal field, and a patient field were within 1%, 0.3% and 1%, respectively. In vivo monitoring of IRTs (95–270 ms) was accurate within 0.1% for AdvaPIX-TPX3 and within 6.1% for Minipix-TPX3. The scan times in x, y, and diagonal directions were 4.0, 3.4, and 4.0 ms, respectively. Significance. Overall, the AdvaPIX-TPX3 can measure FLASH IRTs within 1% accuracy, indicating that prompt gamma rays are a good surrogate for primary protons. The Minipix-TPX3 showed a somewhat higher discrepancy, likely due to the late arrival of thermal neutrons to the detector sensor and lower readout speed. The scan times (3.4 ± 0.05 ms) in the 60 mm distance of y-direction were slightly less than (4.0 ± 0.06 ms) in the 24 mm distance of x-direction, confirming the much faster scanning speed of the Y magnets than that of X. Diagonal scan speed was limited by the slower X magnets.

Illegal use of humanitarian aid, charitable donations or free aid for the purpose of obtaining profit (Article 201-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine): problems of systematic interpretation and practical application and their solution

The article discusses the main problematic issues related to Article 201-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which entered into force on April 3, 2022 and provides for criminal liability for the sale of humanitarian aid items or the use of charitable donations, free aid, or the conclusion of other transactions related to the disposal of such property . Such actions are taken in violation of the requirements stipulated in the laws of Ukraine dated October 22, 1999 "On humanitarian aid" and dated July 5, 2012 "On charitable activities and charitable organizations."&#x0D; It is recognized that the statement, which is widespread in the scientific literature, that Article 201-2 provides for responsibility for the theft of humanitarian aid items is incorrect. The correlation of this criminal offense with offenses against property is shown.&#x0D; It has been proven that the analysis of the content of Article 201-2 based on its place in the system of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as a criminal offense in the field of economic activity is of primary importance for solving most problematic issues.&#x0D; It was established that Article 201-2 applies to persons who carry out economic activities with items of humanitarian aid and ensure the receipt of such items from donors to their recipients. It does not apply to the actions of donors and recipients of humanitarian aid.&#x0D; It is justified that the public danger of the actions provided for in Art. 201-2, is that the use of items of humanitarian aid for the purpose of making a profit may lead to the non-receipt or late arrival of humanitarian aid to its recipients.&#x0D; It is proposed to supplement Art. 201-2 of the Criminal Code, part 4, in which to establish increased criminal liability for actions that led to the death of people or other serious consequences. Such responsibility should arise regardless of the total value of the items of humanitarian aid.&#x0D; The difference between the ban on the use of humanitarian aid for profit and the use of humanitarian aid for non-intended purposes is shown. This difference must be taken into account in the legislative improvement of Article 201-2.

“So, Why Were You Late Again?”: Social Account’s Influence on the Behavioral Transgression of Being Late to a Meeting

People often offer an excuse or an apology after they do something wrong in an attempt to mitigate any potential negative consequences. In this paper, we examine how individuals employ social accounts when explaining their interpersonal transgression of meeting lateness to others in actual work settings. We examined the different combinations of social accounts and the social outcomes (forgiveness, helping behaviors, and intentions to continue interaction) of being late to a meeting. Across two studies using complementary experimental and survey methods, we found that a majority of late arrivers’ explanations included remorse and that including remorse significantly influences helping behaviors. Furthermore, we found no interaction between excuses and offering remorse. Implications of these findings and future directions are discussed.

Factors Related to Early Versus Late Hospital Arrival in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: The onset-to-arrival time affects the decision of intravenous thrombolysis therapy which is associated with stroke’s prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate factor associated with early and late arrival of patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and the effect on patients’ outcomes. Materials and Methods: Patients confirmed with acute ischemic stroke in central stroke centers were included in a prospective study. The patients were grouped into early arrivers (less than 4.5 hours) and late arrivers (at and after 4.5 hours). Patients’ data were obtained from the stroke registry system. Results: In Summary, Higher initial NIHSS, less than 15 km from the hospital, a history of CVA, Diabetes, Abnormal blood pressure, EMS transportation, Atrial fibrillation, and current use of anticoagulants, Not using opium, and not smoking was significantly associated with early arrival time. Normal blood pressure AF was a negative and significant (p-value=0.001, Odds ratio: 0.38) predictor of the late arrival. Normal blood pressure was a positive and significant (p-value&lt;0.001, Odds ratio: 4.762) predictor of the late arrival. Conclusion: Some baseline factors are associated with the onset-arrival time of patients with ischemic stroke.

Bengali bhadralok and the Bengali press: a study of the early nineteenth century

ABSTRACT Bengal occupies a special position in the history of Indian journalism as the journey of the first English newspaper and, after that, the first vernacular newspaper, started from here. The country had the tradition of writing newsletters, but newspapers were a European import. Unlike other means of communication, newspapers were free from direct government control and they flourished mostly as private endeavours. This apparent independence was often undermined by the indirect influence exerted by the state which was run by a mercantile company in the first half of the nineteenth century. The present paper probes to seek the reasons behind the late arrival of newspapers in Bengal/India, then their negotiations with the state power and finally their reincarnation in the hands of the socio-religious reformers of the Bengali bhadralok section. The Bengali press burgeoned under the patronage of this group, which can be closely linked with the bhadralok’s intent of appropriating and communicating knowledge. To fulfil this aim, they also established different Sabhas or associations and brought out newspapers as the mouthpiece of those organisations. These Sabhas and the newspapers associated with them worked together in establishing the locations of knowledge production and its dissemination; thus, influencing public debates in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Spatiotemporal Behavior of an Extremely Small Seismic Swarm in Pyrenean Foreland, France

ABSTRACT During the large-N MAUPASACQ passive seismic experiment in the foreland of the western Pyrenees (southwest France), an unusual swarm-type seismic sequence was serendipitously recorded in a normally quiet area. Thanks to the density of the deployment and the proximity of all events, it was possible to relocate the hypocenters with a very good relative accuracy through template matching, cross-correlation phase picks, and double-difference algorithm. The four-month seismic activity consists of more than 600 events with local magnitudes ranging between −1.4 and 2.1, clustered in an extremely small volume, and rooted at 4 km depth. The sequence can be divided in two phases of similar durations and event occurrence rates, but of different magnitude–frequency distributions. The presence of an asperity is suggested by the relative abundance of stronger events during the second phase. Fine mapping suggests a small but clear geographic offset of a few tens of meters between the events of the two phases and a very slow migration suggesting a process involving fluids. Changes in the correlation matrices and waveforms of late arrivals at a specific station are also observed, arguing either (and again) for migration of the hypocenters or for changes in the propagation medium between the two phases. The geographical coincidence with the repeated observation of hydrogen leaks on the surface, almost above the swarm, suggests a connection through channels that could carry fluids.

Keep Your Distributed Data Warehouse Consistent at a Minimal Cost

Large data warehouses store interdependent tables that are updated independently in response to business logic changes or late arrival of critical data. To keep the warehouse consistent, changes to upstream tables need to be propagated to downstream tables in a timely fashion. However, a naive change propagation algorithm can cause many unnecessary updates or recalculations of downstream tables, which drives up the cost of data warehouse management. In this paper, we describe our solution that can ensure the eventual consistency of the data warehouse while avoiding unnecessary table updates. We also show that the optimal trade-off between computational cost reduction and meeting data freshness constraints can be found by solving a dynamic programming problem. The proposed solution is currently in production to manage the YouTube Data Warehouse and has reduced update requests by 25% by eliminating non-trivial duplicates. These requests would have been carried out by large batch jobs over big data. Eliminating them has led to a proportionate reduction in computing resources. One key advantage of our approach is that it can be used in a heterogeneous, distributed data warehouse environment where the operator software may not have complete control over the query processors. This is because our approach only relies on having dependency information for tables and can operate on the post-state of data sources.

The Use of Machine Learning to Predict Late Arrivals at the Adult Outpatient Department.

Patient unpunctuality leads to delays in the delivery of care and increased waiting times, resulting in crowdedness. Late arrivals for adult outpatient appointments are a challenge for healthcare, contributing to negative effects on the efficiency of health services as well as wasted time, budget, and resources. This study aims to identify factors and characteristics associated with tardy arrivals at adult outpatient appointments using machine learning and artificial intelligence. The goal is to create a predictive model using machine learning models capable of predicting adult patients arriving late to their appointments. This would support effective and accurate decision-making in scheduling systems, leading to better utilization and optimization of healthcare resources. A retrospective cohort review of adult outpatient appointments between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019, was undertaken at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh. Four machine learning models were used to identify the best prediction model that could predict late-arriving patients based on multiple factors. A total of 1,089,943 appointments for 342,974 patients were conducted. There were 128,121 visits (11.7%) categorized as late arrivals. The best prediction model was Random Forest, with a high accuracy of 94.88%, a recall of 99.72%, and a precision of 90.92%. The other models showed different results, such as XGBoost with an accuracy of 68.13%, Logistic Regression with an accuracy of 56.23%, and GBoosting with an accuracy of 68.24%. This paper aims to identify the factors associated with late-arriving patients and improve resource utilization and care delivery. Despite the overall good performance of the machine learning models developed in this study, not all variables and factors included contribute significantly to the algorithms' performance. Considering additional variables could improve machine learning performance outcomes, further enhancing the practical application of the predictive model in healthcare settings.

Descriptive epidemiology of the head and neck cancers in old patients.

In Europe, as in other high-income (HI) countries, quite half of the newly diagnosed patients with head and neck (H and N) cancers are older than 65 years of age and their proportion within the prevalent cases is even higher. Moreover, the incidence rate (IR) for all H and N cancers sites increased with age and the survival rate is lower in older patients (≥65), compared with younger patients (<65). The number of older patients affected by H and N cancers will increase because of the increase in life expectancy. The aim of the article is to provide an epidemiological description of H and N cancers in the elderly population. Incidence and prevalence data by time periods and continents were extracted from the Global Cancer Observatory. The survival information for Europe is obtained from the EUROCARE and RARECAREnet projects. In 2020, according to the results from these data, slightly more than 900,000 cases have been diagnosed with H and N cancers in the world, and approximately 40% were older than 65 years of age. This percentage was higher, reaching approximately 50% in the HI countries. The highest number of cases was in the Asiatic populations, while the highest crude IR was in Europe and Oceania. Among H and N cancers occurring in the elderly, laryngeal and oral cavity cancers were the most common, while nasal cavities and nasopharyngeal cancers were the rarest. This was true for all the countries, excluding some Asiatic populations, in which tumour of the nasopharynx was more common. The five-year survival rate in the European population was low in the elderly, compared with the younger for all H and N cancers, and it ranged from approximately 60% for both salivary-gland type and laryngeal to 22% for hypopharyngeal tumors. For the elderly, the conditional 5-year survival after surviving one year became more than 60% for many H and N epithelial tumors. The high variability in the H and N cancer incidence around the world is due to the distribution of the major risk factors which for the elderly are mainly alcohol and smoking. The reasons for low survival in the elderly are most likely due to the complexity of treatment, the late arrival of patients at diagnosis, and the difficult access to specialized centers.

Routing Optimization of Regional Flexible Transit Under the Mixed Demand Mode

To meet trip demands and avoid transit capacity waste or shortages, this study investigates the routing optimization of flexible transit with time windows. We introduce the time penalty costs to accommodate the impacts of early and late vehicle arrivals on passengers’ satisfaction. A routing optimization model is developed to minimize the system operation costs and the costs incurred by passengers' time penalties. The problem is solved by a designed adaptive genetic algorithm that adopts an adaptive mutation strategy to dynamically adjust the mutation probability and mutation operator. The numerical experiments compare the results of the mixed demand model, in which vehicles can pick up and drop off passengers simultaneously, to those of the separate pick-up and delivery modes. Finally, a sensitive analysis is conducted to explore the impact of operational factors (vehicle speed, maximum one-way travel time, and weighting ratios between operating and penalty costs) on the system's performance (total costs, per capita mileage, and average seat occupancy rate). Our results confirm the advantages of the developed adaptive genetic algorithm over traditional ones with respect to the convergence speed and optimality gap. Moreover, the numerical results indicate that the mixed demand operation mode of transit reduces total costs by an average of 2.35% compared to separate pick-up and delivery modes. The results also reveal that an increase in the weights of the operating cost can reduce the total cost. The findings of this work can provide guidance to the operation of regional flexible transit.

Tinjauan Atas Prosedur Pengelolaan Persediaan Pada Proshop Klub Golf Bogor Raya

ABSTRACTInventory is one of the important current assets and has great value for the company's operations. This company does not have a lot of inventory, so there can be a shortage of inventory (stock out) and cannot meet customer requests. But if there is too much inventory (overstock) it will cause unsold goods and pile up in storage.The purpose of writing this research is to evaluate the management of merchandise inventory and to find out what constraints exist when managing inventory. Evaluation is carried out to find out whether inventory management has been carried out properly, also to find out whether obstacles in managing inventory can be overcome properly. The compiler made observations at the Bogor Raya Golf Club Proshop located in Bogor.The observation results show that the Bogor Raya Golf Club Proshop has managed its inventory quite well. Inventory management procedures have been carried out properly starting from submitting requests for goods, ordering goods, goods arriving, until the goods are sold. Even though inventory management at the Bogor Raya Golf Club Proshop has been going well, there are still a number of obstacles, such as late arrival of goods, unexpected requests and incompatibility of ordered goods.The results of the evaluation in this observation show that the Bogor Raya Golf Club Proshop must maintain efforts to manage its inventory, so that unwanted things do not occur which will harm the company. By maintaining inventory, the company does not need to incur costs for reordering or storage costs. Then if you see that the problem came from a supplier/vendor error, that way the company must be smart in choosing suppliers.Keywords: Management, Inventory of goods

Genomic analysis of the population structure of Paenibacillus larvae in New Zealand.

New Zealand is a remote country in the South Pacific Ocean. The isolation and relatively late arrival of humans into New Zealand has meant there is a recorded history of the introduction of domestic species. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were introduced to New Zealand in 1839, and the disease American foulbrood was subsequently found in the 1870s. Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood, has been genome sequenced in other countries. We sequenced the genomes of P. larvae obtained from 164 New Zealand apiaries where American foulbrood was identified in symptomatic hives during visual inspection. Multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST) revealed the dominant sequence type to be ST18, with this clonal cluster accounting for 90.2% of isolates. Only two other sequence types (with variants) were identified, ST5 and ST23. ST23 was only observed in the Otago area, whereas ST5 was limited to two geographically non-contiguous areas. The sequence types are all from the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus I (ERIC I) genogroup. The ST18 and ST5 from New Zealand and international P. larvae all clustered by sequence type. Based on core genome MLST and SNP analysis, localized regional clusters were observed within New Zealand, but some closely related genomes were also geographically dispersed, presumably due to hive movements by beekeepers.

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