Late 1980s Research Articles

‘Lab Rats for Science’: Uranium Mining, Expellees, Public Health, and Narratives of Radiation Danger in Cold War West Germany, 1955–1968

In 1955–6, three thousand German-speaking men were ‘repatriated’ from Czechoslovak forced labour camps, where they mined uranium, to West Germany, where they demanded benefits for health damage from radiation exposure. These men connected their group's experiences to the fears and developments of early Cold War West Germany, personifying the health risks of the Atomic Age and citizens’ demands that their states offer protection from such risks. These men contributed to public awareness of radiation health risk and to ambivalence about safe ‘peaceful nuclear technology’ in the late 1950s and 1960s, earlier than is usually assumed. They further inspired concrete policy changes, especially in occupational health protection, illustrating that post-war responses to nuclear technology emerged from the intersection of longer historical experience, specialised local knowledge and grassroots activism, as well as from post-war scientific and political developments. It further shows long-lasting expellee influence in unexpected areas of West German policy.

Myths of Zimbabwean urban nationalism: Narratives of modernity and exceptionalism in the economic crisis

AbstractZimbabwe has distinct urban nationalist myths stemming from the colonial period—urban modernity and economic exceptionalism. The modernity myth has been constructed from the colonial period and came to be associated with urban order, lifestyle and social mobility. The economic exceptionalism myth refers to Zimbabwe's past exceptional economic performance during the colonial and early postcolonial periods. However, the economic crisis and informalisation from the late 1990s have challenged these myths as neither previous practices of urban modernity nor the feeling of exceptional economic performance is attainable any more. In this context, people in the informal sector reimagine what these nationalist myths mean to them. In particular, they engage in debates about which economic practices are modern enough to be implemented in urban areas, especially in the city centre, and how to identify themselves make a claim to urban modernity. The memory of economic exceptionalism in the meantime acts as a reference point in discussions about future national development. All these translate into the question of legitimacy—of the informal economy and its practices and the government that failed to uphold the modernity and exceptionalism myths.

VOLODYMYR VYNNYCHENKO’S PHILOSOPHICAL AND AESTHETIC VIEWS: THE EXPERIENCE OF FRENCH EXISTENTIAL

The relevance of the proposed research is determined by the reviving the interest of modern literary studies of the figure of Volodymyr Vynnychenko, determining the place of his creativity in the context of European modernism, the ambiguity of assessments of this phenomenon in the context of Ukrainian fine literature. The article examines Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s novels in the discourse of French Existentialism. Attention is focused on outlining the similarities and differences between J.-P. Sartre, A. Camus and V. Vynnychenko’s worldviews and aesthetic views. The origins of the existentialist method in the work of the Ukrainian émigré writer and its inclusion in the discourse of French atheistic of Existentialism are also analysed, and some conclusions of the “Mougins” cycle of Vynnychenko’s works are investigated using summarized prospects for its study in a broad and its European context is also outlined. The authors examine the forms and methods of aesthetic refraction of the basic concepts of existentialism (absurdity, rebellion, freedom, choice, and relationships at the level “I – the Other”). The purpose of the work and the tasks involve analyzing the philosophical and artistic texts of Vynychenko in the discourse of French existentialism, as well as revealing the main philosophical ideas and functions of the novels of the Ukrainian writer, consistent with the creative guidelines of J.-P. Sartre and A. Camus. The set of goals determines the need for the use of hermeneutic (analysis of artistic texts), historical-literary, comparative-typological (posing and solving a number of literary problems in the context of equal national literature, and biographical (using diary entries) research methods. The problem is determining the place of ideology in the context of French existentialism and the “Mougins’” cycle of Vynnychenko’s works, was raised in literary studies as early as the 70s of the last century, in particular by diaspora researchers S. Naumovych and L. Zaleska-Onyshkevych, who tried to show the priority of Vynnychenko’s writing compared to Sartre and Camus. The problem of existentialism as a philosophical direction was considered in the late 1940s among the members of the Artistic Ukrainian Movement, attempting to formulate the concept of “Ukrainian existentialism”. The Ukrainian researcher Ya. Kotets includes diaspora representatives 70 years later in the article “The Formula of Ukrainian Existentialism” (2021). There are several Ukrainian and Soviet writers who produce some existential ideas and elements of existential interpretation of human life, but they should not be called conscious writers-existentialists. Among modern Ukrainian works need to name “Existentialist philosophy. Traditions and perspectives” by S. Raida (2009), as well as the comparative study “Ukrainian version of artistic existentialism: B.I. Antonych, V. Svidzinsky, T. Osmachka in the European context” (2020) by H. Tokman, where is introduced the concept of “artistic existentialism”. The critical optics of the research make it possible to combine the historical and philosophical specificity of the interwar twenty years and the post-war period, on which are built the works of Vynnychenko, Sartre and Camus. It is an attempt to show the originality of the philosophical and aesthetic views of the emigrant Vynnychenko in the paradigm of French existentialism, to demonstrate the similarity of the Ukrainian type of philosophizing (from Skovoroda, Franko, Lesya Ukrainka to Vynnychenko), to analyze his characteristic orientation towards a person who faces the eternal problems of life, death, and evil. Such non-scientific philosophizing gave birth to special genre forms: essay, aphorism, portrait, dialogue, drama, and novel, which can be found in V.Vynnychenko’s literary work. Vynnychenko belongs to those thinkers who went beyond the boundaries of traditional philosophy in order to comprehend the broader meaning of the entire spiritual culture, developing the ideas of A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, A. Bergson, the theosophical theory of R. Steiner, in their writings. Vynnychenko set himself the goal of revealing prospects for further development to man, to give meaning to its existence, to point it to certain positive values, that is, to overcome the extremes of German and French existentialism and develop a positive philosophical platform.

Negotiating Ideologies: The Campaign for Gender–Balanced Boards and Commissions in Iowa

ABSTRACT This interview and archival research case study of the successful movement to adopt state laws to require gender balance on Iowa state boards and commissions (adopted in the late 1980s) and to extend the law to local boards and commissions (adopted in 2009) provides an empirical challenge to two prominent theories of ideology—interest theory, in which the powerful impose ideology, and strain theory, in which people find ideology to cope with their experiences. My study suggests that traditional ideologies are not always the most powerful. While people tend to believe in ideologies they perceive as functional for themselves, ideology is better understood through a navigation theory in which people simultaneously hold multiple complementary and contradictory ideologies, and where particular contexts and people’s interpretations of those contexts impact how different ideologies are activated, understood, prioritized, negotiated, and applied.

The prevention school diary: Evaluability assessment of a widely adopted intervention in Ile-de-France

ObjectivesThe prevention school diary is distributed each year to children aged between 10 and 11 years old by La Ligue contre le cancer, a French association promoting prevention and research against cancer. While they write their homework in the diary, children can learn about a range of health determinants. This diary promotes health in a fun and educational way, as it integrates drawings made by children about the different themes covered by the diary. This paper aims to present the evaluability assessment of this intervention in Ile-de-France (Paris area), where it is already widely deployed. Material and methodsWe have traced the history of the prevention school diary and assessed how it is currently used in Ile-de-France by leading interviews with county committees of La Ligue contre le cancer. Successive versions of the diary and results of teacher satisfaction surveys were examined. All information collected was integrated into a logic model, which characterizes the main components, actors, and effects of the intervention. ResultsThe prevention school diary was created in the West of France in the late 90s. It was then implemented in Paris and extended to other counties of Ile-de-France. Currently, six counties collaborate on the production of a common diary. Whereas it only dealt with tobacco consumption at the beginning, the prevention school diary now covers nutrition, physical activity, sun exposure, sleep and screen use, addiction, as well as safety in some counties. Three levels of intervention have been identified, depending on whether or not the distribution of the diary is followed by the production of drawings for the next edition or health education sessions. The expected effects of the prevention school diary have been integrated into a logic model emphasizing children, school, and family level. Outcomes include Capabilities (knowledge and skills), Opportunities, and Motivation to adopt healthy Behaviours, according to the theoretical model of behaviour change COM-B. ConclusionThe evaluability assessment phase enabled us to gain a better understanding of the conditions under which the intervention is deployed, and thus to identify the factors to be considered for a broad assessment of its effectiveness. It is especially important since the intervention is already well established in Ile-de-France.

From sign to inscription

This paper extends the author's work on inscriptions as a new theory of contemporary architecture. Using the concept of unary trait from Lacanian theory, the paper analyses two works of architecture. First, from the late 1970s, Peter Eisenman's project for the Cannaregio district of Venice is read as borrowing the form of the grid from Le Corbusier, enacting Lacan's unary trait. Eisenman's treatment of the grid is interpreted as evidence of poststructuralist thinking in architecture. Second, Atelier Deshaus's Riverside Passage in Shanghai is read as using the demolished fragments and existing retaining wall of a former coal storage wharf as architectural symptom. The architects' treatment of the wall and remnants from the demolition is, again, interpreted as evidence of poststructuralist thinking in recent architecture.

Transformation of the artistic form and ideological content of the memorial complex in memory of the Sino-Japanese War in Beijing

The article is devoted to the problem of transformation of the imagery of the monumental sculpture ensemble created in memory of the Sino-Japanese War in Beijing. The construction of the memorial took place in two stages: the Memorial of the Chinese People's War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression was erected in the late 1980s, and a decade later the Sculpture Garden of the Memorial of the Chinese People against the Japanese War was laid. These elements of a single ensemble represent different options for using figurative-meaningful, compositional-spatial, artistic-stylistic and plastic features of monumental sculpture and interpreting its semantic role in such structures. Using the example of these memorials, it is possible to identify and trace the development strategy of memorials and their sculptural design, especially the dynamics of changes in the creation of an artistic image of sculptural groups. The author uses the method of art criticism to describe the visual and expressive features and the ideological content of the monumental sculpture of the memorial plan on the example of an analysis of the aesthetic qualities of two different elements of the ensemble in Beijing. This requires an analysis of the artistic structure and forms through which the authors express their ideological messages, as well as a comprehensive study of visual and expressive means. The object of attention in the article is the role and place of monumental sculpture in the development of historical memory and culture of China, and the subject is the options for the development of figurative and stylistic features of the art of sculpture in the context of the expansion and transformation of memorial complexes. Sculpture is considered as a reflection of the ideological and creative pursuits of Chinese sculptors of the late XX and early XXI centuries. The research material is a monumental sculpture as the most important artistic element of the memorial ensemble in memory of the Sino–Japanese War in Beijing, which allows for artistic comparisons, including with similar monuments on the territory of modern Russia. The article provides an opportunity to reveal the nuances of artistic, spatial and semantic interaction between the memorial and the sculpture garden.

Freud and Marie Bonaparte's Correspondence (1925–1939): An Intimate Relationship

Abstract: This paper explores the correspondence between Freud and his patient Marie Bonaparte over the course of 14 years and illuminates their complex personal and professional relationship. The letters expose Freud's therapeutic challenges in balancing the theoretical concept of transference and its actual management in Freud's work in the late 1920s and 1930s.

Evaluation Methods, Resistant Germplasm, and Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Blight in Cotton: A Review

Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm) is an important cotton (Gossypium spp.) production problem. In the U.S., BB has been controlled effectively using resistant cultivars and acid-delinted seed since the 1970s; however, resurgence of BB occurred in the early 2010s because of negligence in breeding. This review provides an up-to-date account on the pathogen, resistance evaluation methods, resistant germplasm lines, and breeding methods. Twenty-two Xcm races have been reported worldwide, and race 18 is currently the only one found in production fields in the U.S. To evaluate cotton for BB resistance, a pressure-sprayer-based method with surfactant in the field and a cotyledon-scratching-based method in the greenhouse are most often used. Breeding for BB resistance was highly successful in Sudan between the late 1930s and 1960s, when many resistance genes were transferred to G. barbadense from G. arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. anomalum, and G. hirsutum. Breeding for BB resistance commenced in the U.S. in the 1940s, leading to development of numerous resistant Upland cultivars. Although backcrossing was often used to transfer resistance genes in early years, forward breeding has been the breeding method of choice. Currently, some and possibly all resistant cultivars in the U.S. possess the resistance gene B12, which confers immunity with no water-soaked symptoms. Although B12-based resistance has held for a long time, identification of new resistant sources is needed to prevent an epidemic of BB due to evolution or introduction of possible new virulent Xcm races.

¿ Arquitecturas Modernas?.

At the School of Architecture of Madrid in the late 1960s, the end of the modern quest had been reached, and the beginning of the 1970s saw important structural and epistemological changes that were not free of tensions. The intellectual differences between generations led to a dialectical querelle between the organicism advocated by New Form and an emerging post-modernism that was linked to "Nueva Figuración". This transition in the School of Madrid found in drawing a generational binder and a way of vindicating everything that architecture had to offer in terms of artistic, cultural and humanistic practice. On the threshold of transformation, "Arquitecturas Modernas" appeared, an exhibition held in 1980 which extended the scope of the School to the Ynguanzo gallery, promoting the notion of drawings as autonomous objects and the nature of architecture, beyond the constructed building, as a cultural practice.

Relatedness of Luther Burbank’s Plum (Prunus sp.) Introductions Based on Genotyping by Sequencing

The renowned horticultural artist and plant breeder Luther Burbank worked with many species of plants. During his 50-year career, he introduced more than 800 cultivars, including more than 150 accessions of plums (Prunus spp.) in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Burbank preferred using wide, interspecific crosses to create a vast range of phenotypic variation and then artificially select from the extremes. Although a great artist, Burbank was a substandard scientist because he was derelict in pedigree note-taking. Although many of his introductions are extinct, hobbyists, enthusiasts, and international collections retain nearly a third of the economically viable cultivars he bred. For a century, many of his hybridizations remained inscrutable mysteries until modern genomic and computational tools developed their resolution and statistical power. Today, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a useful tool for pedigree reconstruction in the absence of reliable records. GBS can inform principal component analyses, identity by descent (IBD) kinship, and phylogenetic admixture, revealing complex relationships among taxa. In this study, whole genome sequencing was performed on 53 Prunus taxa used by Burbank in his breeding experiments in the most comprehensive genetic survey of his work to date. Exact parent–offspring relationships between this population may be impossible to discern due to years of back crossing, sibling mating, and open pollination. However, the proportion of genomic similarity among these taxa provides information on the relatedness of the genotypes in Burbank’s Prunus experiments, defining four primary lineages within his breeding population. These lineages comprised primarily P. salicina and P. simonii but also have influences from P. americana, P. cerasifera, P. domestica, and P. rivularis. The prevalence of P. simonii in Burbank’s Prunus introductions appears to have been vastly underreported, indicating that some of the seedstock founders of his breeding population could have been P. salicina × P. simonii hybrids at the inception of his career. This research has implications for pedigree reconstruction and prioritizing conservation in collections curation for future studies.

Beans, peas and pulses for improved public and planetary health: Changing UK consumption patterns

Beans, peas and pulses offer significant nutritional, health and environmental benefits (1,2,3, 4) and the FAO states that including pulses in agrifood systems is key to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(5). Recommended intakes vary across national food-based dietary guidelines(6), but higher intakes are associated with benefits including increased satiety, reduced blood pressure, lower risk of cardiovascular disease and improved gut microbiota composition and activity(7). Worldwide, the average consumption of pulses is 21g per person per day(8) but published analysis of UK intakes is scarce. The aim of this review was to analyse consumption trends using two UK government datasets.The Family Food module of the Living Costs and Food Survey details food and drink purchases from approximately 5000 households per year(9). The ‘UK – household purchases’ data include the average (mean) quantities purchased per person per week. Categories relating to beans, peas and pulses were identified, and data were presented as graphs of purchasing trends (1974–2021).The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS)(10) assesses the nutritional status of 1000 participants (1.5 years and over) annually. Personal-level dietary data (2008-2019) were evaluated for subgroups ‘baked beans’ and ‘beans and pulses including ready meal and homemade dishes’, including fresh, frozen and canned beans and pulses, and recipes containing them. Peas/ green beans were excluded because of the nature of the data aggregation. Food-level dietary data (2018-19) were assessed for the frequency of consumption of different types of peas, beans and pulses.Our analysis of the Family Food datasets shows that, at 28g per person per day, the current average (mean) consumption of beans, peas and pulses in the UK is suboptimal. Our parallel analysis of NDNS data showed that more than 40% of participants were not eating any beans and pulses (excluding peas).Dietary trends are shifting. The overall consumption of beans, peas and pulses has been falling steadily since the late 1980s. This is mostly due to the drop in consumption of peas and baked beans, though these are still the most frequently consumed legume categories in the UK diet. Canned pea purchases fell from 88g per person per week in 1974 to 14g per person per week in 2020-21. Baked bean purchases peaked at 133g per person per week in 1986, dropping to 78g in 2020-21.Purchases of other canned beans and pulses (excluding baked beans) have increased noticeably in the last decade, from 17g per person per week 2015-16 to 32g in 2020-21. Purchases of dried pulses have remained consistent, averaging 11g per person per week in 2020-21.This analysis indicates significant scope to deliver affordable, accessible health and environmental benefits through increased consumption of beans, peas and pulses in the UK.

Hakka Blues and Jazz: The Inspiration of Black Music in the Hakka Taiwanese Musical Revitalization Movement in Postdictatorial Taiwan

Abstract: This article discusses the influence of African American blues and jazz on the Hakka Taiwanese musical revitalization movement since the late 1990s. Case studies examine the discourse and materialization of two types of musical fusion, namely Hakka blues and Hakka jazz, by Sanguetai (1997–2007) and Sanguetaihousheng (2008– present). Their performances express appreciation for Black music and advance diversity and inclusion in Taiwan; furthermore, they allow the musicians to articulate their resistance against the status quo and elevate the social status of sango . Black music has a decisive position in the development of neotraditional Hakka Taiwanese music .

History and evolution of surgical treatment for spasticity: a journey from neurotomy to selective dorsal rhizotomy.

The evolution of neurosurgical approaches to spasticity spans centuries, marked by key milestones and innovative practitioners. Probable ancient descriptions of spasmodic conditions were first classified as spasticity in the 19th century through the interventions of Dr. William John Little on patients with cerebral palsy. The late 19th century witnessed pioneering efforts by surgeons such as Dr. Charles Loomis Dana, who explored neurotomies, and Dr. Charles Sherrington, who proposed dorsal rhizotomy to address spasticity. Dorsal rhizotomy rose to prominence under the expertise of Dr. Otfrid Foerster but saw a decline in the 1920s due to emerging alternative procedures and associated complications. The mid-20th century saw a shift toward myelotomy but the revival of dorsal rhizotomy under Dr. Claude Gros' selective approach and Dr. Marc Sindou's dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning. In the late 1970s, Dr. Victor Fasano introduced functional dorsal rhizotomy, incorporating electrophysiological evaluations. Dr. Warwick Peacock and Dr. Leila Arens further modified selective dorsal rhizotomy, focusing on approaches at the cauda equina level. Later, baclofen delivered intrathecally via an implanted programmable pump emerged as a promising alternative around the late 1980s, pioneered by Richard Penn and Jeffrey Kroin and then led by A. Leland Albright. Moreover, intraventricular baclofen has also been tried in this matter. The evolution of these neurosurgical interventions highlights the dynamic nature of medical progress, with each era building upon and refining the work of significant individuals, ultimately contributing to successful outcomes in the management of spasticity.

Beyond the First Tipping Points of Southern Hemisphere Climate

Analysis of observations, reanalysis, and model simulations, including those using machine learning methods specifically designed for regime identification, has revealed changes in aspects of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation and Australian climate and extremes over the last half-century that indicate transitions to new states. In particular, our analysis shows a dramatic shift in the metastability of the SH climate that occurred in the late 1970s, associated with a large-scale regime transition in the SH atmospheric circulation, with systematic changes in the subtropical jet, blocking, zonal winds, and storm tracks. Analysis via nonstationary clustering reveals a regime shift coincident with a sharp transition to warmer oceanic sea surface temperatures and increased baroclinicity in the large scales of the Antarctic Circumpolar Circulation (ACC), extending across the whole hemisphere. At the same time, the background state of the tropical Pacific thermocline shoaled, leading to an increased likelihood of El Niño events. The SH climate shift in the late 1970s is the first hemispheric regime shift that can be directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change. These changes in dynamics are associated with additional regional tipping points, including reductions in mean and extreme rainfall in south-west Western Australia (SWWA) and streamflow into Perth dams, and also with increases in mean and extreme rainfall over northern Australia since the late 1970s. The drying of south-eastern Australia (SEA) occurred against a background of accelerating increases in average and extreme temperatures across the whole continent since the 1990s, implying further inflection points may have occurred. Analysis of climate model simulations capturing the essence of these observed shifts indicates that these systematic changes will continue into the late 21st century under high greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Here, we review two decades of work, revealing for the first time that tipping points characteristic of regime transitions are inferred to have already occurred in the SH climate system.

The National Language and History Revival Movement in SSR Moldova at the Time of the Perestroika

As some of those involved in the movement for the revival of the national dignity during the late 1980s are still active on the political arena, a complete and unbiased analysis of the phenomenon is impossible. Only those who had been successful in the 1990s were to be recognized as public figures later on and were to be also included in historical accounts, whereas everybody else was ignored and forgotten. This article explores the profiles of those humanities and sciences professionals who, as part of a diverse group of advocates, initiated and contributed in earnest to the revival of national identity in ssr Moldova. It all started in the early days of Perestroika1, on the 10th of May 1987, when the Sovetskaya Moldavia newspaper published an article by Leonid Bulmaga and Ion Țurcanu. They were asking for a revision of some rarely or never mentioned periods of the ssr Moldova history as well as the rewriting and publication of a national handbook of history. Except for some reactions in July 1987, there was no follow-up to this initiative. Only in September 1988 a group of sixty-six intellectuals signed a letter of appeal for the revival of the Moldovan language, which is identical to the Romanian language. Very few of them were to draw any material profit from the disintegration of the ussr, which was to occur after a few years. Most of them faded into anonymity after 1991. One of them is Vlad Pohilă, a linguist with high professional and moral standards. In 1989 he had edited and published the first issues of the “Glasul” [The Voice] newspaper, which used Latin characters instead of the Russian alphabet imposed by ussr during World War Two. This article focuses on the extended group of advocates to which Vlad Pohilă belonged, a movement whose mission was to reinstate the Moldovan language and to recuperate those periods in national history which had been ignored in the post-war period.

Transformation of the Czech (or Czechoslovak) Economy

Analyzing the transformation of the Czech, or Czechoslovak, economy presents a multifaceted challenge. Initially, the analysis includes a concise introduction to the centrally planned economic system, exploring its operations, benefits, and the significant shortcomings that emerged prominently by the late 1980s. The Czechoslovak economy occupied a unique position among CoMECon countries, characterized by dual exports, minimal indebtedness, and a robust industrial foundation. The discussion of the transformation process begins within an international framework, noting that economic transformations have historically unfolded in diverse settings and have been marked by varying economic strategies. It is essential to recognize that the transformation of the Czechoslovak, or Czech, economy occurred against the backdrop of globalization and within the framework of the neoliberal doctrine, as articulated by the Washington Consensus. Key components of this transformation included the privatization and liberalization of the domestic economy and trade. These aspects receive significant attention and highlight that transformation marked a critical juncture in socio-economic development and established the trajectory for future growth. The decisions made in the early 1990s continue to exert influence over the Czech economy, affecting aspects such as the ownership structure and exchange rate settings. Overcoming these influences poses considerable challenges. The lessons from the transformation period extend beyond mere resignation to the outcomes of that era. They serve as vital insights, particularly in a context where it is evident that the model reliant on the influx of foreign capital has reached its limits and that the current international environment significantly differs from that of the 1990s.

Caring for herd animals in Isluga

Chapter 3 of the book Earth, Water, Fleece and Fabric, first published in 2002, is presented in this article. It is based on periods of fieldwork carried out between 1986 and the late 1990s. In the previous chapter of the book, it was suggested that camelid domestication arose from the taming of successive generations of animals as part of the daily practices of herding. Domestication was not a once and forall event in the distant past. The present article focuses on the thick description of Isluga people’s herding strategies duringthe 1980s and 1990s. Isluga is an Aymara community in the Chilean highlands, bordering with Bolivia. Caring for camelidsin this community constitutes a process whereby herders sustain and renew lasting relationships between human beingsand herd animals. Cycles of time and space are described in order to contextualisehow and where the herders look after their llamas, alpacas and sheep. All Souls Day marks the arrival of the rainy seasonand Carnival is the event which brings it to an end. The austral summer solstice occurs on the cusp between these two festivalsand coincides with the fiesta of St. Thomas. Isluga people call themselves the «children of Saint Thomas», in a tradition which is inscribed in the topography of their territory. The other season of the year is cold and dry. It is associated with the winds of St. James the Greater and St. Anthony of Padua.The annual cycle therefore unfolds in a calendar of saints’ days accompanied by atmospheric phenomena, which nurturethe pasture grounds. The herding activities take place in a volcanic landscape associatedwith land forms which are perceived to be animated and gendered. The earth is personified as the Wirjin Tayka or Pachamama and the hills as Uywiri. Isluga people engage with these beings on a daily basis. These land forms can serve as aviadores, «providers», associated with the fertility and wellbeing of camelids and sheeps. The composition of the herds of llamas and alpacas is analysed, as well as the classifications Isluga people make accordingto age and gender. Camelid nomenclature is based on the disposition of dark and light colours in the coat of llamas and alpacas. Isluga people use names for their camelids which are intimately related to birds and other beings in their surroundings.The dense description offered makes it possible to analyse the regenerative cycle of water, pasture and fleece in a comparative ethnography, in the light of themes developed in other parts of the book, from which this article has been extracted.

Social work education in Vietnam: the development, challenges and ongoing effort to indigenization in the past two decades

ABSTRACT Social work education is considered essential in developing the social work profession in Vietnam to set a foundation for the profession in the late 1980s. Since officially given a training code in 2004 and recognition of the professional status in 2010, the development of social work education has been significantly expanded in the number of training institutions and programs provided at various levels with only two schools providing undergraduate programs in 2003 to 35 in 2024, including 10 MSW and two PhD programs. After two decades of fast development, there have been considerable issues and challenges in maintaining the quality and professionalization of social work education. As an imported discipline, social work education depends on programs and resources from other countries. Hence, indigenization has become an increasing issue and challenge in Vietnam and other countries in the Global South. This paper presents the result of a short survey of 30 training institutions and an online questionnaire of 116 social work educators, practitioners, policymakers and social service managers. The paper examines the process of development, challenges and how to promote indigenous social work training programs to appropriately meet local needs and context and ensure regional and global standards.

Changes in the Attitudes of Slovenian Communist Leaders toward Yugoslav Statehood in the Late 1980s

Changes in the Attitudes of Slovenian Communist Leaders toward Yugoslav Statehood in the Late 1980s