Late 1980s Research Articles

Analysis of the Impacts of Coal Mining on Baseflow Changes Under the Budyko Framework: A Case Study of Northern Shaanxi, China

Coal mining alters the regional and local hydrogeological conditions and subsurface parameters, significantly impacting the hydrological cycle. Baseflow is particularly sensitive to changes in subsurface parameters and hydrogeological conditions. Therefore, studying the impact of coal mining on baseflow is crucial for understanding its effects on the water cycle. In this paper, 9 segmentation methods are used to separate the baseflow, after the applicability analysis, the Chapman-Maxwell and Boughton-Chapman separation methods were used. The Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests are employed to determine the mutation years of baseflow. Finally, within the Budyko framework, the elasticity coefficient is calculated to estimate the changes in baseflow attributed to variations in precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and underlying surface index. The results indicate that: (1) Based on the comparison of results and error analysis, we conclude that the Chapman-Maxwell separation method and the Boughton-Chapman separation method are the most suitable for the typical basins in the Shaanxi mining area. (2) During the study period, baseflow experienced a mutation in the late 1990s and showed an overall declining trend. (3) There is spatial heterogeneity in the influence of coal mining activities on baseflow, which has a negative impact. The change of base flow after mutation is -2.86×108 m3.

Subordinate conjunctions in illocutionary usage (abstract review)

The subject of the research in this article is subordinate conjunctions in the Russian language, such as "if", "once", "for now", "to" and others that are used in the illocutionary function. The peculiarity of these conjunctions is that they establish a relationship between the proposition of one predicative unit and the illocutionary component of the semantics of another predicative unit, transmitting additional meanings related to the target attitude of the utterance and the conditions of its success. In such constructions, one of the valences of the union can be implicitly expressed. This aspect of the use of subordinate unions was noted by T.A. Kolosova in the late 1970s and has since become an object of interest to a number of linguists, including E.V. Paducheva, L.N. Jordanskaya, V.Z. Sannikov and O.E. Pekelis. The present study is aimed at identifying the features of the illocutionary function of subordinate unions, as well as systematization and generalization of existing scientific data on this topic. The research uses methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive and interpretative methods, as well as system analysis, which allows us to identify the communicative and functional features of the studied unions. The novelty of this article lies in the fact that the author contributes to the systematization of knowledge about subordinate unions in their illocutionary function. In contrast to the traditional approach, in which conjunctions are considered primarily as means of communication between propositions, this study emphasizes their ability to influence the perception and interpretation of a statement. The work reveals three main functions of conjunctions in complex constructions: the expression of the illocutionary purpose of the utterance, compliance with the conditions of its success and justification of the speech act performed in the main sentence. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the contribution to the theory of complex sentences, communicative and functional linguistics, the syntax of the Russian language as a whole, as well as in the possibility of using its results in subsequent scientific research on the stated problems and in university courses on the syntax and stylistics of the modern Russian language.

The Politics of Displays: Science and Technology Exhibitions in Cold War Japan

ABSTRACT This article investigates how science and technology, especially nuclear energy and space travel, materialised as concrete things and were embedded into everyday life through exhibitions and three-dimensional experiences in Japan during the cold war. In the historical and geopolitical context of Japan in the late 1950s and 1960s, the United States (US)–Japan alliance required that American propaganda agencies such as the US Information Service (USIS) in Japan operate effectively. To this end, science and technology were embodied as specific materials by being reproduced and circulated as tactile objects through exhibitions and displayable models, which formed a desirable environment that involved not only aesthetically attractive designs but also the implicative meanings of the geopolitical dynamics of the time. In particular, the article scrutinises how several exhibitions displayed new materiality in the form of miniatures and models under a newly proposed and constructed techno-environment. It does so by analysing records of exhibitions, expositions, and three-dimensional models that were displayed in Japan in the late 1950s and 1960s.

VASYL STUS IN THE THEATER: FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ISSUE (1980s — 1990s)

The theatrical interpretation of the life and work of Vasyl Stus began in the late 1980s. Dozens of productions across various genres appeared during the period of accumulating and systematizing biographical and artistic material, as well as reinterpreting the figure of Stus. Interest in his personality is evidenced by the performances of both experienced directors and beginners. One of the key tasks of Stus studies is to trace the history of the theatrical experiences that bring Vasyl Stus’s creative life into focus. To model the perception and artistic interpretation of Stus’s personality, it is important to identify various forms of professional performances centered on Vasyl Stus’s life or based on his works, while considering the chronological order of their appearance. These forms include poetic compositions, dramatic compositions, plays, etc. The paper starts a project focusing on the outlined issues and highlights the theatrical productions from the late 1980s and the 1990s. Decades of theatrical exploration of Vasyl Stus’s creative personality represent not only a time of popularizing his works and integrating the poet’s name into the cultural sphere but also a period of directors’ and actors’ search for the potential — both poetic and existential — within Stus’s texts. The strength and significance of the poet’s legacy were proved by the following performances: the poetic composition “Vasyl Stus” (1988) by Volodymyr Kuchynskyi, the dramatic composition “The Bird of Soul” (1989) by Vitalii Sementsov, the musical and dramatic composition “Return” (1989) by Myroslav Hrynyshyn, the monologue “Go through a Hundred Scaffolds, a Man, Having Sight in a Heart” (1992) by Marharyta and Kyrylo Bulkins, the monologue “Damned Years” (1992—1993) by Volodymyr Smotrytel, the play on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of V. Stus’s birth (1998) by Dmytro Stus and Serhii Proskurnia.

Long-term coastal dynamics: The evolution of a mixed sediment mega-nourishment consisting of colliery spoil

Mega-nourishments, where large volumes of sediment are deposited on coastlines, are increasingly employed to manage shoreline erosion, yet our understanding of their long-term behaviour is limited by the fact that most current schemes are less than 15 years old. However, on the County Durham coast, 39 million m3 of coal spoil was tipped onto beaches between the late 1800s and 1993, acting as a de facto mixed sediment mega-nourishment. Our findings reveal key insights into the long-term dynamics of mega-nourishment schemes, including evidence of effective sediment dispersal around headlands into normally disconnected units of coast. Following cessation of tipping, shorelines retreated up to 12 m yr−1, with 150 m overall retreat in 12 years. Subsequently, retreat slowed but the present-day shoreline remains seaward of its 1860 position and is subject to ongoing coastal recession. We document significant fining of the deposited material in the years post deposition through abrasion and chemical breakdown. Furthermore, we show that the highest erosion rates now occur downdrift from the initial dump site, indicating that nourishment impacts migrate through time. These findings highlight the need for holistic and adaptive management approaches to mega-nourishment schemes, showing the behaviour of the nourishment to continually change in both location and magnitude as the system evolves. We demonstrate that mixed sediment mega-nourishments can be a cost-effective and durable solution to mitigate erosive losses, even in the absence of a planned approach to the location or composition of deposited sediment. Our results suggest that lessons from this historical intervention can inform the design and management of future mega-nourishment schemes, particularly in mixed sediment environments.

Esh-Shaheinab: The archetype of the Sudanese Neolithic, its premises and sequels.

Esh-Shaheinab is a landmark in the African Neolithic. This site gave the name Shaheinab Neolithic to the Neolithic period in central Sudan, becoming its archetype. Excavated in the late 1940s by A.J. Arkell, it bears witness to the processes of domestic animal introduction from the Middle East into North and East Africa. Its excavation also uncovered the remains of an earlier Mesolithic or Early Khartoum (ca. ninth-sixth millennia BC) and a Late Neolithic occupation (ca. fourth millennium BC), providing essential insights into the Neolithic's premises and sequels. Although the influence of Esh-Shaheinab has been recognized for more than seventy years, our knowledge of its material culture has remained as it was then. In 2001, one of the present authors (EAAG) had permission to restudy the ceramic collection at the National Museum in Khartoum and subsequently export samples for laboratory analyses. Here, for the first time, we provide a multi-scale analysis of the Esh-Shaheinab ceramic material from the Early Khartoum to the Late Neolithic periods by integrating the chaîne opératoire approach into the local landscape. By combining the results of macroscopic and microscopic analyses, we performed petrographic investigations on the composition and manufacturing technology of the ceramic pastes using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). Organic residue analysis (ORA) was also carried out, to provide information on diet, vessel use, and subsistence practices. The results of our combined analyses showed that the inhabitants of Esh-Shaheinab developed an adaptation specific to the ecological niche they inhabited. They lived in the western valley of the Nile, which was narrower and offered different environmental conditions than the eastern bank. This resulted in partial continuity in manufacturing traditions and ceramic recipes, including more mixed wadi materials and a strong emphasis on wild meat consumption as the narrower alluvial plain restricted animal herding.

Framing HIV and AIDS in competitive authoritarian democracies. Case study of the print press in Mozambique, 1986–2020

Mozambique has the sixth highest prevalence of HIV in the world and ranks fourth in new infections. The government-owned print press Notícias has played an important role in the social construction of HIV and AIDS in the country as it was entrusted with the role of disseminating HIV and AIDS information to the public since the outbreak of the pandemic in the country in 1986. Using Notícias’ articles and frame analysis perspective, the article analyses the way Notícias has framed HIV and AIDS in the country since the late 1980s. The choice of media results from the fact that the way a phenomenon is constructed influences the way it is understood, as well as the way people may behave before it. The study found that Notícias’ frames on HIV and AIDS have suffered from a threefold tension: the need to maintain the Frelimo government’s former centralised and grassroots-orientated socialist ideology of health services in the context of the liberal market; the need to balance the influence of the global multilateral and bilateral actors and the Frelimo government’s political interest of translating HIV and AIDS response to the Mozambican context; and the need to portray a nationalist and positive image of the government’s performance in HIV and AIDS response before Mozambique’s non-fully plausible societal practices for an effective HIV and AIDS response. In a top-down approach, Notícias’ frames reflect not only the African post-independence ancillary and nationalist role of government-owned print press but also the power of global actors. Less is done from the societal bottom-up perspective.

한국어 중급 교재의 대화문에 나타난 대인적 기능의 실현 양상 분석

Objectives This study aimed to analyze the realization patterns of interpersonal functions in dialogues of inter-mediate Korean language textbooks from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Methods This study analyzed the interpersonal functions and their realization patterns in dialogues from Korean intermediate integrated textbooks published in the late 2000s. By establishing two main analytical categories—mood system and mood metaphor—and conducting distribution and realization pattern analyses for each cat-egory, we explored the linguistic characteristics of textbook dialogues from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Results In the textbook dialogues, declarative sentences were most frequent, followed by interrogative, imper-ative, and suggestive sentences. For honorific forms, the combination of ‘하십시오체+해요체’ was most common, followed by ‘해라체+해체’, with the ‘하게체’ being least frequent. For mood metaphors, interrogative forms func-tioning as statements or commands were most frequently observed. Conclusions The study confirmed that the analyzed Korean textbook dialogues accurately reflect the language us-age patterns of native Korean speakers, and demonstrated the effectiveness of the Systemic Functional Linguistics approach in textbook analysis.

Validation of degree day threshold for Delia platura first emergence in New York State

Seedcorn maggot (Delia platura) is a globally distributed agricultural pest that feeds on the germinating seeds of economically important crops, including corn and beans. The larvae cause underground damage, which can lead to stand loss. For decades, D. platura has been managed using insecticide-coated seeds, but following the ban on neonicotinoid-coated corn, soy, and wheat seeds in New York State, this practice will no longer be available. Degree day models have been used to predict the emergence of the overwintering generation of agricultural pests since the late 1900s. However, the terminology used in the literature to distinguish degree day thresholds for first emergence and peak emergence is unclear, and previous reports of a 360 degree day emergence threshold did not align with field observations. In 2023, we captured the first emergence at four sites, and in 2024, we monitored adult D. platura at 25 sites in New York State. We observed the first adult emergence between 52 and 197 accumulated degree days (98 ± 7 degree days, mean ± 1 SE) using a biofix of January 1st, confirming that in New York State, D. platura emergence is earlier than previously reported values. Additionally, we note adult activity during December 2023 and January 2024, suggesting that warming winters may impact our ability to predict pest emergence. We propose future models should incorporate both degree day information and other regionally specific factors known to impact pests, including farm management, soil conditions, and landscape composition, for more accurate predictions.

Current Trends in the Treatment of Pediatric Hydrocephalus: A Narrative Review Centered on the Indications, Safety, Efficacy, and Long-Term Outcomes of Available Treatment Modalities

The pathophysiologic substrate of pediatric hydrocephalus has not been thoroughly elucidated. Valve-based shunt systems have constituted the main therapeutic option since the late 1950s. The initially used systems were concerning the ventricular system and the atrium. In the 1970s, VA shunts were not the main stay of treatment as the preferred option for the terminal end of the drainage system was the peritoneum. Our review analyzes these valve types and attempts a comparison, based on their functional characteristics. Nowadays, the only available surgical alternative for the treatment of hydrocephalus is ETV. This technique is associated with lower infection rates as well as, on average, a lower re-operation rate. Another term that deserves special mention is related to the outcome of ETV in children who had a medical history of previously incorporated shunts and who were subsequently suffering from shunt malfunction. Well-recognized predictive factors associated with secondary ETV failure include age, early onset of hydrocephalus, and prematurity. Although several attempts have been made in order to establish the optimum surgical treatment management in the different subgroups of patientswho are suffering from shunt dysfunction, there is no universal agreement. Therefore, this review attempts to identify the specific subpopulations of patients in whom the insertion of a drainage system as the preferred treatment modality is associated with an optimum long-term prognosis, compared to ETV, and vice versa. The objective of our study is to analyze the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of drainage devices and ETV in pediatric hydrocephalus patients.

Dust over water: Analyzing the impact of lake desiccation on dust storms on the Iranian Plateau

The desiccation of lakes on the Iranian Plateau, driven by both natural processes and anthropogenic activities, has led to significant land cover changes, exposing lake beds and triggering adverse environmental consequences. These transformations pose serious threats to ecological conditions and the provision of ecosystem services. This study investigates the potential links between lake desiccation and the occurrence of dust storms across major lakes on the Iranian Plateau. By utilizing remote sensing data and time series statistical analysis, including the Mann-Kendall test, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression, and frequency analysis, we assessed changes in lake extent and their effects on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Particular Matter (PM2.5) from 1985 to 2020. An analysis of Landsat imagery reveals that lake desiccation commenced in the late 1990s, exhibiting a marked downward trend that has intensified in recent years. The results show a significant inverse correlation between aerosol parameters (AOD and PM2.5) and lake extent. Reduced lake area is associated with elevated AOD and PM2.5 concentrations, with the highest aerosol levels observed when lakes reach their smallest extent. Notably, despite an 81 % reduction in the lake area, dust storm occurrences have increased by 20%. These findings highlight the critical role of lake desiccation in exacerbating dust storms in the surrounding regions. Furthermore, the temporal alignment between fluctuations in lake extent and dust storm frequency is validated through regression analysis with a 95 % confidence level. The consistency between our results and existing literature underscores the reliability of the observed relationship, emphasizing the urgent need to address the environmental consequences of lake desiccation to mitigate its broader ecological impacts and potential human health impacts.Graphical Abstract

Forging Ethno-Nationalism in Tigray (1943–1975)

ABSTRACT In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Ethiopia’s Tigrayan elites harbored deep-seated resentments toward the Shewa Amhara ruling class, mainly driven by the suppression of the 1943 Tigrayan peasant rebellion. These resentments catalyzed the rise of ethnonational consciousness within Tigray, manifested through deliberate attempts to undermine Ethiopian culture, tradition, and heritage with a paradoxical ownership claim of Abyssinian history. Tigray’s pivotal role as the nucleus of the Aksumite civilization within the broader Abyssinian context is palpable memory. This civilization extended across territories such as Eritrea and Amhara, encompassing various less-visible groups. Tigrayans featured prominently in the Solomonic Dynasty, stretching from the legendary Queen of Sheba to the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution that toppled Emperor Haile Selassie (r. 1930–1974). Before the advent of Italian imperialism in Eritrea and the Southward expansion of Menelik II (r. 1889–1913), the Tigrigna-speaking regions, along with the Amhara, had served as the epicenter of the Abyssinian politics and cultural sphere. This paper scrutinizes the emergence of Tigrayan ethno-nationalism amid the Marxist Revolution, juxtaposing it against entrenched Ethiopian values. It also highlights the historical significance of Welkait (a generic term used to refer to an area west of river Tekezé that includes Welkait itself, Telemt, Teg,edé, and Humera) and Raya – areas annexed by the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) in 1991 and still in contention. The author offers an all-encompassing analysis, incorporating a wealth of secondary and primary historical sources, including archives, chronicles, inscriptions, memoirs, traveler accounts, and oral narratives.

Alkalinity sources in the Dutch Wadden Sea

Abstract. Total alkalinity (TA) is an important chemical property that plays a decisive role in the oceanic buffering capacity with respect to CO2. TA is mainly generated by weathering on land as well as by various anaerobic metabolic processes in the water and sediments. The Wadden Sea, located in the southern North Sea, is hypothesized to be a source of TA for the North Sea, but quantifications are scarce. This study shows observations of TA, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and nutrients in the Dutch Wadden Sea in May 2019. Surface samples were taken along several transects in order to investigate spatial distribution patterns and compare them with data from the late 1980s. A tidal cycle was sampled to further shed light on TA generation and potential TA sources. We identified the Dutch Wadden Sea as a source of TA and estimated an export of 6.6 Mmol TA per tide to the North Sea. TA was generated in the sediments, with deep pore water flow during low tide enriching the surface water. A combination of anaerobic processes and CaCO3 dissolution were potential TA sources in the sediments. We deduce that seasonality and the associated nitrate availability specifically influence TA generation by denitrification, which is low in spring and summer.

A multi-proxy stalagmite record indicates a shift in forcing of twentieth century drought events in Normandy

Drought events are increasingly impacting Europe. The study of past droughts helps disentangle the different factors that trigger hydrological drought, helping to forecast future drought severity. Here we identify the historical drought events of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in geochemical records of a stalagmite from Caumont cave in Northern France and develop a mechanistic understanding of their root causes. Subannually-resolved stable carbon isotope (δ13C) and trace element data are directly compared with historical climatic records. δ13C, Mg, and Sr peaks align well with most of the historical drought events of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The comparison reveals a good correspondence between summer effective rainfall and δ13C, Mg, and Sr concentrations. Further comparison of geochemical records with the precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) reveals a change in the drought forcings for the past two decades. During most of the twentieth century, droughts appear driven by a pluvial regime, whereas since the late 1990s, drought was driven by higher evapotranspiration due to increased temperature.

THE FIRST CENTURY OF KIROV TRACTORS

In 2024, it will be one hundred years since the start of serial production of the Fordson-Putilovets tractor at the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad. This event marks the formation of the tractor industry in the domestic engineering industry. The history of tractor production at the plant is rich in events that are significant for our country. In 1934, for the first time in the USSR, serial production of Universal row crop tractors was established here. In the late 1930s, tracked row crop tractors K-8, K-9, K-10 were created. In 1945, the Kirov Plant, located during the war in Chelyabinsk at ChTZ, created and mastered the serial production of the first industrial caterpillar tractor in our country "Stalinets-80". In 1947, the Kirov plant began to produce KT-12 skidders, which had no analogues in the world tractor industry. In 1964, the plant mastered the production of the Kirovets tractor with all drive wheels and an articulated frame with a capacity of 200 hp. Over the past sixty years (1964-2024), 52 models of Kirovets agricultural tractors have been developed and put into production. In the "Soviet" period from 1964 to 1991, 4 models of new Kirovets tractors were put into production, and in the "Russian" period from 1992 to the present - 48. The intensity of implementation has increased approximately tenfold, which indicates the increased activity of design and technological services in a market economy. Analysis of the energy saturation of tractors shows its increase by 1.5 times from 12.3 to 18.6 W/kg. Starting from 2000, Kirovets began to develop within the framework of the "traction-energy" concept, when ballast weights, double wheels, wide-profile tires, rubber-cord tracks, etc. are used to realize their potential traction capabilities. With the further growth of energy saturation, and this is an integral part of technical progress, it is necessary to search for new solutions in terms of realizing the power of the tractor in agricultural operations. From 1964 to 2024, specific fuel consumption decreased by 1.2 times (from 258 to 214 g/kWh), which indicates the improvement of diesel engines. The new Kirovets K 525T (250 hp) and K-530T (300 hp) produced in 2024 absorbed all the achievements of the domestic tractor industry. The K-525T is equipped with a new gearbox that provides speeds of up to 50 km/h. A modern tractor of the Kirovets brand manufactured by PTZ carries in its design all the achievements of scientific and technical progress, effectively performs technological operations in agricultural production and provides comfortable working conditions for the tractor driver.

Forest History Association of Wisconsin

The Enterprise Radiation Forest (ERF) study was initially introduced as a topic of discussion at the Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA, USFS, in the late 1960s. During that period, a program was endorsed for investigating the impacts of radiation on the forest ecosystem. The rationale for this was to facilitate the prediction of potential outcomes in the occurrence of a nuclear disaster. The research location was situated within the forested lands in Enterprise of Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The radiation source in question was a 10,000 curie source of Cesium-137, characterized by a halflife of 33 years. Furthermore, a study concerning lichens was also carried out, the data, photographs, and micrographs were meticulously gathered to illustrate the pre-irradiation activity of the species. This subject holds significant value for dissemination among peers in the scientific community, particularly considering the resilience exhibited by natural ecosystems in response to varying levels of radiation. The information is reviewed with the objective of the entire program to ascertain the potential consequences for a northern forest ecosystem in the event of a nuclear disaster, in addition to the two publications from the Atomic Energy Commission.

“Twists and Turns”: Chief Leabua Jonathan and Cross-Border Collaborations with South Africa, 1965–1976/7

Chief Leabua Jonathan’s term as prime minister of Lesotho (then Basutoland) began in 1965, the year before the nation’s independence from Britain. During his tenure, he remained one of the few regional leaders whose leadership until the end of his term in 1976/7 was marked by a pattern of inconsistency and contradiction towards apartheid South Africa. This article attempts to illuminate the nexus between his relationship with South Africa and the consequences thereof. Furthermore, it discusses how the mid-1960s and late 1970s became a crucial period for his leadership. His prime ministership and the “twists and turns” in his foreign policy vis-à-vis South Africa are discussed. Here the diplomatic role he played within the ambit of “small states theory” and his country’s foreign policy is investigated. The article shows how under Jonathan, state politics and regional cross-border struggles and collaborations led to disputes regarding the sovereignty of Lesotho.

Time trends in mortality, incidence and case-fatality of acute myocardial infarction in Norway - do we see the end of the coronary heart disease epidemic?

Abstract Background In Norway and most industrialized countries the mortality rates from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) increased after World War II, peaked in the 1960s – 1970s, and have since that time declined (Figure). Recent studies have suggested that the decline may have leveled off, and that the favourable trends do not include younger age groups, possibly due obesity and diabetes. Also, the relative contribution of a reduction in incidence and improved case-fatality rates (CFR) to the AMI mortality trends are not known with certainty. We examined mortality trends of AMI in Norway during 1951 – 2021, and the incidence and CFR of hospitalized and non-hospitalized AMI during 2013-2021. Methods Fatal AMI cases were identified in the National Causes of Death Registry. Norwegian hospitals are required by law to register all patients hospitalized for AMI in the Norwegian AMI Registry. Hospitalized cases not registered in the AMI registry were retrieved from the Norwegian Patient Registry which contains discharge diagnoses for hospitalized patients. The national unique 11-digit identification number allowed linkage of the registries and identification of transfers between hospitals and re-hospitalizations. An AMI (either hospitalization or death) was classified as incident if no hospitalization was found for that individual during the previous 5 years. We calculated age-adjusted rates with the Norwegian population in 2017 as standard. Results Norwegian AMI mortality rates increased from 1951, peaked in the late 1960s, and have since that time declined steadily, although steeper after around 1990 (Figure). Present AMI mortality rates are lower than in the 1950s, and are still declining. Incidence of AMI (hospitalized and non-hospitalized) fell from 391/100 000 in 2013 to 271/100 000 in 2021, corresponding to a mean reduction of 3.6 % per year (p<0.001). Incidence of out-of-hospital fatal AMI fell by 6.5 % per year, incidence of hospitalized ST-segment elevation AMI (STEMI) fell by 2.3 % per year, and incidence of non-ST-segment elevation AMI (NSTEMI) fell by 3.1 % per year (all p<0.001). 30-days CFR of hospitalized and non-hospitalized AMI fell from 21.3 % in 2013 to 17.5 % (3.6 % per year; p<0.001). CFR after NSTEMI fell from 8.2 % in 2013 to 6.4 % in 2021 (4.4 % per year; p<0.001), whereas there was no significant change in CFR after STEMI (13.3 % in 2013 and 12.0 % in 2021). The incidence and CFR trends were similar in men and women aged 20-49, 50-79 and 80+ years. Comments Declining incidence of out-of-hospital fatal AMI and declining incidence of hospitalized STEMI and NSTEMI were major contributors to the declining AMI mortality rates in Norway. Improved case-fatality rates among hospitalized patients have contributed to the declining mortality rates, but there was no improvement in case-fatality in STEMI during 2013-2021.

HOTEL MODERNO, UMA MÁQUINA DE HOSPEDAR

This paper aims to produce a theoretical essay about the modern hotel from a historical and critical perspective, seeking to broaden knowledge about the mutation of this architectural typology in the context of the development of mass tourism, hypothesizing that hotels are "lodging machines". This is a conceptual discussion aimed at fostering and subsidizing the debate on hotels built between the late 1940s and the 1970s, in the context of the Modern Movement. To this end, he recalls the semantic and typological antecedents of the hotel and discusses how the social practices of mass tourism and the role of the state were reflected and reproduced in the mechanisms of modern hotels. Then, it presents aspects relating to the formal and functional typologies that support the idea that the modern hotel is a lodging machine, emphasizing some characteristics that express its architectural modernity. Finally, it highlights the historical and heritage relevance of modern hotels and the importance of documentation for intervention and conservation of this collection as material witnesses of modern architecture and mass tourism. Keywords: Hotel, Lodging Establishments, Modern Architecture, Mass Tourism, Architectural Typology.

From petroleum to power sources: Big Oil and the technopolitics of energy conversion

ABSTRACT This paper explores spillover into advanced energy conversion technologies as an oil industry response to US energy and environmental policies from the last third of the twentieth century. These policies initiated the ‘quasi-planned’ renovation of energy infrastructure through an uncoordinated mixture of regulation and innovation/industrial stimulus intended to develop all forms of primary energy and the technologies that could efficiently and cleanly convert that energy. Influenced by this sweeping public policy objective as well as the global consumer electronic industry’s increasing demand for petroleum-derived inputs from the late 1970s, Western oil interests doing business in the US engaged the technoscience of advanced energy conversion. Big Oil researched, developed, and in some cases manufactured materials and components associated with power sources including fuel cells, galvanic batteries, and photovoltaic arrays in projects that illustrate the affinities and antagonisms between enterprises of naturally stored primary energy, energy conversion, and flows and carriers of energy. Case studies of Big Oil’s involvement with these technologies illustrate how public policies supporting all-of-the-above energy and energy conversion limited the extent of oil spillover into advanced energy conversion systems and complicated the transition to a fossil fuel-free future.