Laser Short-pulse Heating Research Articles

Влияние добавок карбида и борида вольфрама на структуру и микротвердость эквиатомного CrFeNi-покрытия, сформированного короткоимпульсной лазерной наплавкой

A coating based on a single-phase medium-entropy CrFeNi alloy with a face centered cubic structure has good ductility, relatively high anti-corrosion properties, low cost, but insufficient strength for its widespread use. It is assumed that adding strengthening particles in the form of tungsten carbides and borides to the CrFeNi equiatomic coating will lead to an increase in its mechanical properties. This work studies the influence of tungsten carbide and boride additives on the structure and microhardness of a CrFeNi equiatomic coating. The coatings were formed by layer-by-layer short-pulse laser cladding with preplaced powder on a multifunctional laser installation equipped with a solid-state laser with a lamp pump based on an Nd:YAG crystal. The change in phase composition when adding strengthening particles was detected using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both methods confirmed the precipitation of Cr23C6 chromium carbide in the deposited coatings. TEM photographs indicate that the precipitated phase is distributed along the grain boundaries of the -solid solution. The study found that the addition of 6 wt. % WC and 3 wt. % WB increases the level of microhardness of the CrFeNi coating by 26 % (from 340±6 to 430±12 HV 0.025). This occurs due to the presence of Cr23C6, WC particles in the structure and possible microdistortions of the crystal lattice of the -phase as a result of doping with tungsten atoms released during the dissolution of tungsten borides and carbides in the process of high-temperature short-pulse laser heating.

Impact of laser short-pulse heating and variable thermal conductivity on photo-elasto-thermodiffusion waves of fractional heat excited semiconductor

The influence of laser short-pulse heating is utilized to investigate an elastic-mechanical-thermodiffusion (EMTD) model. The model is studied when the holes/electrons interaction of semiconductor medium is occurred with a fractional derivative of the heat equation. The governing equations describing this model are very complex, so they are studied in one dimension (1D) when the considered physical quantities are in a non-dimensional. In this case, the thermoelastic deformation (TD) due to the electronic deformation (ED) with some initial conditions is considered. Laplace transforms are used to analyze the governing equations mathematically when the thermal conductivity is variable. To obtain the complete solutions, the inverse Laplace transforms are used numerically based on the Fourier series with the application of some boundary conditions. Several comparisons of the wave propagation distribution of the fundamental fields are presented graphically according to different values of the fractional parameter, memories parameters, and thermal conductivity with discussion.

Analytical and numerical analysis of time fractional dual-phase-lag heat conduction during short-pulse laser heating

In this study, we analytically and numerically investigate the non-Fourier heat conduction behavior within a finite medium based on the time fractional dual-phase-lag model. Firstly, the time fractional dual-phase-lag model and the corresponding fractional heat conduction equation for short-pulse laser heating is built. Laplace and Fourier cosine transforms are performed to derive the semi-analytical expression of temperature distribution in the Laplace domain. Then, by the L1 approximation for the Caputo derivative, the finite difference algorithm is developed for the short-pulse laser heating problem. The solvability, stability, and convergence of this algorithm are also examined. Meanwhile, the efficiency and accuracy of this method have been verified by using three numerical examples. Finally, based on numerical analysis, we study the non-Fourier heat conduction behavior and discuss the effect of variability of parameters, such as fractional parameter and the ratio between the relaxation and retardation times, on the temperature distribution graphically. We believe that this analysis, besides benefiting the laser heating applications, will also provide a deep theoretical insight to interpret the anomalous heat transport process.

Investigations on the thermal behavior and associated thermal stresses for short pulse laser heating

The fractional type Cattaneo heat conduction equation and the associated thermal stress equation are established for studying the thermal and related stress behavior of the short pulse laser heating. With the Laplace transform method, the analytical solution of the temperature distribution and thermal stress field are derived. Compared to the classical Fourier heat transfer model and the standard C-V one, the results of the present model show the thermal diffusion feature as well as the thermal wave behaviour, which is more realistic. Furthermore, the influences of the fractional order parameter on the thermal and related stress behavior are discussed. The thermal velocity, thermal variation rate and the peak value of the temperature and the thermal stress depend on the fractional order parameter. The fractional type Cattaneo heat model and associated thermal stress exhibit the non-local nature.

Space–time Galerkin methods for simulation of laser heating using the generalized nonlinear model

The generalized thermal model is a thermodynamically consistent extension of the classical Fourier’s law for describing thermal energy transportation which is very relevant to applications involving very small length, time scales and/or at extremely low temperatures. Under such conditions, thermal propagation has been observed to manifest as waves, a phenomenon widely referred to as second sound effect. However, this is in contrast to the paradoxical prediction of the Fourier’s model that thermal disturbances propagate with infinite speed. In this work, we review the nonlinear model based on the theory of Green and Naghdi for thermal conduction in rigid bodies and present its implementation within a class of space–time methods. The unconditional stability of the time-discontinuous Galerkin method without restriction over the grid structure of the space–time domain is proved. We also perform a number of numerical experiments to study the convergence properties and analyze the thermal response of materials under short-pulsed laser heating in two space dimensions.

Hot Electron Thermoreflectance Coefficient of Gold during Electron–Phonon Nonequilibrium

The temperature-dependent reflectivity of metals is quantified by the thermoreflectance coefficient, which is a material-dependent parameter that depends on the metallic band structure, electron scattering dynamics, and photon wavelength. After short-pulse laser heating, the electronic subsystem in a metal can be driven to temperatures much higher than that of the lattice, which gives rise to unique nonequilibrium electron and phonon scattering dynamics, leading to a “hot electron” thermoreflectance that is different from the traditionally measured equilibrium coefficient. In this work, we analytically quantify and experimentally measure this hot electron thermoreflectance coefficient through ultrafast pump–probe measurements of thin gold films on silica glass and sapphire substrates. We demonstrate the ability to not only quantify the thermoreflectance during electron–phonon nonequilibrium but also validate this coefficient’s predicted dependence on the absolute temperature of the electronic subsystem. T...

Phonon transport in a curved aluminum thin film due to laser short pulse irradiation

Laser short-pulse heating of a curved aluminum thin film is investigated. The Boltzmann transport equation is incorporated to formulate the heating situation. A Gaussian laser intensity distribution is considered along the film arc and time exponentially decaying of pulse intensity is incorporated in the analysis. The governing equations of energy transport in the electron and lattice sub-systems are coupled through the electron-phonon coupling parameter. To quantify the phonon intensity distribution in the thin film, equivalent equilibrium temperature is introduced, which is associated with the average energy of all phonons around a local point when the phonon energies are redistributed adiabatically to an equilibrium state. It is found the numerical simulations that electron temperature follows similar trend to the spatial distribution of the laser pulse intensity at the film edge. Temporal variation of electron temperature does not follow the laser pulse intensity distribution. The rise of temperature in the electron sub-system is fast while it remains slow in the lattice sub-system.

Experimental evidence for short-pulse laser heating of solid-density target to high bulk temperatures

Heating efficiently solid-density, or even compressed, matter has been a long-sought goal in order to allow investigation of the properties of such state of matter of interest for various domains, e.g. astrophysics. High-power lasers, pinches, and more recently Free-Electron-Lasers (FELs) have been used in this respect. Here we show that by using the high-power, high-contrast “PEARL” laser (Institute of Applied Physics-Russian Academy of Science, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) delivering 7.5 J in a 60 fs laser pulse, such coupling can be efficiently obtained, resulting in heating of a slab of solid-density Al of 0.8 µm thickness at a temperature of 300 eV, and with minimal density gradients. The characterization of the target heating is achieved combining X-ray spectrometry and measurement of the protons accelerated from the Al slab. The measured heating conditions are consistent with a three-temperatures model that simulates resistive and collisional heating of the bulk induced by the hot electrons. Such effective laser energy deposition is achieved owing to the intrinsic high contrast of the laser which results from the Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification technology it is based on, allowing to attain high target temperatures in a very compact manner, e.g. in comparison with large-scale FEL facilities.

One-dimensional thermoelastic problem of a laser pulse under fractional order equation of motion

In this work, we study the thermoelastic properties of an isotropic and homogeneous one-dimensional semi-infinite elastic medium subjected to a laser short-pulse heating with time exponentially decaying pulse type in light of the new theory of fractional order strain thermoelasticity. The solution for temperature, stress, and strain distribution functions has been obtained in the Laplace domain. To obtain the different inverse field functions numerically we used a complex inversion formula of Laplace transform based on a Fourier expansion. The effects of different parameters, namely, the pulse intensity, time, fractional order, and relaxation time on the thermodynamical temperature, stress, and on the strain distribution, are presented graphically.

Short-pulse laser formation of monatomic metallic glass in tantalum nanowire

The short-pulse laser heating of a tantalum nanowire is simulated by a hybrid method coupling the two-temperature model into the molecular dynamics. It is shown that the monatomic metallic glasses can be formed by short-pulse lasers. The critical cooling rate for vitrifying the pure metallic liquids in tantalum nanowire is estimated to be on the order of 1013 K s−1. Further simulations with different laser parameters and heated spot size are performed, demonstrating that the short-pulse laser quenching is a robust and promising alternative to the vitrification of monatomic metallic liquids into glassy state.

Function estimation of laser-induced heat generation in a gas-saturated powder layer heated by a short-pulsed laser

In this study, an inverse algorithm based on the conjugate gradient method and the discrepancy principle is applied to solve the inverse heat conduction problem with a dual-phase-lag equation for estimating the unknown space- and time-dependent laser-induced heat generation in a gas-saturated porous medium exposed to short-pulse laser heating from the temperature measurements taken within the medium. Subsequently, the powder particle temperature distributions in the porous medium can be determined as well. The temperature data obtained from the direct problem are used to simulate the temperature measurements. The effect of measurement errors on the estimation accuracy is also investigated. The inverse solutions are justified based on the numerical experiments in which two different forms of heat generation are estimated. Results show that the unknown laser-induced heat generation can be predicted precisely by using the present approach for the test cases considered in this study.

Energy Transport across the Thin Films Pair with Presence of Minute Vacuum Gap at Interface

Abstract Cross-plane energy transport in aluminum and silicon films pair with presence of minute vacuum gap in between them is investigated. Laser short-pulse heating is introduced in the aluminum film and energy transfer in the films pair is formulated using the Boltzmann equation. Energy exchange between the electron and lattice subsystems is expressed in terms of the electron–phonon coupling. The vacuum gap size is considered to be less than the mean-free path silicon and the Casimir limit is applied to incorporate the thermal radiation contribution to the overall energy transport across the vacuum gap. It is found that ballistic phonon contribution to energy transfer across the vacuum gap is significant and the contribution of the thermal radiation, due to Casimir limit, to energy transfer is small. The vacuum gap size has significant effect on the energy transfer from aluminum film to the silicon film; in which case, increasing vacuum gap size enhances temperature difference across the interface of the vacuum gap.

Ballistic phonon and thermal radiation transport across a minute vacuum gap in between aluminum and silicon thin films: Effect of laser repetitive pulses on transport characteristics

Short-pulse laser heating of aluminum and silicon thin films pair with presence of a minute vacuum gap in between them is considered and energy transfer across the thin films pair is predicted. The frequency dependent Boltzmann equation is used to predict the phonon intensity distribution along the films pair for three cycles of the repetitive short-pulse laser irradiation on the aluminum film surface. Since the gap size considered is within the Casimir limit, thermal radiation and ballistic phonon contributions to energy transfer across the vacuum gap is incorporated. The laser irradiated field is formulated in line with the Lambert's Beer law and it is considered as the volumetric source in the governing equations of energy transport. In order to assess the phonon intensity distribution in the films pair, equivalent equilibrium temperature is introduced. It is demonstrated that thermal separation of electron and lattice sub-systems in the aluminum film, due to the short-pulse laser irradiation, takes place and electron temperature remains high in the aluminum film while equivalent equilibrium temperature for phonons decays sharply in the close region of the aluminum film interface. This behavior is attributed to the phonon boundary scattering at the interface and the ballistic phonon transfer to the silicon film across the vacuum gap. Energy transfer due to the ballistic phonon contribution is significantly higher than that of the thermal radiation across the vacuum gap.

The first data from the Orion laser: measurements of the spectrum of hot dense aluminium

The newly commissioned Orion laser system has been used to study dense plasmas created by a combination of short pulse laser heating and compression by laser driven shocks. Thus the plasma density was systematically varied between 1 and 10g/cc by using aluminium samples buried in plastic foils or diamond sheets. The aluminium was heated to electron temperatures between 500eV and 700eV allowing the plasma conditions to be diagnosed by K- shell emission spectroscopy. The K-shell spectra show the effect of the ionization potential depression as a function of density via the delocalization of n=3 levels and disappearance of n=3 transitions in He-like and H-like aluminium. The data are compared to simulated spectra, which account for the change in the ionization potential by the commonly used Stewart and Pyatt prescription; a simple ion sphere model and an alternative due to Ecker and Kroll suggested by recent X-ray free-electron laser experiments. The experimental data are in reasonable agreement with the model of Stewart and Pyatt, but are in better agreement with a simple ion sphere model. The data indicate that the Ecker and Kröll model overestimates substantially the ionization potential depression in this regime.

Non-equilibrium energy transport and entropy production due to laser short-pulse irradiation

Laser short-pulse heating of a nano-size wire is considered and entropy generation rate is predicted during the heating pulse. The analytical solution of the heat equation is obtained using the Lie point symmetry for the laser short-pulse heating. The nano-size wire is assumed to be symmetric along its y-axis. Laser pulse intensity is considered to be Gaussian at the irradiated surface while the exponential decay of the laser pulse is incorporated in the time domain. It is found that surface temperature variation in the lattice subsystem almost follows the laser pulse intensity distribution at the surface. Entropy generation rate attains low values along the symmetry axis and it increases considerably in the region of the nano-size wire edges. This behavior is associated with the temperature gradient, which attains high values in the region close to the nano-size wire edge.

Transient thermal and nonthermal electron and phonon relaxation after short-pulsed laser heating of metals

Several dynamic thermal and nonthermal scattering processes affect ultrafast heat transfer in metals after short-pulsed laser heating. Even with decades of measurements of electron-phonon relaxation, the role of thermal vs. nonthermal electron and phonon scattering on overall electron energy transfer to the phonons remains unclear. In this work, we derive an analytical expression for the electron-phonon coupling factor in a metal that includes contributions from equilibrium and nonequilibrium distributions of electrons. While the contribution from the nonthermal electrons to electron-phonon coupling is non-negligible, the increase in the electron relaxation rates with increasing laser fluence measured by thermoreflectance techniques cannot be accounted for by only considering electron-phonon relaxations. We conclude that electron-electron scattering along with electron-phonon scattering have to be considered simultaneously to correctly predict the transient nature of electron relaxation during and after short-pulsed heating of metals at elevated electron temperatures. Furthermore, for high electron temperature perturbations achieved at high absorbed laser fluences, we show good agreement between our model, which accounts for d-band excitations, and previous experimental data. Our model can be extended to other free electron metals with the knowledge of the density of states of electrons in the metals and considering electronic excitations from non-Fermi surface states.

Simulation Study of Pulse Laser Quality Effects on Recording Performances of Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording by Short-Pulse Laser Heating

In heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), a higher recording density is pursued. Short-pulse laser heating is a good way to improve the thermal distribution in the media and to reach the full potential of recording density for the HAMR technology. In this paper, the effects of short-pulse laser qualities, such as pulse frequency deviation, pulse power deviation, and pulsewidth deviation, on recording performances for the HAMR with 100 ps pulse laser heating have been analyzed by simulation. The results indicated that the frequency jitter has the most significant effect on the recording performance among these three parameters. The decreases of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for 6% deviations of pulse frequency, pulse power, and pulsewidth are 5, 2, and 1.5 dB, respectively. A certain degree phase delay of pulse laser related to magnetic field switching time is beneficial to reducing the effect of pulse frequency deviation on SNR. When the phase delay changes from 0° to 180°, an SNR improvement of $\sim 2$ dB is obtained. The measurement result of a real laser diode output (pulsewidth of 97 ps and pulse frequency of 2 GHz) by gain-switching technology presents a very low frequency deviation (<0.5%). It indicates that the gain-switching technology is a suitable approach for a short-pulse laser generation for the HAMR application.

4–5 Tb/in$^{{{2}}}$ Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording by Short-Pulse Laser Heating

Due to poor thermal performance of media, it is difficult for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) to achieve densities greater than 3 Tb/in $^{ { {2}}}$ for continuous-wave laser heating. Short-pulse laser heating is an attractive approach to improve the thermal response of media. In this paper, the recording performances of HAMR using short-pulse laser heating are studied by dynamic micromagnetic simulations solving the Landau–Lifshitz–Bloch equation. The results show that the magnetic damping constant of the media, $\alpha $ , and applied magnetic field, $H$ , exhibit significant effects on recording quality at a pulse-width of 100 ps. From analyses of the relationships among readout signal and noise ratio, recorded track width, $\alpha $ , and $H$ , the required parameter setting for various recording densities are obtained. It is indicated that with a transducer tip size of 15 nm and heating laser pulse-width of 100 ps, a recording density greater than 4 Tb/in $^{2}$ is achievable for FePt recording media.

Laser short-pulse heating of an aluminum thin film: Energy transfer in electron and lattice sub-systems

Laser short-pulse heating of an aluminum thin film is considered and energy transfer in the film is formulated using the Boltzmann equation. Since the heating duration is short and the film thickness is considerably small, thermal separation of electron and lattice sub-systems is incorporated in the analysis. The electron–phonon coupling is used to formulate thermal communication of both sub-systems during the heating period. Equivalent equilibrium temperature is introduced to account for the average energy of all phonons around a local point when they redistribute adiabatically to an equilibrium state. Temperature predictions of the Boltzmann equation are compared with those obtained from the two-equation model. It is found that temperature predictions from the Boltzmann equation differ slightly from the two-equation model results. Temporal variation of equivalent equilibrium temperature does not follow the laser pulse intensity in the electron sub-system. The time occurrence of the peak equivalent equilibrium temperature differs for electron and lattice sub-systems, which is attributed to phonon scattering in the irradiated field in the lattice sub-system. In this case, time shift is observed for occurrence of the peak temperature in the lattice sub-system.

Thermal transport across a thin film composite due to laser short-pulse heating

Abstract Laser short-pule irradiation of silicon-diamond-aluminum thin films is considered and energy transport across the films is modelled using the Boltzmann transport equation. Electron-phonon coupling is adopted to formulate energy transfer across the electron and lattice sub-systems in the aluminum film. Thermal boundary resistance is incorporated at the film interfaces. The transfer matrix method is used to account for the transmittance, reflection and absorption of the incident laser radiation across the films. Equivalent equilibrium temperature is introduced to access energy transport in the films, which represents the average energy of all phonons around a local point when they redistribute adiabatically to an equilibrium state. It is found that equivalent equilibrium temperature increases sharply in the electron sub-system due to electron excess energy gain from the irradiated field. Equivalent equilibrium temperature decays gradually in the lattice sub-system with increasing period due to phonon scattering in the film.