Diode Laser Wavelength Research Articles

Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on clinical and biomarker related periodontal parameters and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) in Parkinson's disease patients with stage III periodontitis

AimsTo evaluate the clinical, radiographic, immune modulatory biomarkers and quality of life with the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunctive treatment to dental scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis and Parkinson's disease. MethodologyIndividuals who had a confirmed diagnosis of stage III periodontitis and stage 4 Parkinson's disease according to Hoehn and Yahr scale were involved in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: Group SRP (n = 25) received traditional dental scaling procedure including full-mouth debridement and disinfection, and Group PDT + SRP (n = 25) received both traditional cleaning procedures along with adjunctive chloro‑aluminum phthalocyanine (CAPC) gel (0.005% concentration) mediated PDT. CAPC photosensitizer was activated using a diode laser (wavelength=640 nm, energy=4 J, 150 mW power, and overall power density of 300 J/cm2) for 60 s. The study measured clinical parameters such as plaque score (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and radiographic alveolar bone loss (ABL). Proinflammatory cytokine levels such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and oral health related quality of life were also assessed. ResultsThe mean age of patients in Group SRP was 73.3 years, while the mean age in Group PDT + SRP was 71.6 years. The PDT + SRP group showed a significant reduction in all clinical parameters at 6 and 12 months compared to the SRP group alone (p < 0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in the PDT + SRP group at 6 months compared to the SRP group alone (p < 0.05). However, at 12 months, both groups showed comparable TNF-α levels. The results showed that Group PDT + SRP had significantly lower OHIP scores compared to Group SRP, with a mean difference of 4.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.98 to 7.12) (p < 0.01). ConclusionCombined SRP with PDT showed significant improvement compared to SRP alone in terms of clinical parameters, cytokine levels, and oral health-related quality of life in individuals diagnosed with stage III periodontitis associated with Parkinson's disease.

Network meta-analysis of the treatment safety and efficacy of different energy systems in prostate vaporization.

Many clinical trials and meta-analyses have examined vaporization with different energy instruments has been recognized by the American Urological Association (AUA) and the European Association of Urology (EAU) as a promising treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia. However, there is still a lack of evidence for a network comparison between different vaporization devices. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different energy systems for prostate vaporization. Pairwise and network meta-analyses (NMA) were performed to analyze the outcome regarding surgery time, complications, short-term maximum urine flow rate (Qmax), and long-term Qmax. The Stata software was used for paired meta-analysis. A Bayesian NMA model with ADDIS software was applied to achieve the indirect comparison of different energy systems. Node-splitting analysis and inconsistency factors were used to test inconsistency for closed-loop indirect comparison. Fifteen studies were included in this study, involving three types of energy systems used in prostate vaporization: diode laser (wavelength: 980nm, power: 200-300 W, mode: continuous), green-light laser (wavelength: 532nm, power: 80-180 W, mode: continuous), and bipolar plasma vaporization (bipolar electrode, power: 270-280 W, mode: pulsed). In the conventional paired meta-analysis, significantly better short-term efficacy was found in green light laser vaporization, while no significant difference was detected in other parameters. According to the results of the NMA, a greenlight laser is recommended for prostate vaporization rather than the other two systems. When considering operation time, overall complications, short-term Qmax, and long-term Qmax, there were no significant differences among green-light laser vaporization, diode laser vaporization, and bipolar vaporization in BPH treatment. However, according to the probability ranking and benefit-risk analysis results, the green-light laser might be the best energy system for prostate vaporization in BPH treatment.

A simple experiment to study the array theorem using Fraunhofer diffraction of a two-dimensional grating

A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid comprises an array of identical square apertures. In this study, the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a TEM grid was obtained by a 532 nm wavelength diode laser. It was compared with the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern computed by using the array theorem and employed to estimate the mesh size of the TEM grid.

Detecting pH of Sub-Micrometer Aerosol Particles Using Fluorescent Probes.

Acidity is one of the most fundamental properties of atmospheric aerosol particles, influencing both chemical processes and environmental impacts. A couple of methods for measuring the pH of aerosol particles have been developed, yet no approach is currently available for quantifying the pH of suspending submicron particles. We developed an aerosol fluorescence cell (AFC) for quantifying the pH of aerosol particles in a continuous flow. Particles containing fluorescent pH probes (fluorescein and Oregon green 488) were injected into the AFC. Ratiometric analysis of pH for these particles was conducted by alternatively exciting them with two wavelengths of diode lasers (450 and 488 nm). The employment of the two types of fluorescent probes allowed the measurement of pH in the range of 2-7. The pH measurement by the AFC for submicron particles was compared with that measured by using pH indicator papers, providing a reasonably good agreement. Measurement of size-selected particles suggested that the AFC approach is applicable to particles of 80 nm in diameter. In combination with recent developments for analyzing renebulized water-soluble matter samples, we suggest that the AFC method can be applied not only for laboratory standards but also for atmospherically relevant samples in the future.

Effectiveness of two photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy for treating moderate peri-implant infections in type-II diabetes mellitus patients: A randomized clinical trial

PurposeThis study evaluated the impact of Fox Green (FG) against methylthioninium chloride (MTC)-facilitated photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunctive to manual scaling (MS) on the peri‑implant clinical and cytokine parameters in type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with peri‑implantitis. MethodsPatients were divided into group-A comprising 13 patients who received adjunctive FG-PDT using a diode laser (wavelength: 810 nm; irradiation power: 300 mW; irradiation time: 30 s; fluence: 56 Jcm−2), group-B comprising 12 patients who received adjunctive MTC-PDT using a diode laser (wavelength: 660 nm; irradiation power: 100 mW; irradiation time: 120 s/site; fluence: 30 Jcm−2), and group-C comprising 13 patients who received MS alone [control group]). After diagnosing the diabetics with peri‑implantitis (established on eligibility criteria), a structured questionnaire was used to gather the information of the participants. Plaque (PS) and bleeding scores (BS), along with peri‑implant probing scores (PPS) and peri‑implant bone loss (PIBL), together with immunological variables (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], and advanced glycation end products [AGEs]) were measured in all study group participants at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups. ResultsA significant reduction was observed for PS, BS, and PPS within all tested groups at each follow-up visits compared from their baseline values (p<0.05). However, a substantial decrease in PIBL was observed in all study group patients at 6-month follow-up as compared to 3-month follow-up (p<0.05). Regarding the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, a substantial reduction was observed in all study groups until 6-month from their baseline scores (p<0.05). However, no changes were observed in the levels of AGEs in any group at either visit (p>0.05). ConclusionIn DM patients with periimplantitis, adjunctive FG-PDT and MTC-PDT exhibited comparable outcomes in terms of peri‑implant clinical as well as pro-inflammatory characteristics than MS alone among peri‑implantitis patients with DM.

Applications of 445nm soft tissue diode laser in soft tissue dental surgeries: A case series

Background: Through the recent years various types of lasers have found use in dentistry. Among them diode lasers have gained a special place in the arena of soft tissue surgery. Purpose: To substantiate the applicability of low wavelength Diode Laser in soft tissue dental surgeries. Cases: Five different cases in which soft tissue dental surgery was indicated, were included: (1) A 21-year-old female patient who underwent frenectomy; (2) A 24-year-old female patient who underwent excision of gingival polyp; (3) A 30-year-old patient who underwent Gingivectomy; (4) A 32-year-old female patient who underwent surgical crown lengthening and (5) A 28-year-old male patient who underwent operculectomy. Case Management: Each of these patients was successfully treated using low wavelength 445nm Soft Tissue Diode Laser. Conclusion: All the patients experienced normal post-operative healing without any complications. The overall outcome in each case was favourable. The use of low wavelength diode lasers is strongly suggested for soft tissue dental surgeries, owing to their ease of use, versatility, minimal thermal damage and good post-operative healing.

Hysteroscopic laser ablation of symptomatic uterine fibroids: insights from a prospective study

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of in-office hysteroscopic ablation of submucous uterine fibroids using a diode laser. Method A pilot study was conducted between January 2018 and January 2019 in a tertiary care university hospital. Patients with at least one symptomatic, class 0–2 FIGO classification, uterine fibroid ≤7 cm in size were eligible for inclusion. Evaluation of the changes in fibroid size and vascularity was performed using three-dimensional Doppler ultrasonography. Vaporization of the fibroid core was conducted using a 980–1470 nm wavelength diode laser inserted through the hysteroscope’s working channel. The primary outcome was evaluation of the fibroid volume before and at 2 months after the procedure. Results Twenty women were enrolled in the study. At 2-month follow-up, the volume of the fibroids was significantly reduced (51.6 ± 22.5 vs. 33.4 ± 17.1 mm3; p < 0.001). A major reduction of three-dimensional sonographic color Doppler vascularity (observed by the same operator and confirmed by four blind reviewers) was also achieved in 12/20 patients (60%; p = 0.03) while a reported symptom of heavy menstrual bleeding decreased from 18/20 (90%) to 2/18 (10%; p < 0.01). Conclusion Hysteroscopic laser ablation represents a feasible and effective alternative for treating women with symptomatic submucous fibroids in the office setting. Further studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up periods are needed to validate this promising technique. Key message This pilot study shows that in-office hysteroscopic laser ablation (HLA) could be a feasible alternative to treat symptomatic submucous uterine fibroids by coagulating their core, reducing their size and vascularization.

Assessing the Surface Modifications of Contaminated Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Implants Through Diode Lasers of Different Wavelengths: An In Vitro Study.

Objective: The present study was conducted to compare the effects of 810 nm, 980 nm, and dual (810: 50%-980: 50%) diode lasers on the surface modifications of implants contaminated by a standard strain of Escherichia coli. Methods: Based on the operation on their surface, the implants were divided into six groups: "Group 1" was the positive control group undergoing no specific procedures. "Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6" were contaminated by a standard strain of E. coli; "Group 2" was also set as the negative control group. "Groups 3, 4, and 5" were irradiated by 810 nm, 980 nm, and dual lasers (810: 50%-980: 50%; 1.5W, 320 μm fiber) for 30 sec, respectively. "Group 6" was treated using standard titanium brushes. All groups were examined to evaluate the surface modifications by the X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy. Results: The values of carbon, oxygen, aluminum, titanium, and vanadium were significantly different in the surface composition of the contaminated implants from the control groups (p = 0.010, 0.033, 0.044, 0.016, and 0.037, respectively). In all target areas, there were significant differences in surface roughness (p < 0.0001); the same was also true about the pairwise comparison of the study groups (p < 0.0001). "Group 5" demonstrated lower morphological surface changes and roughness degrees. Conclusions: Overall, laser irradiation could alter the surfaces of the contaminated implants. Titanium brushes and 810/980 nm lasers resulted in similar morphological alterations. Dual lasers enjoyed the least degree of morphological alterations and surface roughness.

Novel laser hair removal in all skin types.

Laser has been long accepted as a solution for excess or unwanted hair growth yet traditional lasers are not always ideal for safe and effective outcome for all skin types and hair characteristics. A diode laser module combining three wavelengths (755, 810, and 1064 nm) in a single pulse was developed to provide a fast and long-term solution for subjects with various profiles. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a Triple wavelength diode laser module for hair removal treatment in all skin types (Fitzpatrick I-VI). This was a prospective, dual centered, single-arm study. Subjects were treated with a novel diode laser module. Thirty-six subjects were enrolled, sixteen with Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV (46%) and twenty with Fitzpatrick skin types V-VI (54%). Treatment areas were axilla and bikini lines. Subjects underwent 4 treatment sessions at 6 weeks ± 5 days intervals and attended a follow-up visit 3months after the last treatment session. 2D digital photographs were taken at baseline and at the follow-up visit, and a hair count was conducted by three blinded evaluators. A significant reduction in hair count between baseline and the 3-month follow-up visit was observed in both axilla and bikini lines for all skin types. The mean hair reduction was 41.5± 19.4% and 48.1± 20.9% in the axilla and bikini line, respectively. A significant hair reduction was also observed within skin type groups; mean hair reduction 45.5± 16.9% and 40.3± 17.2% in skin types I-IV and V-VI, respectively, indicating similar efficacy for both light and dark skin types. No serious adverse events were reported. This study demonstrates that the Soprano Titanium laser platform is safe and effective for hair removal treatment in all skin types.

Growth and spectral characteristic of Nd:CaMgSi2O6 crystal

A 0.56 at.% Nd:CaMgSi2O6 single crystal was successfully grown by the Czochralski method, the crystal’s polarized absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and lifetime were investigated in details. Based on J-O theory, the line strengths, spontaneous transition rates, fluorescence branching ratios, and radiative lifetime were obtained. The strong and broad absorption band at around 803 nm matches well with the emission wavelength of AlGaAs laser diodes. There are three strong emission peaks located at 1055, 1081, and 1115 nm in fluorescence spectra. A laser output power of 0.262 W at 1055.25 nm with the slope efficiency of 16 % was obtained. The intense multi-wavelength emissions from the Nd: CaMgSi2O6 crystal indicate that such a crystal could be used advantageously for a multi-wavelength laser operation.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy with different wavelengths on bone mineral density in osteoporotic rats.

Osteoporosis is associated with severe pain, bone deformity, fracture, and bone loss. It is important to find strategies to prevent bone resorption and treat osteoporosis. This study sought to assess the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with different wavelengths on bone mineral density (BMD) in osteoporotic rats. This animal study evaluated 63 adult female rats. The rats underwent ovariectomy to induce osteoporosis. Ovariectomized rats were randomly divided into 9 groups of control (OC), treatment with zoledronic acid alone (0.02mg/kg), and treatment with 660nm, 810nm, and 940nm PBMT alone (3 times a week for 6weeks, energy density of 4J/cm2), and combined with zoledronic acid. The healthy control group (HC) only underwent sham surgery. The rats underwent cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) 52days after the first treatment session to measure their BMD according to the gray value (GV) of images. To assess the biomechanical properties of bone, the resected bones were subjected to 3-point bending test (3-PBT). The experimental groups had significant differences with the OC group regarding radiographic and biomechanical properties of bone (P < 0.05), indicating a healing course. No significant difference was noted between the experimental groups treated with different laser wavelengths and those treated with zoledronic acid (P > 0.05). In the condition of this study, it was found that PBMT at a constant energy density of 4J/cm2 with 660-, 810-, and 940-nm wavelengths is effective for enhancement of bone mineral density and biomechanical properties. No significant difference was noted between different wavelengths of diode laser regarding radiographic and biomechanical properties of bone.

Drone-Based Fluorescence Lidar for Agricultural Applications

We developed ultracompact fluorescence LiDAR for agricultural applications. To minimize the device, we used laser diode (wavelength 405 nm and power consumption 150 mW) and minispectrometer with wavelength range from 350 nm to 810 nm. We used single board computer to control LiDAR instrument. Small size (10×15×5 cm) and low weight (310 g) of the LiDAR make it possible to install it on a commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Maize field have been sensed by LiDAR to distinguish healthy and plants under stress. Due the measurement we constructed field maps in different wavelengths of fluorescent radiation.

Stable Wavelength Diode Laser with High‐and Low‐Temperature Resistance Operating at Full‐Power Range

Stable Wavelength Diode Laser with High‐and Low‐Temperature Resistance Operating at Full‐Power Range

Pump tuning of a mid-infrared whispering gallery optical parametric oscillator.

Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) constitute an important coherent, narrow-linewidth and widely tunable light source with applications in spectroscopy and many other fields. Their realizations based on whispering gallery resonators (WGRs) provide a small footprint and ultra-low thresholds, with demonstrations of tunability typically done via temperature variation. In this work, we show the pump tuning capabilities of a mm-sized WGR mid-infrared OPO made of CdSiP2. By tuning a telecom wavelength diode laser by 16 nm, we generate tunable light from 2708 to 3575 nm. Furthermore, we show controlled tuning in steps of 1 free spectral range (FSR) and the possibility of 12 GHz of continuous tuning. All these features are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. We conclude that tuning from 2.4 to 4.9 µm is even possible, while still using commercially available near-infrared diode lasers. This work highlights the advantages of pump tuning of WGR OPOs and provides valuable insights for their precise control.

(Digital Presentation) Correlative Evaluation Between Water Concentration and Voltage Fluctuation of PEFC Under Low-Humidity and Load-Change Operations Based on Laser Spectroscopy

Low-humidity and load-change operations of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) often tend to induce the excessive voltage drop called “undershoot”. Especially when the load current rapidly increases in steps, the strong electro-osmotic drag dehydrates the electrolyte membrane and deteriorates the proton conductivity, resulting in a temporal increase in ohmic loss. To identify a factor for causing undershoot, it is necessary to precisely grasp the transient water behavior within PEFCs operated under load-change conditions. In the previous works, several researchers vigorously explored the water vapor distribution along flow fields of working cells with micro gas chromatography (μGC) [1]. Although GC techniques provide more accurate species concentrations, it takes a long time (at least two minutes) to collect a gas sample and identify a species. As an alternative approach, the authors have developed a single-ended fiber-optic sensor to measure the in-situ concentration of water vapor within narrow channels of fuel cells at high speed and with high accuracy based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) [2]. TDLAS is one of the high-speed and high-sensitive absorption spectroscopy techniques which detect the absorbance of a chemical species and identify its concentration using infrared diode laser. This study became able to monitor the transient variation of water vapor concentration in the anode channel of a PEFC during low-humidity and load-change operations using the TDLAS-based fiber-optic sensor and discussed the correlation between the water behavior and the voltage fluctuation. Furthermore, the effects of load current and compression pressure were also investigated.Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) show the dynamic responses of cell voltage and the transient water concentrations in the anode channel of the operating PEFC assembled under two different compression pressures of 1.0 and 2.0 MPa. The electrode area of the experimental cell is 50 mm2. Two separators on both sides have a single-straight channel (1.0 mm width, 1.0 mm depth, 6.0 mm length). Hydrogen (stoichiometry: 2.3@1.0A/cm2, 30%RH) and oxygen (stoichiometry: 9.1@1.0A/cm2, 30%RH) were fed to the anode and cathode channel in the co-flow arrangement. The fiber-optic probe for water detection was positioned at the fractional location of x/L=0.5 on the anode side and the modulated beam emitted from a DFB laser diode (wavelength: 1392.5 nm) was directly injected into the channel. The cell temperature is 70oC. The repetitive current cycling was performed between 0.2 A/cm2 for 23 s and 0.6 A/cm2 for 23 s. In the case of the compression pressure of 1.0 MPa, when the current density increases steeply from 0.2 to 0.6 A/cm2, the strong electro-osmotic drag temporarily reduces the water content on the anode side of the electrolyte membrane and increases the ohmic loss, resulting in the voltage undershoot. After a step increase in the current density, the temporal drop of water vapor concentration in the anode channel can also be observed. When the compression pressure is increased to 2.0 MPa, the porosities of the diffusion media are reduced and the water concentration becomes high especially under the anode rib. Thus, even if the current density is increased stepwise after the repeated current cycles, the water shortage in the anode and the undershoot are not caused. It was noted that the strong compression effectively improves the water retaining on the anode side under low-humidity operations and alleviate the voltage undershoot.

Analyzing and measuring the diode laser’s linewidth affected by the driving current’s white noise

It is important to study the effect of injection current’s noise on the diode laser’s linewidth. In this paper, the effect of the white noise applied to the injection current on the linewidth of diode laser is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretically, by adding the non-Markov noise term into the Langevin equation, the output laser’s linewidth of the diode laser with the white noise current is obtained. In experiment, an optical Fabry–Perot (F–P) cavity with a linewidth of ∼ 1.83 M H z and a finesse of ∼ 136 is employed to measure a 1560.5 nm distributed-feedback (DFB)-type diode laser’s linewidth. With an increase of the white noise intensity, the laser linewidth is broadened from ∼ 2 to ∼ 60 M H z gradually, and the line shape is characterized evolving from Lorentzian function to Gaussian function. At the same level of white noise intensity, the laser linewidth decreases with increase of the injection current. The accuracy of our measurements is verified based on the fiber-delayed and acousto-optic modulator (AOM)-shifted self-heterodyne scheme and the optical F–P cavity linewidth measurement method. The 1560.5 nm laser is boosted by using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and is frequency doubled to 780.25 nm by a fiber-pigtailed, single-pass PPMgO:LN waveguide module, and the laser linewidth is visually observed and verified by broadening of the saturated absorption spectra of rubidium atoms. Clearly this linewidth manipulation method of diode lasers based on broadband white noise current coupling can be extended to other wavelength diode lasers and can be applied to laser measurement, laser communication, and other fields for different requirements.

Periodontal pocket treatment with diode laser 940 nm

Introduction: Many adjunctive treatment have been introduced to enhance the therapeutic outcome of periodontal treatment. Diode laser 940 nm has the potential to act as antibacterial and enhances wound healing. Material and methods: 114 periodontal pockets of 5 chronic periodontitis patients having 3 mm≤IPD≤8 mm, who had been treated in the private clinic, Baghdad, Iraq were subjected to the current study. The treatment was done by using 940 nm wavelength diode lasers for three months with twice weekly recall. Results: There was a highly significant improvement in the pocket depth at the end of the 12th week in which the depth of patient’s pockets was reduced to half their depth at the initial visit that run in parrelel with a significant increase in the lenghths of the alveolar bone that measured by OPG after six weeks of treatment which persist to increase significantly till the 12th week of treatment which is accompanied by bone biostimulation that improved after the exposure to the diode laser. Conclusion: diode laser 940nm can be considered as a promising periodontitis treatment as it causes a rapid reduction in probing depth with an increase in the bone bio-stimulation when it used in an appropriate protocol.

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of postoperative surgical sequelae after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.

The study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the control of pain, swelling, and trismus after the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. A prospective study was conducted on thirty patients requiring surgical removal of the impacted mandibular third molar. Mesioangular impacted third molar with class I level B position (according to the Pell and Gregory classification) were included in the study. The study group (n = 15) received LLLT using diode laser of wavelength 980 nm and the control group (n = 15) received routine postoperative care without LLLT. The parameters evaluated were intensity of pain, maximum mouth opening, postoperative swelling, healing at the surgical site, and presence of dry socket. The mean score of pain, swelling, and trismus in the study group were statistically lower as compared to the control groups. Healing assessment using Laury and Turnbull healing index inferred that the healing at the seventh postoperative day was superior in the study group as compared to the control group. LLLT with a diode laser of wavelength 980 nm can effectively reduce pain, swelling, and trismus in the postoperative phase after surgical extraction of the mandibular impacted third molar and promote healing at the operative site.

The Trace Gas Monitoring Method Based on Diode Laser Wavelength-Modulation Spectroscopy Technology for the Detection of Clinical Blood Infection

It is important to monitor and evaluate the growth of microorganisms in order to accurately judge the situation of blood microbial infection. In this paper, diode laser wavelength modulation spectroscopy (DLWMS) technology is used to design a set of low-cost, high sensitivity, fast dynamic responses and a non-invasive trace gas measurement system, which can quickly and accurately assess the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by blood microbial reproduction. The measurement principle and spectral processing algorithm of DLWMS are introduced first. The automatic and rapid detection of CO2 is realized through a self-designed optical system. By using the system to detect blood infection, the accuracy of the technology was verified. Therefore, it also indicates that DLWMS CO2 monitoring is a highly sensitive, fast-response and non-invasive technology, which can accurately and quickly determine blood infection and meet the clinical application requirements of human septicemia, bacteremia and other diseases.

Fabrication and improved response of ZnO-CdO composite films under different laser irradiation dose

Promising Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) alloy (ZnO-CdO) films were fabricated on glass substrates by screen printing route for optoelectronic applications. The Nd:YAG green diode laser of wavelength 532 nm and laser fluence of 1.8 J/cm2 was used to irradiate the fabricated films at room temperature. The characterization of these films were systematically studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis, photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy and two probe method for conductivity measurement. The XRD pattern shows that all the films were well crystallized with maximum diffraction of (101) plane and mixed phases of ZnO and CdO were detected. The structure, space group and other crystal related parameters were confirmed from Rietveld refinement of XRD data. The basic optical parameters (band gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient) have been estimated using absorbance spectra. The PL spectrum of ZnO-CdO composite films exhibits red shift and blue- green emissions shift upon laser irradiation were confirmed from CIE 1931 diagram. The Raman spectroscopy indicates that the quality of the ZnO-CdO films was increased while their structure defects were increased. DC conductivity measurement confirms semiconductor behaviour. All the parameters such as particle size, optical constants, colour emission and activation energy have been significantly improved upon laser irradiations dose of 1.8 J/cm2 for different durations of time. This study could be appropriate for optoelectronic applications.