Laser Beam Energy Research Articles

A high-power long lifetime beam dump for the Thomson scattering diagnostic system in the XuanLong-50 experiment.

The Energy iNNovation's XuanLong-50 is a spherical torus experiment with up to 10s plasma operation duration. A 3 J/50Hz pulsed laser is used in the Thomson scattering diagnostic system that is developed to measure the time evolutions of plasma electron temperature and density profiles. The expected laser pulse number is about 7.5 × 106/year with a power load of 150W. To meet at least 1-year lifetime requirement, a Chevron type beam dump with polished molybdenum plates is designed and fabricated, which absorbs the laser beam energy in a 3D structure to reduce the laser fluence deposited on the material surface. To prevent the backscattered stray light from interfering with the Thomson scattering measurements, a 7.5m beam path with folding mirrors is set between the beam dump and the plasma scattering volumes. Details of the beam dump design procedure including the laser beam profile control, multi-pulse laser damage threshold, heat dissipation, Zemax modeling, folding mirror selection, and beam path enclosure are presented together with the testing results.

Direct observation of keyhole with an innovative layer-by-layer imaging method during deep penetration laser welding

In order to solve the difficult problem of observing the keyhole in deep penetration laser welding of metal materials, an innovative keyhole direct observation method based on layer-by-layer imaging technology is first proposed in this paper. In this novel method, a specially-designed composite workpiece consisting of an upper metal wedge and a lower glass trapezoidal prism is used. During deep penetration laser welding, a keyhole will form in and penetrate the metal wedge, whose cross section image that appears on the inclined bottom surface of the wedge is directly observed by a high speed video camera through the transparent glass prism. Then, the deep penetration laser welding is carried out with a fiber laser unit, by using the above proposed keyhole direct observation method, the keyhole cross section images at different depths are captured by the high speed camera. Finally, the images of the keyhole cross sections are processed and the outlines of the keyhole cross sections are extracted, from which the variation of the keyhole cross section during deep penetration laser welding of metal material is discussed. The result shows that from the top to the bottom, on one hand, the size of the keyhole cross section decreases gradually in general, but fluctuates to some extent, which indicates that the laser beam energy may not be uniformly absorbed into the keyhole along the depth and the evaporation site may change its position depending on the energy equilibrium there, on the other hand, the position of the keyhole cross section moves backward in the opposite direction of the welding velocity, whose motion tend agrees with the bending keyhole in the real case of laser welding.

Investigation on underwater wire-feed laser deposition of 5052 aluminum alloy

The underwater laser deposition layer with uniform forming on the 5052 aluminum alloy was successfully manufacturing by the underwater wire-feed laser deposition (UWLD) technology with a laser deposition (LD) gas-shielding nozzle. Process parameters including deposition speed and wire feed speed were optimized and laser propagation attenuation mechanism, the geometrical characteristics, microstructure and microhardness of deposited track in the in-air and underwater environment were investigated. Increasing deposition speed or reducing wire feed speed, the wetting between the base material and deposited metal improved and a high-quality UWLD layer without defects was obtained at 15 mm/s deposition speed and 1.2 m/min wire feed speed. For UWLD, the laser beam energy decreased owing to absorption and scattering of aerosol particles, causing differences in the geometric features to in-air wire-feed laser deposition (IWLD) and reducing the wettability and fluidity of the deposited metal on the substrate. In both IWLD and UWLD layers, the microstructure of the deposition region (DR) was equiaxial dendrites while the fusion region (FR) was composed of columnar dendrites. The columnar dendrites nucleated at the fusion line and grew along the reverse direction of the temperature gradient to the centerline of the melt pool while the underwater grains were more refined attributed to the greater cooling rate under water, indicating the increase of microhardness.

The electrophoretic deposition of TiB2 nanoparticles produced by pulsed laser ablation: Case study on microstructural features and micromorphology properties.

In the last decade, laser Ablation technique (Nd:YAG) has been considered as a perfect method for producing nanostructures with high purity. In the present study, Titanium diboride nanoparticles (TiB2 NPs) have been deposited on Aluminum (Al) and their micromorphology and microstructural properties have been investigated. The synthesis of TiB2 NPs has been carried out by the Laser Ablation technique (Nd:YAG) which has not been reported so far. Moreover, the effects of laser energy on improving the synthesis of TiB2 NPs have been examined. In this regard, five samples of TiB2 NPs were prepared by Laser Ablation method in different values of laser fluency in the range of 0.4-1.2J/cm2 . The structural properties of prepared nanoparticles were detected by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The morphology of samples was also investigated by field effect scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate the formation of spherical nanoparticles in all samples. Based on the results of the GIXRD patterns, pulsed laser energy is an effective parameter for the size of ablated nanoparticles. As can be seen, increasing the energy of laser beam decreases the average size of nanoparticles from 79.41 to 4nm. As the next step, the as-prepared nanoparticles were deposited on Aluminum substrate with electrophoretic deposition technique at constant applied voltage (30 Volt) and constant deposition time (30 min). The X-ray diffraction pattern of TiB2 NPs deposited onto Al substrate confirmed the formation of the TiB2 thin films on all Al substrates. Also, the roughness and average particle size of deposited films were measured by atomic force microscopy images and MountainsMap® Premium software. Increasing the fluency of laser beam made the surface more irregular and the maximum value of fractal dimension and hence, the most irregular topography has been observed in the sample produced by maximum laser fluency. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Titanium diboride nanoparticles have been synthesized by the laser ablation technique. The effects of laser energy on improving the synthesis of TiB2 NPs have been investigated. The micromorphology of samples have been investigated by analyzing AFM and SEM images.

The effect of direct laser beam energy deposition modes on single rollers and walls shaping from the HN50VMTUB heat resisting alloy

The effect of direct laser beam energy deposition modes on single rollers and walls shaping from the HN50VMTUB heat resisting alloy

Fractional CO2 laser therapy of hypertrophic scars - evaluation of efficacy and treatment protocol optimization.

Hypertrophic scars are an unwanted and mutilating consequence of deep burns, and are further exacerbated by extensive burn injuries. Fractional CO2 laser therapy is one of the methods for complex treatment of hypertrophic scars, it has been used since 2007 [1]. Although its effectiveness has been objectively proven in clinical practice, the optimal settings parameters have not been determined. To evaluate the effect of laser therapy, previously designed evaluation tools are used, which evaluate the quality of scars well, but fail to capture specific changes for the performed laser therapy. Fractional CO2 laser therapy of hypertrophic scars is performed at the Department of Plastic and Esthetic Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, since 2017 and the systematic study took place in 2019-2020. In common, 25 hypertrophic scars were treated in 13 patients; each scar was treated by fractional CO2 laser therapy more than once. Statistical analysis detected statistically significant improvement of the texture of the scars and the improvement of overall functional and esthetic result. We found significant reduction of the height under 2 mm (62,5% of scars) in scars with the height > 2 mm before the initiation of laser therapy. Correlation analysis detected astatistically significant positive correlation between the energy of laser beam and the reduction volume of the scar protruding above the niveau of healthy surrounding tissue. Fractional CO2 laser therapy showed statistically significant efficacy in the reduction of the risks associated with full-format CO2 laser-therapy. Fractional treatment was very well tolerated by the patients. Topical 5% lidocaine gel was effective in 24 out of 25 patients. Further healing was without complications in all patients. Fractional CO2 laser therapy has achieved statistically significant improvement of the texture and reduction of hypertrophic scars and overall improvement of functional and esthetic result in our study.

Reducing self-absorption effect by double-pulse combination in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The method of double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is usually employed to enhance the spectral signal intensity. However, in this study, double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is adopted to investigate the effect of the self-absorption reduction of the spectrum. This research explored that the influence of the change of the gas environment generated by the first laser beam on the self-absorption effect of the plasma spectrum by the second laser beam. Especially despite the different combinations of laser energy, for the three elements of Cu, Mn and Ni, the weakest spectral self-absorption effect can be obtained when the double-pulse delays are around 80 μs, 100 μs, and 110 μs, respectively. In addition, this paper also found that when the energy of the first laser beam is unchanged, the spectral self-absorption effect has a strong correlation with the double-pulse delay, and has a weak correlation with the change of the second laser energy.

Modeling of hole geometrical features in laser drilling of AISI316L sheet

Micro-drilling of AISI316L is very challenging task. Unconventional machining process may be used for such type of operation. Laser beam drilling is a best for micro drilling. High thermal energy and converging-diverging property of laser beam affects the quality of laser drilled holes. In present work Nd:YAG laser beam has been used and investigate effects of laser input parameters on responses. To minimize number of experiments, get extreme information for experimental trials. Central composite rotatable design approach has been adopted. Analysis of variance is used to find reliable input parameters, are affecting responses. From this paper, it is found that current and gas pressure are significant for hole circularity at top. Current and pulse frequency are significant for bottom side circularity. Current and cutting speed are significant parameter for hole taper.

A new method for membrane manufacturing from polyamide with semiconductor diode laser

In this study, a semiconductor diode laser assisted Laser Drilling Process (LDP) for the polyamide (PA, nylon 66) membranes is presented. Along with an experimental work, based on a theoretical investigation a mathematical modelling was constructed as a computer program to simulate the whole experimental procedure. The simulation includes two parts; the material laser interaction for the drilling process and the coordinate of the interaction region on the material with respect to the targeted burst point and the interaction timing.In the theoretical side of the laser-material interaction (in our case PA), the main parameters such as thermal analysis, porous surface analysis, melting front yield widening, and Heat-Affected-Zone (HAZ) radius were investigated in terms of laser pulse length and laser beam energy density (i.e. focused laser beam diameter, spot size). The porous surface analysis was performed and pore sizes on the polyamide surface were observed that they changed from 0.5 μm to 5 μm. The melting front yield widening was calculated as 88.0%. The theoretical and experimental data harmony percentages of widening under 0.005 s and 0.01 s pulse durations for the fast axis beam waist (FABW) and the slow axis beam waist (SABW) were calculated as 91%–86% and 98%–99%, respectively. The HAZ radius was evaluated under 0.0005 s, 0.005 s, and 0.01 s pulse durations and the theoretical and experimental data harmony percentages was calculated as 99.6%, 99.1%, and 99.6%, respectively.Due to the elliptical shape of the diode laser beam the simulation based on the mathematics was constructed regarding to the FABW and the SABW radii. The theoretical and experimental data harmony percentages related with the motorized system mathematics of the LDP under 0.0005 s, 0.005 s, and 0.01 s pulse durations were determined as 97.0%, 99.4% and 95.0%, respectively. The theoretical and experimental data harmony percentages of thermal analysis under the pulse durations were obtained as 88.0%, 91.0% and 93.0%, respectively.

Numerical investigation of molten pool dimension, temperature field and melting flow during pulsed laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets with different thicknesses

In this paper, a transient numerical model of pulsed laser welding is performed to predict the weld depth and width, temperature distribution, and melt flow. The material was made of Ti-6Al-4V with different thicknesses of laser beam energy, and an asymmetric temperature field was obtained. Three different thermal models were used to consider the laser beam energy. The results showed that the combination of Gaussian surface heat flux and heat source provides an accurate prediction of the dimensions and shape of the molten pool. The Marangoni flow due to the surface tension gradient at the surface of the molten pool had the greatest effect on the liquid metal flow. The analysis of the temperature field and dimensions of the weld bead was performed by changing the laser parameters such as welding speed and average power. The results showed that the heat affected zone and molten pool are directed toward the thin sheet. By increasing the movement speed of the laser beam, the molten pool became conical and did not penetrate completely. Also, increasing the average power has the greatest effect on the dimensions of the molten pool, temperature distribution, and liquid metal flow. Increasing the average power from 180 to 240 W increases the maximum temperature in the center of the laser beam by ∼1000 °C.

Melanoma Cancer Therapy Using PEGylated Nanoparticles and Semiconductor Laser.

Purpose: Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a procedure that converts laser beam energy to heat so can disturb tumor cells. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique properties in absorption optical energy and could change optical power into heat in PTT procedures. Additionally, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have a unique feature in absorbing and scattering light. Therefore, these mentioned NPs could play a synergistic role in the PTT method. Methods: CNTs and TiO2 NPs were injected into the melanoma tumor sites of cancerous mice. Then sites were excited using the laser beam (λ = 808 nm, P = 2 W, and I = 4 W/cm2). Injected NPs caused hyperthermia in solid tumors. Tumor size assay, statistical analysis, and histopathological study of the treated cases were performed to assess the role of mentioned NPs in PTT of murine melanoma cancer. Results: The results showed that CNTs performed better than TiO2 NPs in destroying murine melanoma cancer cells in animals. Conclusion: The present study compared the photothermal activity of excited CNTs and TiO2 NPs in cancer therapy at the near-infrared spectrum of light. Tumors were destroyed selectively because of their weakened heat resistance versus normal tissue. PTT of malignant melanoma through CNTs caused remarkable necrosis into the tumor tissues versus TiO2 NPs.

Integrated Double-Sided Random Microlens Array Used for Laser Beam Homogenization.

Double microlens arrays (MLAs) in series can be used to divide and superpose laser beam so as to achieve a homogenized spot. However, for laser beam homogenization with high coherence, the periodic lattice distribution in the homogenized spot will be generated due to the periodicity of the traditional MLA, which greatly reduces the uniformity of the homogenized spot. To solve this problem, a monolithic and highly integrated double-sided random microlens array (D-rMLA) is proposed for the purpose of achieving laser beam homogenization. The periodicity of the MLA is disturbed by the closely arranged microlens structures with random apertures. And the random speckle field is achieved to improve the uniformity of the homogenized spot by the superposition of the divided sub-beams. In addition, the double-sided exposure technique is proposed to prepare the rMLA on both sides of the same substrate with high precision alignment to form an integrated D-rMLA structure, which avoids the strict alignment problem in the installation process of traditional discrete MLAs. Then the laser beam homogenization experiments have been carried out by using the prepared D-rMLA structure. The laser beam homogenized spots of different wavelengths have been tested, including the wavelengths of 650 nm (R), 532 nm (G), and 405 nm (B). The experimental results show that the uniformity of the RGB homogenized spots is about 91%, 89%, and 90%. And the energy utilization rate is about 89%, 87%, 86%, respectively. Hence, the prepared structure has high laser beam homogenization ability and energy utilization rate, which is suitable for wide wavelength regime.

P‐39: Detachment of Polymeric Substrate Using CO2 Point Laser for Large‐Area Flexible Display: An Alternative Approach for Laser Lift‐Off

We present a new method of detaching flexible substrate from rigid carrier wafer using a CO2 point laser. A laser lift‐off detachment is mostly used detaching method in the fabrication of large‐area flexible display; however, illumination and thermal stresses on electronic devices due to the laser beam energy are still problems. Our approach using a point laser does not impose laser‐induced stress on electronic components. To minimize the de‐bonding stress, we precisely controlled the adhesion between flexible substrate and carrier wafer by simple modification on the carrier surface. A flexible indium‐tin‐oxide film exhibited almost no change on its resistance value after detachment.

Simulated and experimental analysis of laser beam energy profiles to improve efficiency in wire-fed laser deposition

Laser cladding is a well-established technique, with the majority of prior numerical modelling work focused on delivery and melt pool behaviour of powder-based processes. This research presents new investigations into optimised laser beam shaping for the unique characteristics of wire-based processes, where direct substrate heating, as well as heat transfer between the wire and substrate, is important. The value of this subject is the improved deposition rates and dense metallic structures that can be achieved by wire-based deposition processes compared to powder-based material delivery. The within-wire temperature distribution (AISI 316 stainless steel), the heat transfer and direct heating of the substrate (mild steel) are modelled via heat transfer simulations, with three laser beam irradiance distributions. This analysis identified the removal of localised high-temperature regions typically associated to standard Gaussian distributions, and the improved substrate heating that a uniform square beam profile can provide. Experiments using pre-placed wire and a 1.2 kW CO2 laser were analysed using cross-sectional optical microscopy to provide model validation and evidence of improved wire-substrate wetting, while maintaining favourable austenitic metallurgy in the clad material. A key finding of this work is a reduction, from 480 to 190 W/mm2, in the required irradiance for effective melt pool formation when changing from a Gaussian distribution to a uniform square distribution. This also provided a 50% reduction in total energy. The potential improvements to energy efficiency, cost reductions and sustainability improvements are recognised and discussed.

A study of the effects of gamma radiation on optical components used in specially constructed hot cell laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instruments

Two innovative hot cell Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instruments, designed and built by Applied Photonics Limited, are set to be deployed for the purpose of material characterisation in a high radiation environment. One LIBS instrument uses a ‘through-wall’ optical periscope, where the laser and optical spectrograph are located outside of the hot cell. The second instrument uses a remote probe located within the hot cell, containing a compact Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) passively Q-switched laser and plasma light collection optics.The design of both LIBS instruments means that some optical components (e.g. prisms, lenses, fibre optic cables and, in the case of the in-cell remote probe, a Nd:YAG laser head custom-designed and manufactured by Applied Photonics Ltd) will be exposed to high levels of gamma radiation. This entails that these components must be suitably reliable and gamma radiation resistant to last the duration of the planned work. In this article, we report on the results of a limited study on the effect of gamma irradiation (5 kGy, 25 kGy and 50 kGy absorbed dose using a cobalt-60 gamma source) on the optical properties of BK7 (Crown glass) and Ultra-Violet Fused Silica (UVFS) lenses, both with and without high-energy V-coat anti-reflection coating, and UVFS fibre optic cables. The effect of gamma irradiation on the pulsed laser beam energy output of three passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser heads was also evaluated. The performance of each of the laser heads was tested before and after gamma irradiation by using an energy meter to measure the laser energy output of each of the three laser heads. The optical transmission properties of the components used for plasma light collection and transmission (i.e. lenses, fibre-optics) were tested using a deuterium-halogen lamp in combination with an optical spectrometer. In this limited study, we found that the BK7 lenses were clearly affected by the gamma radiation in that they became light to dark brown in appearance with increasing gamma irradiation whereas the UVFS optics (coated and uncoated) appeared visually, at least, to be unaffected. The optical transmission tests showed that the BK7 lenses became increasingly opaque to UV-VIS wavelengths with increasing gamma irradiation whereas the UVFS lenses and prisms were not so affected. The high-energy V-coat anti-reflection coatings appeared also to be unaffected by the gamma irradiation levels used in this study, at least within the limits of this investigation. However, the UVFS fibre-optic cables did show a reduction in transmission of UV light with increasing gamma irradiation.

Elongated long-lived jet of dense plasma produced by a hollow laser beam

Numerical simulation of the dynamics of plasma jets planned for use for the initiation of vacuum pinch discharges has been carried out. Jets of the “laser-metal-plasma-liner” type are created by laser beams with different spatial intensity distributions, which irradiate targets of various configurations. The three variants of plasma-jets formation are considered: irradiation of a target by (i) a Gaussian beam from a neodymium laser, (ii) the same Gaussian beam incident on a hole in the target, and (iii) a beam with the intensity distribution of the Laguerre–Gaussian mode. The dynamics of spatial distributions of the electron density, jet plasma temperatures, and the target mass ablated by laser radiation is calculated. It is shown that for quite moderate laser beam energies and intensities ∼400 mJ and ∼109 W/cm2, respectively, in the second and third cases, jets are produced with the lifetime of a few tens of nanoseconds and the maximum density ∼1019 and 1021 cm−3, respectively. The use of such jets can increase the pinching efficiency and improve plasma parameters in laser-induced discharges.

Regulating the function of bismuth (III) oxide nanoparticles scattered in Chitosan/Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) by laser ablation on electrical conductivity characterization and antimicrobial activity

In this work, the function of various ratios of bismuth (III) oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3 NPs) scattered in Chitosan/Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) is applied to be used in electronic devices and antibacterial applications. Chitosan/PVP/Bi2O3 nanocomposite films have been synthesized via laser ablation. The structural properties according XRD results confirm that the bond chains of Chitosan/PVP is breaking after laser ablation resulting from high activation energy of laser beam and elongation of time of ablation leading to evaporation of polymer components. In FTIR-ATR spectra, the peaks of both Chitosan and PVP disappeared that confirmed the results of XRD that the energy of laser beam is high enough to breaking bonds of both polymers. Chitosan/PVP doped with Bi2O3 NPs at different laser ablation time 7 min and 20 min have greater values of ϭac compared to Chitosan/PVP because of increasing the conductive paths among the filler (Bi2O3 NPs) increases and number of charge carrier increases leading to increase conductivity. The antibacterial activity of Chitosan/PVP/Bi2O3 NPs at different laser ablation 7 min and 20 min have been investigated against both E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Chitosan/PVP/Bi2O3 NPs make a huge improvement in the both electrical conductivity and antibacterial efficiency and could recommend these compositions for further study in electrical and biomedical applications such as wound dressing and infection control.

Parameter optimization of self-reflecting all-laser-driven Thomson scattering based on laser wakefield acceleration

All-laser-driven Thomson scattering based on laser wakefield acceleration can provide high quality X-ray and greatly reduce the source size. Compared with two-pulse setting, the self-reflecting setting can reduce the requirement for temporal and spatial synchronization in experiment. However, it is difficult to optimize X-ray because Thomson scattering is coupled with laser wakefield acceleration in this process. In this paper, we correct theory formula through numerical simulation, and analyze the parameters quantitatively in laser wakefield acceleration and Thomson scattering, such as spot size, duration and energy of laser and electron beam, and reflectivity of plasma mirror. Then we can trace the parameters by using the modified formula rather than the numerical simulation with similar accuracy and less time. The modified formula is also used to optimize the self-reflecting all-laser-driven Thomson scattering X-ray under the given laser conditions. The optimal X-ray luminance and photon number can be obtained by changing the plasma density and the position of the plasma mirror.

Diagnostics of CO concentration in gaseous mixtures at elevated pressures by resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization and microwave scattering

In this work, a novel diagnostic technique for carbon monoxide (CO) number density measurements in a nitrogen buffer mixture at elevated pressures up to 5 bar was developed and tested. The technique utilizes 2 + 1 resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) of CO induced by a femtosecond laser pulse at 230.1 nm, followed by detection of the number of REMPI-induced electrons using the microwave scattering (MS) method (REMPI-MS technique). Dependences of the number of REMPI-generated electrons on CO number density and laser energy were measured and analyzed in conjunction with a four energy level model of the CO molecule. The number of REMPI-induced electrons scaled linearly with CO number density up to about 5 × 1018 cm−3 and was independent of the buffer gas pressure up to 5 bar. Higher CO number densities caused saturation onset associated with laser beam energy loss while travelling through the gaseous mixture due to two-photon absorption and photoionization. The number of REMPI-induced electrons was found to scale cubically with the laser pulse energy for the tested energy range of 8–20 μJ (intensity in the focal region about 7–18 GW/cm2), which is consistent with the operation regime where the number density of excited CO molecules increases throughout the laser pulse duration and does not saturate in time. The linear scaling region of the REMPI-MS signal can be used for a CO number density diagnostic after appropriate calibration of the system.

Integration of Simulation Driven DfAM and LCC Analysis for Decision Making in L-PBF

Laser based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is used to manufacture parts layer by layer with the energy of laser beam. The use of L-PBF for building functional parts originates from the design freedom, flexibility, customizability, and energy efficiency of products applied in dynamic application fields such as aerospace and automotive. There are challenges and drawbacks that need to be defined and overcome before its adaptation next to rivaling traditional manufacturing methods. Factors such as high cost of L-PBF machines, metal powder, post-preprocessing, and low productivity may deter its acceptance as a mainstream manufacturing technique. Understanding the key cost drivers of L-PBF that influence productivity throughout the whole lifespan of products will facilitate the decision-making process. Functional and operational decisions can yield profitability and increase competitiveness among advanced manufacturing sectors. Identifying the relationships between the phases of the life cycle of products influences cost-effectiveness. The aim of the study is to investigate the life cycle cost (LCC) and the impact of design to it in additive manufacturing (AM) with L-PBF. The article provides a review of simulation driven design for additive manufacturing (simulation driven DfAM) and LCC for metallic L-PBF processes and examines the state of the art to outline the merits, demerits, design rules, and life cycle models of L-PBF. Practical case studies of L-PBF are discussed and analysis of the interrelating factors of the different life phases are presented. This study shows that simulation driven DfAM in the design phase increases the productivity throughout the whole production and life span of L-PBF parts. The LCC model covers the whole holistic lifecycle engineering of products and offers guidelines for decision making.