Large Sports Research Articles

Climate-Tourism Information Scheme (CTIS) for sport events from past: analysis of cases of 1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow) and 2018 FIFA World Cup

This article provides a quantitative analysis of local climate-related factors that may influence the organization of large sport events in Moscow, Russia, and its graphic representation in form of CTIS (Climate-Tourism Information Scheme) with decade resolution for 1991-2021. The individual CTIS for two historical sport events with daily resolution were also done, and then compared to meteorological data recorded during two large sport events to assess the agreement between averaged and actual conditions, which was found to be good enough for CTIS to serve as basic evaluation method. The CTIS-difference with sport events in Moscow compared with cases of Doha and Tokyo seem to be more about identifying the time period with biggest thermal comfort frequencies, instead of looking for occurrences of heat stress conditions. According to 1980 Summer Olympics and 2018 FIFA World Cup events it can be noted that time period was planned satisfactorily.

"Human resource management model of mega sporting events —— the Beijing Winter Olympics as an example"

With the accelerated pace of globalization, the frequency and number of major international sports events are gradually increasing. The human resource management model has also been considered in this context, playing a more important role. In order to discuss this issue in depth, this paper will take the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games as a case study, and discuss the changes and upgrades of HRM model in detail from the perspective of recruitment and management in human resources, from the surface way to the deep content. First of all, in the recruitment, Beijing Winter Olympic Games has a unique way of recruitment, through many media and Internet resources to promote the unprecedented effect. The mass adoption of recruitment on the Internet has attracted talents from all over the world to participate. Secondly, in the management, for the volunteers, due to the epidemic, a longer period of closed management was adopted, and the Beijing Winter Olympic Organizing Committee also focused on the psychological state of the staff and volunteers. In order to ensure people's life and living in a positive and effective way, in order to achieve a more efficient human management. In the end, the author summarizes the changes in the model of human resources management in the Winter Olympics, summarizes the characteristics of large international sporting events, refines the universal model with high feasibility, and summarizes the experience with the actual.

Influence of detailed air flow distribution on corrosion damage due to airborne sea salt adhesion in a large sports stadium: A CFD analysis

Structures are known to incur damage from airborne sea salt adhesion; especially, steel structures exposed to open air, such as sports stadiums, in coastal areas are considerably damaged due to airborne sea salt adhesion. In this study, the relationship between the corrosion damage due to salt adhesion and the detailed airflow distribution around a large sports stadium was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). First, the prediction accuracy of the flow field using CFD, which is an important premise for accurate salt adhesion estimation, was carefully validated by quantitatively comparing it with wind tunnel measurements in detail. Next, a CFD-based method that estimates salt adhesion resulting from wind flow was developed and applied to a large sports stadium using local meteorological data. Finally, the estimated salt adhesion results were compared with the field survey results of corrosion damage, and the estimation accuracy of the proposed approach was evaluated. The areas with high adhesion, as predicted by the CFD simulation, were in good agreement with the areas where the corrosion damage actually progressed, except for a few exceptions. The proposed estimation approach was confirmed to be useful in considering the effective countermeasures against corrosion damage in complex structures.

Modeling the effects of vaccination, nucleic acid testing, and face mask wearing interventions against COVID-19 in large sports events.

The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 leads to devastating COVID-19 infections around the world, which has affected both human health and the development of industries dependent on social gatherings. Sports events are one of the subgroups facing great challenges. The uncertainty of COVID-19 transmission in large-scale sports events is a great barrier to decision-making with regard to reopening auditoriums. Policymakers and health experts are trying to figure out better policies to balance audience experiences and COVID-19 infection control. In this study, we employed the generalized SEIR model in conjunction with the Wells-Riley model to estimate the effects of vaccination, nucleic acid testing, and face mask wearing on audience infection control during the 2021 Chinese Football Association Super League from 20 April to 5 August. The generalized SEIR modeling showed that if the general population were vaccinated by inactive vaccines at an efficiency of 0.78, the total number of infectious people during this time period would decrease from 43,455 to 6,417. We assumed that the general population had the same odds ratio of entering the sports stadiums and becoming the audience. Their infection probabilities in the stadium were further estimated by the Wells-Riley model. The results showed that if all of the 30,000 seats in the stadium were filled by the audience, 371 audience members would have become infected during the 116 football games in the 2021 season. The independent use of vaccination and nucleic acid testing would have decreased this number to 79 and 118, respectively. The combined use of nucleic acid testing and vaccination or face mask wearing would have decreased this number to 14 and 34, respectively. The combined use of all three strategies could have further decreased this number to 0. According to the modeling results, policymakers can consider the combined use of vaccination, nucleic acid testing, and face mask wearing to protect audiences from infection when holding sports events, which could create a balance between audience experiences and COVID-19 infection control.

Comparative Study on the Status Quo of Emergency Response Strategies of NBA and CBA During the Covid-19

The rapid development of sports has been affected to a certain extent by emergencies. Especially since the outbreak of Covid-19 in 2019, global sports events have been suspended one after another, and large-scale sports events were facing the economic threat brought by the epidemic. Based on this, both NBA and CBA leagues formulated a targeted development policy. This article will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the emergency strategies formulated by the two major alliances to deal with emergencies, and then deeply dissect the solutions adopted by the senior management of the alliance to deal with emergencies, analyze their strategies, and give corresponding suggestions, to provide reference and thinking for the development of CBA league and other sports leagues. This paper draws conclusions through literature review, mathematical statistics, and logical analysis. (1) When emergencies occur, decisions made by large sports leagues are largely affected by external factors, such as social factors, and new media (2) The decision made by China's CBA League in response to the turning point of the epidemic crisis has far-reaching strategic significance, and the maturity of the NBA League's emergency public relations team can be used as the object of CBA high-level research and reference.

Impact and control of the COVID pandemic in an elite sports club: Real Madrid.

The incidence and risk factors for poor outcome in patients with COVID are well known, as are the protective measures in high-risk populations. In contrast, the epidemiological and clinical behavior of this disease in the population of elite athletes who are the paradigm of good health is poorly understood. Data on COVID in athletes are scarce and have focused preferentially on the consequences on sports performance of confinement measures and on the pathophysiological risks of infected athletes. Real Madrid is a large elite sports institution with facilities in the City of Madrid where 600 athletes train daily. The incidence of COVID during a study period of 671 days of observation in athletes, professional or amateur, working in the institution has been 0,74 per 1,000 days of exposure. The disease has been asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic in all athletes and did not require any hospital admissions. The different teams did not have to suspend any of its sportive commitments for COVID during the study period and there was no evidence of outbreaks of internal transmission between members of the different teams.

IP Media Infrastructure—Opportunities, Observations, and Challenges

As guest editor, I specifically reached out to Gordon Castle for a contribution to this issue of the journal because it is important to hear from different voices as we work our way through the transition from the serial digital interface (SDI) to Internet Protocol (IP) systems. Rarely, if ever do we get to hear directly from the business/technology people who are making key decisions as we transition to IP. He has recent, direct relevant experience as one of the key decision-makers for a major refresh at a large live sports facility in Europe. He is a senior technical strategist with years of experience working both on the user side at Cable News Network (CNN) and later Eurosport and also on the vendor side at Ericsson. The views and opinions in this article are based on his years of experience, and the points he raises are ones that we, as media engineers and experts, should ponder, both with our employers and in society. Castle asks a number of questions in this article. He answers some of them but leaves others as open challenges. Perhaps, someone would like to tackle one or more of these in an upcoming issue of the journal?—Brad Gilmer, Guest Editor

Energy-Saving Benefits of Air-Source Heat Pump-Assisted Solar Water Heating Systems in Large Stadiums

With the rising trend of national sports, sports events are more and more favored by people and many large stadiums have emerged as the times require. Due to the particularity of sports, large stadiums are often equipped with independent hot water preparation systems for the convenience of sports enthusiasts. However, the traditional hot water preparation process not only consumes a lot of energy but also brings a lot of potential environmental pollution, which seriously violates the original intention of hot water preparation. Solar energy is clean energy that can be recycled and has a promising market prospect, but its heat production is greatly affected by the weather. Based on this, the paper has proposed a new solar water heating system (SWHS) that relies on the assistance of an air source heat pump (ASHP), aiming to solve the problem of hot water preparation in large sports stadiums from both economic and stability aspects. Taking the Xi’an Olympic Sports Center as an example, the article established the ASHP-aided SWHS and analyzed the differences between the system and other hot water preparation methods in terms of energy efficiency and benefits in terms of economy and environment. The results of the study showed that the energy replacement factor of the ASHP-aided SWHS reached 0.91, which was equivalent to replacing 91% of the annual conventional energy use in one year with this system, with significant energy-saving benefits. This demonstrates the high applicability and energy efficiency of the ASHP-aided SWHS in large sports stadiums.

Modelling the dynamic relationship between spread of infection and observed crowd movement patterns at large scale events

Understanding how contact patterns arise from crowd movement is crucial for assessing the spread of infection at mass gathering events. Here we study contact patterns from Wi-Fi mobility data of large sports and entertainment events in the Johan Cruijff ArenA stadium in Amsterdam. We show that crowd movement behaviour at mass gathering events is not homogeneous in time, but naturally consists of alternating periods of movement and rest. As a result, contact duration distributions are heavy-tailed, an observation which is not explained by models assuming that pedestrian contacts are analogous to collisions in the kinetic gas model. We investigate the effect of heavy-tailed contact duration patterns on the spread of infection using various random walk models. We show how different types of intermittent movement behaviour interact with a time-dependent infection probability. Our results point to the existence of a crossover point where increased contact duration presents a higher level of transmission risk than increasing the number of contacts. In addition, we show that different types of intermittent movement behaviour give rise to different mass-action kinetics, but also show that neither one of two mass-action mechanisms uniquely describes events.

S04-2 More than a club' - experiences gained by piloting the Sport Clubs for Health approach in Hungary

Issue/problemAccording to the latest Eurobarometer, only 5% of the active population in Hungary are sport club members. The “Sport Clubs for Health” (SCforH) approach was developed to help unlock the health potential of sports clubs and increase the offer of recreational sport programmes. The SCforH guidelines have been recognized in 2013 by the EU, as one of the indicators of the Council recommendations on promoting HEPA across sectors.Description of the problemThe Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities has recognized the need to support the implementation of SCforH approach, and decided to finance the “More than a club” pilot project. This project aimed to develop complex services that enable local and regional sports clubs to build their capacities and provide regular, health-focused physical activities supervised by sport professionals. Within the project, we tested and analysed what kind of organizational and service development measures are needed to be able to provide more health-focused programmes to the population, within sports clubs.Results (effects/changes)We managed to recruit 190 participants (drop-out rate = 12.7%) and involve them for at least one year into the following sport activities in a multisport environment: table tennis; zumba; Nordic walking; cycling; gymnastics; spine training and breathing technics; and ‘father-son' football. The programme is ongoing, and participants are monitored regularly in relation with their health-status and attitude towards physical activities. The adherence to the programme is 87.3%.LessonsThis project showed this type of a SCforH intervention may be feasible for implementation at a larger scale in multisport clubs. The further aim of the project is to prepare and test the Hungarian model of health-oriented sports clubs, by the end of April 2021. Based on the lessons learned from this pilot project, a long-term goal is to implement this kind of a SCforH intervention in several large Hungarian sports organizations and contribute to improving health at the population level.Main messagesThe implementation of SCforH guidelines can be realized in a gradual manner with dedicated leadership. Top-sport oriented clubs possess the capacity to implement the SCforH approach, but incentives and training are needed to facilitate the implementation.

Economic Assessment of Photovoltaics Sizing on a Sports Center’s Microgrid Equipped with PEV Chargers

Large sports centers are characterized by special energy demand profiles compared to other facilities. The aim of this work is to assess the economic investment of photovoltaics (PVs) on a sport center microgrid using different charging methods and by efficiently exploiting the PV generation. The overall work is performed in the following three steps. The first step is the energy requirement analysis, the second focuses on a PEV charging strategy proposition in order to exploit the PV generation, grid electricity price, and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), and the third step is the net present value (NPV) analysis of the PV investment in the different scenarios. The simulations showed that the proposed charging strategy increases the NPV. In addition, the increment of PEV penetration rate leads to the maximization of the NPV. The energy and costs analysis are carried out for an application case in the Olympic Athletic Centre of Athens.

Involvement, Social Impact Experiences, and Event Support of Host Residents Before, during, and after the 2021 UCI Road World Championships

Host residents’ support is of paramount importance for the success of spectator sports events. Factors influencing event support have been investigated in past research, but usually in isolation. The current study includes multiple factors by analysing the relationship among involvement, social impact experiences, and event support. Data were collected online four and six months before, during, and two months after the 2021 UCI Road World Championships from 3219 from residents, representative for the city of Leuven (Belgium). The 2021 UCI Road World Championships offered a unique context, as it was the first large spectator sports event organised in Flanders since COVID-19. The event had a limited social impact, but this increased over time (e.g., community spirit and event support). Social impact experiences mainly exerted a significant influence on event support rather than attitudinal and behavioural involvement factors. The results of this study inform national and local policymakers to attract events, event organisers to achieve impact and legacy, and other scholars to improve the understanding of spectator sports event research.

Call for Socioeconomic and Health Infrastructure Rehabilitation after Pandemics and armed Conflicts - an ultimate wake up Call for the International Community?

This current issue of Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention (CSW, 1-5) summarizes the three last issues focused on two devastating events. 1st – the two year pandemics of coronavirus infection originated from Hongkong 2003; via Abu Dhabi 2012; Busan 2017; Wuchan 2019 via Italy, France and large airports and sports/ cultural events to Central and Eastern Europe. 2nd – three war conflicts, two of them in Europe, or very close to the EU: first in 2012-2020 in Yemen due to airstries and infrastructure bombing of Taizz, Sanaa and Hodeida; second in Karabakh, Stepanakert Region by shelling from Azerbajjjan; third in Ukraine after bombing and still permanent shelling from Russian and Russia-satellite allies to Ukraine. We have to face the part played by devastating infrastructure destruction of hospitals schools, socio-economic and industrial damage to health and sanitary with consequences such as has been noted after an earthquake in Haiti and war in Rwanda and DRC. Currently, unfortunately, dealing with destroyed urban infrastructure in Mariopil and other towns, such as cholera outbreaks and Covid 19 resurgence results in massive a flow of refugees of war - a classic example of how socio-economic tragedy is followed by large health catastrophe. The EU is prepared for country rehabilitation including healthcare and educational support. The ultimate condition however is the immediate stopping of armed activities especially bombing and shelling of the water supplies and sanitary infrastructure.

Sports activities during the Covid 19 pandemic: A Bibliometric Analysis

The sports industry has been one of the most negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This bibliometric analysis aims to analyze the characteristics of the literature on sports activities during COVID-19 published in the Scopus database. Year of publication, type of publication, publication stage, language, country, institution, scientific source, author, and keywords are used as parameters in the analysis of sports activities and Covid-19. A thorough examination of 1480 documents from 2020 to 2023 (as of June 23, 2022) revealed four were issued and 1476 were analysed. According to the findings, the most publications occurred in 2021, with 805 documents. United States became the most active country with a total of 302 documents. With 160 documents, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health was the most productive scientific source. The most common type of article documents (n = 1,116, 75,61%) Publication status: final (n = 1374, 93.08%). Most types of sources are journals (n = 1,449, 98.17%). There is a wide gap in the productivity of publications in the field of sports activities during the COVID-19 pandemic between countries with strong and large sports traditions and countries with developing sports traditions.

Investigation of the Thermodynamic Transformation and Rare Earth Microalloying of a Medium Carbon-Medium Alloy Steel for Large Ball Mill Liners.

The medium carbon-medium alloy steel was developed for the manufacture of large ball mill liners and sports equipment. In this study, the continuous cooling transformation curve of a novel type of medium carbon-medium alloy steel was measured with a thermal simulation machine; based on this curve, the hardening and tempering processes were optimized. The steel was then complex modified with alkaline earth and rare earth alloys. The mechanical properties of the treated steel were tested. The microstructure of the steel was analyzed by metallographic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the wear surface of the steel was analyzed by a three-dimensional morphometer. After high-temperature tempering, the microstructure transformed into tempered sorbite, which possesses good mechanical properties and can adapt to working conditions that require high strength and toughness. Rare earth or alkaline earth modification of the medium carbon-medium alloy steel promoted microstructural uniformity and grain refinement and improved the mechanical and anti-wear properties.

From cobblestones to cohesion: the role of professional cycling in the development of social capital in Flanders, Belgium

Although a large literature links mass sports events to elements of social capital arena-based sports with worldwide popularity like football, no studies have previously considered whether such associations can be found for sports that are specifically popular in particular regions. Here, we focus on cycling in Belgium. During the spring of each year, a unique type of one-day professional cycling race is organised in Belgium and France: cobblestone races (e.g. Tour of Flanders). These are very popular among the public in Flanders, Belgium because of their long history and current Belgian cyclists’ strong performances in them. We focus on a key element of social capital: trust in others. Using online survey data from a long-running study by the Flemish Government (N = 33,671), we analyse whether Belgian cyclists’ performances in and television ratings of cobblestone races are associated with various types of trust among the Flemish public. Results indicate that strong Belgian performances in cobblestone races are associated with greater neighbourhood trust, while high television ratings are also associated with greater trust. Some of these effects are moderated by age and gender. We discuss the implications of our findings and avenues of future research on the role of locally popular sports in the development of social capital.

Risk assessment of large-scale sports events based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

Large scale sports events bring all kinds of opportunities, but also contain huge risks. Therefore, risk management measures in the operation of sports events is important, and risk assessment is a significant part of risk management. It is indispensable to select risk factors that have a greater impact on the event risk and analyze their impact on the event risk and the degree of impact. In this paper, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used to study the risk assessment. Through the identification of risk factors, the modeling of analytic hierarchy process, the construction of fuzzy evaluation matrix and the ranking of risk factors, the importance ranking of risk factors in the operation of large-scale sports events is realized. Aiming at the fuzziness of people’s judgment reflected by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a research method of risk assessment of large-scale sports events based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is proposed. Through a series of steps of risk identification and risk assessment of sports events, the risk assessment of sports events is realized, event risk factors, modeling of AHP structure, building of fuzzy judgment matrix and ranking of event risk factors, importance ranking of risk factors. The experimental results show that the consistency ratio CR = CI/RI = 0.0193/0.58 = 0.033 < 0.1, the judgment matrix has good consistency, which shows the feasibility in the risk assessment of large-scale sports events.

Mining and Prediction of Large Sport Tournament Data Based on Bayesian Network Models for Online Data

In the modern society, competitive sports have an essential place in the world. Sports can reflect not only the comprehensive strength of a country to some extent but also the cohesion of a nation. Therefore, as China’s overall strength and international influence continue to rise, sports are being given more and more importance. At the same time, research and exploration on the prediction of match results have also become a hot topic. In the large sport tournaments, there are many factors that influence the outcome of a match. In actual matches, the outcome is not only determined by the strength of the participants, but also by a number of unexpected factors. The randomness brought about by these unexpected factors makes it difficult to predict the outcome of a sporting event. In recent years, many researchers have sought to enhance the understanding of complex objects with the help of prediction of sporting outcomes. One of the more traditional methods of prediction is the probabilistic statistical method. However, the traditional prediction methods have low accuracy and do not provide satisfactory stability in the prediction results. In fact, since most sporting matches are played against each other, the ability values of the players often play a key role in the match. They can determine the winner of a match, but unexpected factors such as player play, playing time, and injury situations can also have an impact on the strength of a playing team, so these factors should not be ignored. This study establishes a reasonable causal relationship between the offensive and defensive situations in the game and the players’ ability values and builds a complex Bayesian network model. A match prediction model is then built using the latent variables present during the match so that the various ability values of the match teams can be assessed.

Impact of aeroplane noise on mental and physical health: a quasi-experimental analysis

ObjectivesHistorically, departures at New York City’s LaGuardia airport flew over a large sports complex within a park. During the US Open tennis games, flights were diverted to fly over a...

Teaching Platform for Physical Training of Track and Field Events in Colleges and Universities Based on Data Mining Technology.

To a large extent, track and field sports require strong physical fitness of athletes, and athletes' physical fitness determines their competition results. With the improvement of people's living standards, athletes can get better nutritional supplements, but competition in track events has gradually become fierce, and physical fitness is extremely important for athletes. Physical training can improve athletes' endurance, sports coordination, and sensitivity, but coaches should arrange the training intensity reasonably, not exceeding the athlete's tolerance, to avoid problems such as overloading training causing athletes to be injured and sports age shortened. Traditional track and field training methods are no longer suitable for the physical development of modern athletes. This paper mainly studies the college track and field sports training teaching platform based on data mining technology. By using data mining technology, this paper constructs a track and field training platform in colleges and universities. Therefore, this paper designs a teaching platform for physical training in track and field events and puts the teaching platform into training teaching. It uses data mining technology to collect athletes' sports characteristics and analyze athletes. The physical parameters and movement norms of the people develop a personalized training program for them.