Large Population Research Articles

Harnessing Genetic Diversity And Vigor Of Onion From Multi-generatio Study

This study investigates the genetic variation, vigor, and performance of onion generations resulting from crosses. The experiment was conducted at the Spices Research Centre, Shibganj, Bogura, during 2021-22, following diallel mating design with three parental varieties, BARI piaz1, BARI piaz4, and BARI piaz6. The research focuses on evaluating yield and yield-contributing traits, including bulb dimensions, bulbing index, and individual bulb weight. The results demonstrate significant genetic diversity among onion generations, offering opportunities for the breeders to select and develop superior lines. Hybrid vigor and heterosis, particularly evident in F1 generations, suggest that combining genetically diverse parental lines can lead to progeny with superior performance compared to their parents. However, the choice of parental lines significantly influences the stability and performance of hybrid progeny, with certain varieties demonstrating consistent performance across generations (Parent, F1, F2). Trait segregation and variability within F2 hybrid populations underscore the importance of evaluating large populations to identify individuals with desired trait combinations. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of leveraging genetic diversity and hybrid vigor in onion breeding programs to develop cultivars. By employing breeding strategies the high-performing onion varieties capable of thriving in diverse agro-climatic conditions in onion farming. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2024, 49(2): 31-44

Can the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases be predicted more accurately by including lifestyle data? An exploratory study for data-driven prediction of COVID-19 cases in metropolitan cities using deep learning models.

The COVID-19 outbreak has significantly impacted human lifestyles and life patterns. Therefore, data related to human social life may tell us the increase or decrease in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. However, although the number of confirmed cases is affected by social life, it is difficult to find studies that attempt to predict the number of confirmed cases using various lifestyle data. This paper attempted an exploratory data analysis to see if the number of confirmed cases could be predicted more accurately by including various lifestyle data. We included taking public transportation, watching a movie at the cinema, and accommodation at a motel in the lifestyle data. Finally, a 'lifestyle addition' set was constructed that added lifestyle data to the number of past confirmed cases and search term frequency data. The deep learning algorithms used in the analysis are deep neural networks (DNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Performance differences across data sets and between deep learning models were tested to be statistically significant. Among metropolitan cities in South Korea, Seoul (9.6 million) with the largest population and Busan (3.4 million) with the second largest population had the lowest error rate in 'lifestyle addition' set. When predicting with the 'lifestyle addition' set, in Seoul, the error rate was reduced to 20.1%, and in Busan, the graph of the actual number of confirmed cases and the predicted graph were almost identical. Through this study, we were able to identify three notable results that could contribute to predicting the number of patients infected with epidemic in the future.

Sleep and long COVID: preexisting sleep issues and the risk of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large general population using 3 different model definitions.

Insomnia, poor sleep quality, and extremes of sleep duration are associated with COVID-19 infection. This study assessed whether these factors are related to post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Cross-sectional survey of a general population of 24,803 United States adults to determine the association of insomnia, poor sleep quality, and sleep duration with PASC. Three definitions of PASC were used based on post COVID-19 clinical features: COVID-19 Outbreak Public Evaluation Initiative (COPE) (≥ 3), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (≥ 1), and Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) (scoring algorithm). Prevalence rates of PASC were 21.9%, 38.9%, and 15.5% for COPE, NICE, and RECOVER PASC definitions, respectively. PASC was associated with insomnia in all 3 models after full adjustment with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) ranging from 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11-1.52, P ≤ .05, RECOVER PASC score) to 1.52 (95% CI: 1.34-1.71, P ≤ .001, NICE). Poor sleep quality was related to PASC in all models with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.77 (95% CI: 1.60-1.97, P ≤ .001, NICE) to 2.00 (95% CI: 1.77-2.26, P ≤ .001, COPE). Sleep < 6 hours was associated with PASC with adjusted odds ratios between 1.59 (95% CI: 1.40-1.80, P ≤ .001, RECOVER PASC score) and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.53-1.89, P ≤ .001, COPE). Sleep ≥ 9 hours was not associated with PASC in any model. Although vaccination with COVID-19 booster decreased the likelihood of developing PASC, it did not attenuate associations between insomnia, poor sleep quality, and short sleep duration with PASC in any of the models. Insomnia, poor sleep quality, and short sleep duration are cross-sectionally associated with PASC and may be potential risk factors. Further longitudinal studies should be conducted. Quan SF, Weaver MD, Czeisler MÉ, etal. Sleep and long COVID: preexisting sleep issues and the risk of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large general population using 3 different model definitions. J Clin Sleep Med. 2025;21(2):249-259.

Simulation and applicability evaluation of providing different grades of water based on household functional needs in urban areas.

Providing different grades of water is a promising solution to address the challenges of urban water supply, including water quality, quantity, and energy consumption. However, quantifying the effectiveness of this strategy and understanding its economic, environmental, and social impacts remain significant challenges. This study introduces a simulation-based method to predict household water use and evaluate the applicability and sustainability of the water supply system. A system dynamics model was developed to simulate household water behavior under different water supply scenarios, incorporating different water quality combinations, price mechanisms, and regional population composition. The results were analyzed regarding the optimal water completion degree, user satisfaction, water supply yield, and water volume stability to evaluate the system's applicability. Our findings suggest that scenarios involving simultaneous provision of high-quality and common water are deficient due to overlapping functions. In addition, a dynamic water pricing mechanism can improve user satisfaction and supply stability, especially in the area with a large population. Concurrent supply of high-quality, low-quality, and reclaimed water emerges as an efficient alternative, achieving dual objectives of resource conservation and water quality improvement.

A comparative cohort study of post-COVID-19 conditions based on physical examination records in China.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, is characterized as a multisystem disease, potentially yielding multifaceted consequences on various organs at multiple levels. At the end of 2022, over 90% of the Chinese population was infected by SARS-CoV-2 within 35 days because of adjustments to epidemic prevention and control policies. This short-term change provides an unprecedented opportunity for comparative studies on COVID-19 infection among large populations. In this study, the physical examination data of 136,713 people in the past three consecutive years was employed to study the impact of COVID-19. Standard physical examination data, comprising evaluations of nearly a hundred indicators, were investigated for a comprehensive assessment of COVID-19's effect on human health. The results suggested that most indicators remained stable or changed within a permissible range after the COVID-19 outbreak in December 2022, but several specific indicators presented abnormal patterns of varying durations. There was an observed increase in the fraction of T-wave abnormalities during the outbreak, especially in people with chronic diseases such as hypertension, liver steatosis, and hyperglycemia. These findings highlighted the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health and its potential interaction with chronic diseases. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFE0108100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program (82270159, 82070147).

Do implant overdentures improve chewing ability and quality of life despite no effect on nutritional status?

This prospective study involved 35 edentulous adults aged 50 years and older, treated at a dental clinic. Data were collected across four time points: baseline (T0), 3 months post-application of conventional complete dentures (CD; T1), and 3 and 6 months after the transition to implant-supported overdentures (IOD; T2 and T3). Patient outcomes were assessed using: Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA): To evaluate nutritional status, Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14): To measure oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and Chewing Ability Questionnaire: To document functional improvements. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scores declined initially after transitioning to CDs (T0-T1) but stabilized following implant overdenture placement. Significant improvements were reported, with chewing difficulty decreasing from 91.4% at baseline to 51.4% at T3. Marked enhancements in OHIP-14 scores at T2 and T3, indicating better oral health perception. While implant overdentures significantly improved chewing ability and quality of life, they did not lead to measurable improvements in nutritional status. The findings highlight the functional and psychosocial benefits of implant overdentures for older adults, suggesting that oral rehabilitation enhances overall well-being even without direct nutritional effects. This study provides a moderate level of evidence based on its prospective design, validated outcome measures, and clear findings related to chewing ability and oral health-related quality of life. However, the small sample size, lack of long-term follow-up, and absence of significant improvements in nutritional status suggest the need for further research to validate and strengthen these findings. Future studies with larger populations and extended observation perimplant overdentures are essential to enhance the robustness and generalizability of the evidence.

Acquired gene alterations potentially related to resistance to anti-HER2 therapy in HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

277 Background: While HER2-targeted therapies benefit patients (pts) with advanced HER2-positive mCRC, the development of resistance remains inevitable. This study aims to explore the landscape and frequency of genetic alterations putatively associated with acquired resistance to anti-HER2 therapy in HER2-positive mCRC. Methods: In this retrospective-multicenter international study involving Mayo Clinic, Duke Cancer Center and National Cancer Center Hospital East (Japan), we descriptively compared comprehensive genomic analyses from tissue or blood samples of pts with HER2-positive CRC pre-treatment and post-treatment with HER2-targeting agents. Results: A total of 36 pts were included in this study. 29 (80%) had HER2-positive mCRC as confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (ISH), the remaining pts had HER2 amplification detected on blood or tissue . 34/36 (94%) pts were administered their first anti-HER2 agent after progressing on ≥2 prior lines of treatment. The most common anti-HER2 regimen administered was trastuzumab/pertuzumab (50%, 18/36), followed by trastuzumab-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (tucatinib or neratinib) (30%, 11/36) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (14%, 5/36). Putative genomic mechanisms of acquired resistance were detected in 72% (26/36), while the remaining pts lacked new genomic alterations that might explain resistance to anti-HER2 therapy, suggesting alternative escape mechanisms. Acquired alterations in downstream or alternate bypass pathways were identified in 72% (26/36) of pts; most commonly in the RAS/RAF pathway and in EGFR (34.6%, 9/26 each), followed by 27% (7/26) of pts with MET point mutations (mts) and amplification; activating muts in PI3K/AKT and in 27% (7/26), most commonly CDK12 (60%, 4/7) . HER2 receptor alterations were detected in 3 pts (8.3%), all of whom received trastuzumab-tucatinib and included HER2 L755S, HER2 V777L, HER2 D769Y, HER2 G727A and HER2 S310F, which are known to cause resistance to , however, information about tucatinib resistance is not yet available. Other altered pathways included AR, RB, NOTCH and HRD. Two pts lost HER2 expression on blood and tissue NGS post anti-HER2 therapy. Conclusions: The emergence of resistance might be in part related to acquired alterations that constitutively activate signaling pathways parallel or downstream of HER2, bypassing HER2 inhibition. Additional histologic studies, deep mutational scanning, larger populations and correlative analysis are needed to validate these findings.

Is there a relationship between vitamin D levels and graft versus host disease?

Vitamin D deficiency is common in adult patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Since vitamin D is an important regulatory factor for the immune system, vitamin D deficiency may have effects on antitumor activity, relapse rates, graft versus host disease (GVHD) occurrence and infection rates in allo-HSCT. We aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D levels on the outcome of allo-HSCT. This study included 211 patients who underwent allo-HSCT at seven transplant centers in Türkiye. The impact of pretransplant vitamin D level on overall survival (OS), relapse rate, GVHD occurrence and engraftment times was analyzed retrospectively RESULTS: Pretransplant vitamin D levels were not related to the neutrophil engraftment day (p: 0.887), relapse rate (p: 0.433) and GVHD occurrence (p: 0.391). At a median follow-up of 14 months, OS was 84.8 % and median OS was not reached. Univariate Cox Regression analysis showed that higher levels of vitamin D (>12 ng/mL) affected the survival rates (p = 0.029) (HR: 0.392: 95 % CI: 10.170-0.907). In our study, pretransplant vitamin D levels were not related to GVHD occurrence, relapse rate and engraftment times. However, we found that higher levels of pretransplant vitamin D levels (threshold is 12 ng/mL) were associated with increased survival. Further studies with a larger population are necessary to reveal the role of vitamin D in patients undergoing allo-HSCT.

Patient-reported outcomes in physical, cognitive, and sexual health in early-onset gastrointestinal cancers (EOGIC).

72 Background: Incidence of early-onset (ages 18-49) gastrointestinal cancers is alarmingly increasing. To assess unmet needs in health-related quality of life (HRQoL), we conducted this pilot study using PRO measures in patients with EOGIC. Methods: Patients ages 18-49 with any GI cancer seen at our center during a clinic visit were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Validated PRO tools PROMIS 29+2, GP5 from FACT-G, AYA Sexual Health PRO Battery and Adult Neuro-QOL Cognitive Function short form were administered. Participants’ PROMIS 29+2 responses were scored to generate a T score, and two-tailed t-tests were used to compare T scores with the average score from a large general US population. The electronic medical record was reviewed to collect demographic, diagnosis and treatment information. Results: 39 (85% response rate) patients were enrolled from 03-08/24. Table 1 describes demographics, diagnoses, and treatment. In the PROMIS 29+2, EOGIC patients reported significantly lower physical function and higher anxiety, depression, fatigue and pain interference compared to the general US population: t-score (T-test p-value) 40.4 (p 0.0003), 57.7 (p 0.005), 55.7 (p 0.017), 55.1 (p 0.033) and 58.5 (p 0.0001), respectively. 56% reported being at least somewhat “bothered by side effects of treatment,” and this measure has a known correlation with clinician reported adverse events. Regarding sexual health (SH) in prior 30 days, 79% of participants felt less whole or “damaged” due to their disease, 64% were sexually active, 56% had some distress due to change in SH, and 50% were worried about their romantic relationship(s). Patients identified discussing safe sex with low counts, body image, contraception and addressing sexual problems as areas of unmet need during their care. They reported not receiving counseling from their care teams: only 15% discussed safe sex with low counts, 28% contraception, 13% STI prevention, and 18% discussed effect of cancer on body image. No significant change in cognitive functioning over the preceding 7 days was reported in this study. Conclusions: PROs are an important tool in clinical and survivorship care of young patients with GI cancers. We discovered that decreased physical function, increased anxiety, depression, fatigue and pain significantly effect HRQoL patients with EOGIC. We also found high unmet need to address sexual health in patients with EOGIC. Our ongoing work aims to better understand and address these needs for our patients. Demographic, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics of participants. Age At study participation 24-49 median 43 Gender Female 26 66.7% Primary cancer Colorectal 19 48.7% Pancreatic 5 12.8% Biliary tract cancers 5 12.8% Esophageal/Gastric 3 7.7% Other (including anal, NET, GIST, appendiceal) 7 17.9% Stage Metastatic 22 56.4% Treatment On any active treatment 24 61.5% On chemotherapy 20 51.2%

Abstract TP169: Presence of a Mismatch Perfusion Profile in Large Core Ischemic Stroke Over Time Significantly Varies by Mismatch Definition

Introduction: The prevalence of Mismatch (MM) profiles on admission perfusion imaging in large core ischemic strokes, stratified by time since last known normal (LKN) and MM profile definition, is not well described. Methods: We used a retrospective multicenter study of patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion, baseline MR or CT perfusion (MRP, CTP), and definitive LKN within 24 hours. We studied four MM profile definitions: 1) Mismatch ratio (MR)≥1.2, penumbral volume (Pen)≥10ml, and (if CTP) core volume defined by CBF&lt;30%; 2) MR≥1.8, Pen≥15ml, CBF&lt;30%; 3) MR≥1.2, Pen≥10ml, CBF&lt;38%; 4) MR≥1.8, Pen≥15ml, CBF&lt;38%. Two definitions of large core were evaluated (≥50ml or ≥70ml; defined as CBF&lt;30% or CBF&lt;38% on CTP and as ADC ≤620x10 -6 mm 2 /s on MRP). We used the Cochran-Armitage Trend Test to evaluate for trends in MM presence over time and McNemar Test to compare MM profiles for differences in prevalence. Results: Of 2012 patients included, 49% were male, median age was 75 (IQR 64-84), median baseline NIHSS was 15 (8-20), median time from LKN to imaging was 5.7 hours (1.8-8), 44% had CTP. In patients with cores ≥50ml and ≥70ml (Figures 1&amp;2), MM profile defined by MR≥1.2 and Pen≥10ml was more prevalent than MM defined by MR≥1.8 and Pen≥15ml (P&lt;0.001). MM prevalence decreased over time in three of four MM profiles in the ≥50ml core group but only one MM profile in the ≥70ml group (P&lt;0.001 in all comparisons). In all core sizes (Figure 3), there was a significant trend toward decreased MM prevalence over time in all four profiles (P&lt;0.0001) and between the MR≥1.2 and Pen≥10 vs MR≥1.8 and Pen≥15 profiles (P&lt;0.001 in all comparisons). Similar significant differences between the MR≥1.2 and Pen≥10 vs MR≥18 and Pen≥15 existed in CTP only, MRP only, and witnessed onset only subgroup analyses (P&lt;0.001 for all). Conclusions: MM is more prevalent when defined as MR≥1.2 and Pen≥10ml than when defined as MR≥1.8 and Pen≥15ml, especially in large cores. MM prevalence decreases over time in all core sizes, though trends are less clear with increasing infarct size. Understanding real-world prevalence of MM in large core strokes may help contextualize results of recent trials, while clarifying the optimal definition and prevalence of MM in the large core population is of import to future prospective study design. This study is limited by potential bias in favor of higher MM presence due to one site’s patient transfer acceptances contingent on favorable CTP profiles.

Unveiling the seasonal transport and exposure risks of atmospheric microplastics in the southern area of the Yangtze River Delta, China.

This study investigates the prevalence and impacts of suspended atmospheric microplastics (SAMPs) in the coastal metropolitan city of Ningbo in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China. The sampling was conducted at both urban centre and urban-rural fringe areas, near the coast but distant from large urban populations. SAMP abundance ranged from 0.017 to 0.430 items m-³, with an average of 0.145±0.09 items m⁻³. The urban centre exhibited approximately 70% more SAMPs than the urban-rural fringe, highlighting the influence of population density and human activity on microplastic pollution. Fibres dominated SAMP composition at both sites, while urban samples featured a greater variety of microplastic forms, such as fragments, beads, and films. Rayon and Polyethylene terephthalate were the predominant polymers, which were found to be directly related to local industrial activities. SAMPs ranged in size from 20μm to 4984.4μm, with over 60% smaller than 1000μm. Seasonal variation followed a winter>autumn>spring>summer pattern. Correlation and principal component analyses identified atmospheric temperature, pressure, wind speed, and rainfall as key factors influencing SAMP abundance. Notably, backward trajectory analysis showed that oceanic air masses carried significantly fewer SAMPs compared to terrestrial air, diluting concentrations in coastal regions. Annually, an estimated 4.67×101³ microplastics are suspended over Ningbo. This is the first comprehensive study of SAMP pollution in this region, revealing interactions between local sources, environmental variations, air mass dynamics, and exposure. The findings underscore the need for targeted strategies to mitigate atmospheric microplastic pollution in coastal urban environments.

Dissociable ventral and dorsal sensorimotor functional circuits linking the hypomanic personality traits to aggression via behavioral inhibition system.

Hypomanic personality traits (HPT) are susceptibility markers for psychiatric disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, and are strongly associated with aggressive behaviors. However, the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. This study utilized psychometric network analysis and Inter-Subject Representation Similarity Analysis (IS-RSA) to explore the neuropsychological circuits that link HPT to aggression in a large non-clinical population. Psychometric network analysis (n = 716) identified two key nodes: the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and mood volatility, a core dimension of HPT. We observed a positive correlation between mood volatility and aggression, with BIS serving as a mediating factor. Task-based functional imaging (n = 53) further revealed a double dissociation between the dorsal (dSMC) and ventral (vSMC) sensorimotor cortices to HPT, specifically during the processing of reward magnitude and delay in a delayed reward paradigm. Functional patterns within these regions mediated the relationship between individual differences in mood volatility and aggression, with BIS acting as a mediator through parallel pathways. Resting-state functional imaging (n = 505) replicated this functional segregation and revealed distinct integrative patterns: the dSMC was functionally connected to the frontoparietal network (FPN) and the vSMC to the sensorimotor network (SMN). These circuits collectively mediated the associations among mood volatility, aggression, and BIS. These findings highlight the critical role of sensorimotor circuits and BIS in understanding the neuropsychological pathways linking HPT-related mood volatility to aggression.

Effects of disease aetiology on outcomes for unresectable HCC treated with lenvatanib or atezobev: A real world retrospective study.

554 Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-death worldwide. 1 Standard of care first line treatment for unresectable HCC is Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab (AtezoBev) 1 while the multi-kinase inhibitor Lenvatinib 2 is also available in the first line setting. No randomised studies have compared these treatments directly. Real world data suggests similar overall survival (OS) with AtezoBev possibly superior in patients with a viral hepatitis aetiology and Lenvatinib superior in NAFLD. 3,4,5,6,7 Methods: We evaluated patients treated with Lenvatinib or AtezoBev in a retrospective cohort of patients who commenced first-line treatment in the West of Scotland from 04/12/2015 to 28/11/2023. 102 received Lenvatinib and 52 AtezoBev. We collected data on progression free survival (PFS), OS, demographics and disease aetiology- classified primarily as viral hepatitis, acholic liver disease (ALD) or NAFLD. Results: AtezoBev patients had improved mOS compared with Lenvatinib (13.8 vs 9. 1 months, p = 0.04). No statistically significant differences were observed in mPFS (5.5 vs 3.5 months, p = 0.31). Of the three aetiologies considered, the only statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) difference between the treatments was OS in the NAFLD group (24.1 vs 9.1 months, p = 0.04). When considering patient demographic and disease factors, Child-Pugh score was most significant. Patients with Childs=5 liver disease had much longer OS and PFS compared with Childs≥6 disease. Similarly, patients with ECOG PS=0 had improved survival than PS≥1. There were no statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) differences between AtezoBev and Lenvatinib. Age, sex and social deprivation (SIMD) score had minimal effects on survival although high levels of social deprivation and male sex were over-represented in our population. Conclusions: In contrast to other real world analyses, our patients demonstrated improved mOS with Atezo/Bev vs Lenvatinib. 3 However, mPFS was similar for the two regimes. The difference in OS may be explained by differences in patient selection, with the Lenvatinib group disproportionately representing patients with a poorer performance status (PS&gt;0) and higher Childs-Pugh scores (CP&gt;5). Furthermore, patients in the AtezoBev group who progressed were often offered Lenvatinib second-line, possibly improving mOS, whereas Lenvatinib patients who progressed were offered either Sorafenib, a clinical trial or best supportive care. However, we cannot rule out a direct survival benefit from the use of AtezoBev vs Lenvatinib in the first line setting. The choice of first line therapy for HCC remains complex and must account for patient preferences such as convenience and side effect profile in addition to observed trial outcomes and the increasing body of real world evidence. 1. Finn RS et. al. Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 May 14;382(20):1894-1905. 2. Kudo, Masatoshi et. al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2018. Volume 391, Issue 10126, 1163 – 1173. 3. Wang, BC. et. al. Lenvatinib Versus Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab in the First-Line Treatment for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies. Targ. Oncol. 2024. 19, 203–212. 4. Casadei-Gardini A et. al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus lenvatinib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a large real-life worldwide population. Eur. J. Cancer. 2023; 180:9-20. 5. Rimini M et. al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus lenvatinib or sorafenib in non-viral unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an international propensity score matching analysis. ESMO Open. 2022 Dec;7(6):100591. 6. Su CW et. al. Similar efficacy and safety between lenvatinib versus atezolizumab plus bevacizumab as the first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med. 2023. 12(6):7077-7089. 7. Rimini, M., et al. Survival outcomes from atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus Lenvatinib in Child Pugh B unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol. 2023. 149, 7565–7577.

Immune regulation differences in Large yellow croaker with varied resistance to Cryptocaryon irritans infection.

Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the main marine aquaculture species in China, but has faced considerable losses due to Cryptocaryon irritans infection. In this study, we successfully established a C. irritans-susceptible population of large yellow croaker by genomic selection technology. We then compared the immune genetic mechanisms of this susceptible population with those of a large yellow croaker population from eastern Fujian in response to C. irritans infection. GWAS identified 44 significant SNPs across 11 QTL regions on different chromosomes associated with C. irritans infection, with most located on chromosomes 1 and 24. Notably, the QTL region on chromosome 1 overlapped with the resistance QTL region mapped in the C. irritans-resistant population previously established by our team, underscoring its crucial role in conferring resistance to C. irritans infection. RNA-Seq analysis revealed significant differences in immune responses between the two groups, with the susceptible group specifically activating the Jak / Stat signaling pathway and upregulating interleukin-related genes, including il11a, il-5r and il-20r. A combined analysis of the GWAS and RNA-Seq data revealed that cspg4 was located in the overlapping QTL region on chromosome 1 associated with resistance. Upon infection, the expression of cspg4 was significantly higher in the susceptible group compared to the control group. As a downstream factor of interleukins, cspg4 may regulate interleukin expression by activating the Jak / Stat pathway, thereby influencing the body's normal immune defense functions. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of host-parasite immune responses and highlight potential therapeutic targets.

Sex-specific anatomical variation of circle of Willis arteries.

Anatomical variations in the circle of Willis (CoW) arteries are common and can affect hemodynamic stress, thereby influencing the risk of cerebrovascular pathology. Previous studies have suggested sex differences in CoW anatomy, but findings vary due to limited study population size and different measurement methods. This study aims to investigate sex differences in artery diameters, anatomical variants and bifurcation angles of the CoW using a large population cohort and semi-automatic measurements. Sex-specific CoW anatomical variations were assessed using Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) scans of 1,052 individuals without intracranial vascular abnormalities. Diameters and bifurcation angles of large CoW arteries (>1.2 mm) were measured with a semi-automatic tool. Diameters of smaller anterior communicating artery (Acom) and posterior communicating arteries (Pcoms) and the anatomical variants of the CoW were determined manually. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) and logistic regression models with adjustments for covariates were used to compare anatomical variations between sexes. Men exhibited larger diameters in all semi-automatically measured CoW arteries. A complete anterior CoW was more prevalent in men than women, while there was no difference for the posterior CoW. Aplasia/hypoplasia of the Acom was more prevalent in women. Aplasia/hypoplasia of one Pcom was more common in women, while aplasia/hypoplasia of both Pcoms was more common in men. No sex differences were found in CoW bifurcation angles and in the occurrence of fetal-type posterior cerebral arteries. This study identified significant CoW differences in artery diameters and anatomical variants between sexes, while bifurcation angles between arteries were comparable. Future research should investigate the association between these sex-specific CoW variations and cerebrovascular pathology.

Click Reaction Inspired Enzyme Inhibitors in Diabetes Care: An Update in the Field of Chronic Metabolic Disorder.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that impacts all age groups and affects a large population worldwide. Humans receive glucose from almost every food source, and after absorption from the gut, it reaches the liver, which functions as the distribution center for it. The insulin-responsive glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) is a major carrier of glucose to the various cells (majorly expressed in myocytes, adipocytes, and cardiomyocytes) in a well-fed state. In fasting periods, the glucose supply is maintained by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. In diabetes, the distribution of glucose is hampered due to several reasons. Furthermore, to treat this disorder, several drugs have been synthesized, and click chemistry plays an important role. A more recent concept for producing pharmaceuticals with a click chemistry approach makes any reaction more practical and stereospecific, along with a higher yield of products and a smaller number of by-products. This approach comprises a compiled study of the activity of numerous compelling antidiabetic drugs containing 1, 2, 3-triazole derivatives supported by click chemistry. In this review, we discuss the synthetic antidiabetic drugs made via click chemistry and their commendable role in improving diabetes care.

Range expansion in Western Pygmy Blue butterfly Brephidium exilis (Boisduval), with records from the Red Sea coast and north-west Saudi Arabia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

The Western Pygmy Blue Brephidium exilis (Boisduval), a North American butterfly that began its overseas expansion in Arabia more than thirty years ago, was recently observed for the first time at two sites in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: (i) a wintertime record of a few individuals in near-freezing temperatures at a peri-agricultural site outside the northwestern desert city of Tabuk, and (ii) a large population among extensive urban landscaping along the central Red Sea coast north of Jeddah, similar to sites where it flourishes in eastern Arabia. These observations (a) fill a large observational gap in the expanding range of this non-native species in the Middle East, South-west Asia and even North Africa; (b) demonstrate the breadth of its ecological tolerance; and (c) indicate its potential for continued dispersal, including the possibility that it may already be established at other urban sites in the growing cities in the west of the Kingdom.

TO COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF TWO DIFFERENT SOFT TISSUE RELEASE TECHNIQUES IN TREATING INDIVIDUALS WITH TERMINAL SHOULDER FLEXION DYSFUNCTION: A PILOT STUDY

This pilot study aimed to compare the efficacy of two soft tissue release techniques-visceral mobilization of liver ligaments and myofascial release of the pectoralis minor muscle-on terminal shoulder flexion dysfunction. Thirty participants aged 20-40 years with shoulder dysfunction for over three months were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A (control group), Group B (visceral mobilization), and Group C (myofascial release). All groups received conservative physiotherapy. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included pain intensity, range of motion (ROM), pectoralis minor length, and QuickDASH scores. The results demonstrated significant improvements in all outcome measures across all groups (p &lt; 0.05). However, participants in Group B exhibited superior improvement in ROM and functional disability compared to Group C. Both intervention groups outperformed the control group in reducing pain and improving terminal shoulder flexion. The findings highlight that incorporating soft tissue release techniques, particularly visceral mobilization of liver ligaments, enhances the effectiveness of conservative physiotherapy for terminal shoulder dysfunction. Further studies are recommended to validate these findings in larger populations.

Impact of Online Business on the Offline Business

To explore the growth of online trade and it has a great threat to retailers. Retailers covers major part of our Indian market and there was a larger population which is dependent on the retail stores to get their things. But nowadays the large number of customers are increasilngly shifting to the e-commerce. this paper is to analyse the factors which helps to growth of the online business.Factors include convience of time, cost effectiveness, and many more which leads to online shopping and because of these offline business are facing various challenges. additionally, the study investigate that what strategies is used by offline business to retain in this competitive world.it also finds that offline business has facing decrease in sales and profit. it is very tuft for small business to survive in this era. They are facing fear of losing their livelihood because of online business as their profitability of is very much affected by it but still they are trying new new strategies like giving free home delivery and many more to survive in the market. the study has limited time, cost and area but we have tried to give our best effort to the study to give the best result

Increasing rat numbers in cities are linked to climate warming, urbanization, and human population.

Urban rats are commensal pests that thrive in cities by exploiting the resources accompanying large human populations. Identifying long-term trends in rat numbers and how they are shaped by environmental changes is critical for understanding their ecology, and projecting future vulnerabilities and mitigation needs. Here, we use public complaint and inspection data from 16 cities around the world to estimate trends in rat populations. Eleven of 16 cities (69%) had significant increasing trends in rat numbers, including Washington D.C., New York, and Amsterdam. Just three cities experienced declines. Cities experiencing greater temperature increases over time saw larger increases in rats. Cities with more dense human populations and more urbanization also saw larger increases in rats. Warming temperatures and more people living in cities may be expanding the seasonal activity periods and food availability for urban rats. Cities will have to integrate the biological impacts of these variables into future management strategies.