Larger Relative Weight Research Articles

Digestive characterization and its relationship with digestibility, performance traits of local breed Mexican Cuino mini-pigs

The effect of sex on the characteristics of the digestive tract and its relationship with the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and performance traits was studied in 14 Mexican Cuino (MC) mini-pigs averaging 57.2 ± 8.1 kg, fed ad libitum a diet based on sorghum and soybean meal. Nitrogen ATTD was significantly better in females than in castrated male pigs. A trend was found for the relative weight of the entire digestive tract to be heavier in castrated males than in female pigs. Large intestine contribution to total digestive tract weight was relatively high in both sexes, 48.7 and 50.8%, respectively, for castrated males and females. A significant, though not strong relationship between large intestine relative weight and ATTD of dry matter (DM) was observed. These results indicate that sex would appear to be a factor influencing digestive processes in MC mini-pigs.

Cascading effects of Pb on the environmental and symbiotic microbiota and tadpoles' physiology based on field data and laboratory validation

Heavy metal pollution poses a serious threat to ecosystems. Currently, there is a lack of field data that would enable us to gain a systematic understanding of the influences of heavy metals on aquatic ecosystems, especially the interactions between environments and animals. We studied the relationships between the variations in heavy metal concentrations (10 species including Pb in sediments and surface water), the community structure of environmental and symbiotic microbiota, and the gut traits of Bufo gargarizans tadpoles across 16 sampling sites on the Chengdu Plain through rigorous statistical analysis and laboratory validation. The results show that heavy metal concentrations, especially the Pb concentration of the sediment, are linked to the variations in sediment and tadpoles' gut microbiomes but not to water microbiota. For the sediment microbiota, Pb causes a trade-off between the proportions of Burkholderiales and Verrucomicrobiae and affects the methane, sulfide, and nitrate metabolisms. For tadpoles, a high sediment Pb content leads to a low abundance of gut aerobic bacteria and a large relative gut weight under both field and laboratory conditions. In addition, Pb promotes the growth of B. gargarizans tadpoles under laboratory conditions. These effects seem to be beneficial to tadpoles. However, a high Pb content leads to a low abundance of probiotic bacteria (e.g., Verrucomicrobiae, Eubacteriaceae, and Cetobacterium) and a high abundance of pathogenic bacteria in the gut and environment, suggesting potential health risks posed by Pb. Interestingly, there is a causal relationship between Pb-induced variations in sediment and symbiotic microbiotas, and the latter is further linked to the variation in relative gut weight of tadpoles. This suggests a cascading effect of Pb on the ecosystem. In conclusion, our results indicate that among the heavy metals, the Pb in sediment is a critical factor affecting the aquatic ecosystem through an environment-gut-physiology pathway mediated by microbiota.

Application of Elastic Fastenings of Equipment to Increase Vibration Frequency of the Wagon Body

Improving dynamic performance is a priority when designing new rolling stock. The frequency of natural bending vibrations of the body is one of the most important standardised indicators, a preliminary assessment of which allows obtaining optimal body designs.The objective of the work is to assess the prospects for the use of elastic fastenings of equipment to increase the natural vibration frequency of wagon bodies of suburban electric trains. Calculations were based on the finite element method and block Lanczos method. It is shown that it is advisable to use the rigid area tool and linearly elastic finite elements to calculate the frequencies in the simulation. The main ranges of fastening stiffness are highlighted, where the effect of using elastic supports is different. It is proposed to determine the stiffness of fastenings according to a given vibration frequency of the equipment. When the equipment is rigidly attached, the relative mass of the equipment does not affect the body bending vibration frequency. With elastic fastening, a greater effect can be achieved with a larger relative weight of the equipment. The effect of using resilient mounts increases with heavier equipment located closer to the centre of the body.It is shown that the effect of shear admittance of fastenings on the body vibration frequency is within 1 % and may not be considered in the simulation. In the considered example of a wagon body of a suburban electric train, the use of elastic supports allows an increase in the frequency of oscillations of the body by 3–10 %.

Complex introgression among three diverged largemouth bass lineages.

Hybrid zones between diverged lineages offer a unique opportunity to study evolutionary processes related to speciation. Natural and anthropogenic hybridization in the black basses (Micropterus spp.) is well documented, including an extensive intergrade zone between the widespread northern Largemouth Bass (M. salmoides) and the Florida Bass (M. floridanus). Phenotypic surveys have identified an estuarine population of Largemouth Bass (M. salmoides) in the Mobile‐Tensaw Delta, with larger relative weight and smaller adult size compared to inland populations, suggesting a potential third lineage of largemouth bass. To determine the evolutionary relationships among these Mobile Delta bass populations, M. salmoides and M. floridanus, putative pure and intergrade populations of all three groups were sampled across the eastern United States. Phylogenetic analyses of 8582 nuclear SNPs derived from genotype‐by‐sequencing and the ND2 mitochondrial gene determined that Delta bass populations stem from a recently diverged lineage of Largemouth Bass. Using a novel quantitative pipeline, a panel of 73 diagnostic SNPs was developed for the three lineages, evaluated for accuracy, and then used to screen 881 samples from 52 sites for genetic integrity and hybridization on the Agena MassARRAY platform. These results strongly support a redrawing of native ranges for both the intergrade zone and M. floridanus, which has significant implications for current fisheries management. Furthermore, Delta bass ancestry was shown to contribute significantly to the previously described intergrade zone between northern Largemouth Bass and Florida Bass, suggesting a more complex pattern of secondary contact and introgression among these diverged Micropterus lineages.

The effect of electronic management practice on the organizational agility in secondary schools In the southern governorates of Palestine

The study aimed to identify the impact of electronic management practice in its dimensions on organizational agility in its dimensions in secondary schools in the southern governorates of Palestine, and the study followed the causal descriptive approach, and the study tools were two questionnaires, one to measure the degree of electronic management practice and the second to measure the degree of availability of organizational agility, and the study sample consisted of ( 492) of secondary school teachers and principals in the southern governorates represent (10.11%) of the study population, and they were chosen by the stratified random sampling method. , The study showed that the degree of electronic management practice in secondary schools in the southern governorates of Palestine from the point of view of managers and teachers; A large relative weight (82.58%), and the degree of availability of organizational agility is large with a relative weight (80.14%), with statistical differences in the sample’s estimates of the averages of the degree of electronic management practice and the degree of availability of organizational agility for the benefit of managers. On organizational agility, The study recommended the preparation of a specialized department for the application of electronic administration and a guide for it, and its fields in school work, as this would contribute to spreading a greater culture of electronic management, training managers in particular, and teachers in general, on the use of electronic management in administrative and technical school work, and setting an integrated plan in Each school is to benefit from teachers' opinions, skills and abilities in making school decisions and in finding innovative solutions to the problems facing the school.

Sorption-probiotic supplement in the diet of calves and its effect on the functional maturity of their rumen, morpho-biochemical blood status and productivity

This research considers the use of the sorption-probiotic supplement Biopinnular in the amount of 0.5 and 1.0 % of the dry matter in the diets of calves of the dairy period. The results allows us to correct the microbiocenosis in the in the digestive tract by suppressing the development of pathogenic microflora and increased reproduction of Lacto- and Bifido bacteria. The studied supplement also contributes to deeper fermentation of fodder mass during digestion in the rumen, which is manifested in an increase in active acidity (pH), cellulolytic activity of bacteria, VFA content as the main product of carbohydrate fermentation, as well as enhanced ammonia-binding function of microflora, which led to better energy and protein availability of their body. This is confirmed by indicators of the morphological and biochemical status of the blood of calves, manifested in a real increase in their red blood cells, hemoglobin, protein and protein fractions. All this was confirmed by the intensity of their live weight gain, accompanied by large average daily (by 8.83 and 23.70 %, respectively) and relative (by 1.63 and 3.86 %) weight gains and smaller (by 0.44 and 0.64) EFU costs per unit of live weight gain. A more pronounced biological effect is observed when using a feed supplement at a dose of 1.0 % of the dry matter of the diet.

Diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine constitution by integrating indices of tongue, acoustic sound, and pulse

IntroductionInspection, auscultation, and pulse-taking are the three physical examinations used by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioners to diagnose constitution. The aim of this study was to integrate biological signals extracted from these three examinations, including tongue image, waves of acoustic sound, and pulse waveforms, into the same model in order to identify TCM constitutions. MethodsTongue images, acoustic sound, and pulse waveforms were abstracted from 274 subjects, and indices of biological signals were extracted. Constitution scores were measured using the Nine-Constitution Scale questionnaire. Association between indices and constitution scores were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. For each of the eight abnormal constitutions, indices significantly correlated to the abnormal constitution were further used as arguments in a linear regression model to build an equation for predicting the constitution score. ResultsTongue indices that were identified to be associated with abnormal constitutions included the G, B, S and b color values, maximum width of tongue body, number of red spots on the tongue surface, and proportion of scalloped tongue margin. Acoustic sound indices included intensity, average number of zero-crossing, high spectral energy ratio, and pitch of the acoustic sound. Pulse waveform indices included the height of the main wave, unsmooth wave, single systolic area, and rapid ejection time. ConclusionsThis study identified indices that are associated with scores of abnormal constitutions. Indices having a larger correlation coefficient can be considered to have larger relative weight in determination of the corresponding constitution. The equations make it possible to predict constitution scores based on biological signals of the tongue, acoustic sound, and pulse.

Preprocessing observation vectors to increase attitude estimation accuracy

The recently developed Vector Inertia Tensor Attitude Estimation, VITAE, method is enhanced by the addition of two different preprocessing algorithms that modify the observation vectors prior to attitude estimation. The first preprocessing algorithm is for use in cases that have one observation vector that is much more accurate than the other observation vectors. Such cases suffer numerical error caused by the large relative weight of the very accurate observation vector. Use of the preprocessing algorithm eliminates large variation in vector weights and resulting numerical error. The second preprocessing algorithm enables VITAE to generate results equivalent to a very accurate suboptimal attitude determination algorithm that produces results extremely close to the optimum solution. Preprocessing algorithms eliminate the need to select observation vector weights to remove eigenvalue degeneracy and allows the weights to be based solely on optimality, thereby improving estimation accuracy. When optimum weights are used, the inertia matrix is recognized as the information matrix, which links VITAE to other attitude estimation algorithms. The preprocessing algorithms used with VITAE were able to uncover erroneous results in a few published test cases. The VITAE solutions were validated analytically, through the inertia matrix’s inverse relationship to the error covariance matrix. A loss function comparison is also included to further validate the preprocessing algorithms and related VITAE solution.

Interface driven thermal rectification in a graphene–bilayer graphene junction from nonequilibrium molecular dynamics

We report on a series of controlled computational experiments based on nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and show that at the nanoscale, the thermal rectification is determined by the thermal boundary resistance, i.e., the thermal resistance of the interface, and cannot be explained without it. In the graphene–bilayer graphene system that we study, the sign of the thermal rectification is opposite to the value predicted from bulk-derived models, i.e., phonons preferentially flow in the opposite direction. This behavior derives from the temperature dependence of the thermal boundary resistance and from the fact that the latter, at the nanoscale, has large relative weight compared to the total thermal resistance. These results outline the importance of properly accounting for the active role of the interface.

A study for project risk management using an advanced MCDM-based DEMATEL-ANP approach

Adopting the multidimensional balanced scorecard approach to improve project management and organizational performance can help reduce project risks and potential disasters in order to maximize the investment benefits and security of IT projects with high risks. We adopted the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) research context, whose stimulus, organism, and response refer to project risk, project management, and organizational performance, respectively. Furthermore, a questionnaire survey of project management experts was conducted. We then utilized the DANP model, which combines the Decision-Making Trial Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and the analytical network process, to explore the relationships among project risks, project management, and organizational performance. We observed the following: (a) effective project management can reduce project risk and improve organizational performance; (b) project risk is most influenced by the user; (c) senior manager support significantly influences project management; (d) organizational learning and growth has a significant impact on organizational performance; and (e) the criteria with the largest relative weight is generally considered to pose a risk, which indicates that the experts seriously consider that project risk. Our results can provide a valuable reference for project management to reduce risk and improve organizational performance.

Evaluation of growth performance and gastro-intestinal parameters on the response of weaned piglets to dietary organic acids

Two experiments (E) were carried out to evaluate the effects of fumaric acid and an acidifier blend [composed by calcium formate, calcium lactate and medium-chain fatty acids (capric and caprylic)] in piglet diets containing colistin (40 ppm) or halquinol (120 ppm) on performance, diarrhea incidence (E1), organs relative weight, pH values, intestinal morphometry and microbiota (E2). In E1, 192 and E2, 24 piglets weaned at 21-day-old were randomly assigned to blocks with 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments [absence or presence of fumaric acid x absence or presence of acidifier blend], six replicates of eight (E1) and one piglet per pen (E2). For E1, the treatments were control (CD): no acidifier product + 40 ppm of colistin, FA: fumaric acid in absence of acidifier blend, AB: acidifier blend in absence of fumaric acid and, AF+AB: presence of fumaric acid and acidifier blend. For E2, the pre-starter I diet were used and the same treatments as E1 evaluated. No treatment effects (P>0.05) were observed on performance, diarrhea incidence (E1), gut pH values and duodenum morphometry of piglets (E2). However, the addition of AB increased (P<0.05) large intestine relative weight and, FA addition decreased (P<0.05) pancreas relative weight, jejunum villi height and, total coliform and E. coli counts in cecum. The inclusion of FA and AB in diets containing colistin or halquinol did not improve performance, although FA exerted an inhibitory effect on cecum microbiota.

Accumulating Trade Costs and Competitiveness in Global Value Chains

Trade costs such as applied tariffs, transportation and insurance costs are amplified as they pass through the multiple production steps associated with modern supply chains. This so called cascade effect arises since costs accumulate as intermediate goods are imported and then re-exported further downstream, going through different processing nodes before reaching the final consumer. Moreover, the financial impact of these costs is magnified in the trade in tasks rationale which governs global value chains (GVCs). Specialised processing firms need to recoup the associated cost applying to the full value of the good from the smaller fraction of value-added created at each consecutive productive stage. This large relative weight of transaction expenses on the profitability of individual business operations explains why along GVCs is particularly exposed to costs. The paper reviews the implications of costs on competitiveness at industry, national and global levels. The financial implications of costs at firm and sectoral level are based on in value-added data for 2011. The multilateral welfare effects of reducing discrete costs are identified using a network analysis approach, which goes beyond the traditional bilateral dimension of international and identifies where facilitation investment would have the highest social returns from a GVC perspective. The authors conclude that while the direct benefits of facilitation will be proportionally higher for those countries that are not well integrated into international because of their high costs, the global benefits of facilitation investments will also be high if they are undertaken by key traders that lie at the core of global value chains.

Data Versus Survey-based Normalisation in a Multidimensional Analysis of Social Inclusion

In the context of the multidimensional measurement of complex phenomena, the major focus of the recent literature has been on the choice of the dimensions’ weights and the shape of the aggregation function, while few studies have concentrated on how normalisation influences the results. With the aim of building a measure of Social Inclusion for 63 European regions between 2004 and 2012, we adopt a standard linear aggregation framework and compare two alternative normalisation approaches: a data-driven min–max function, whose parameters depend solely on the available data, and an expert-based function, whose parameters are elicited through a survey at the University of Venice Ca’ Foscari. Regardless of the adopted strategy, we show that normalisation plays a crucial part in defining variables’ weighting. The data-driven strategy allocates a large relative weight to the longevity dimension, whereas the survey-driven results in a rather equal distribution of weights. The data-driven approach produces trade-offs that are hard to interpret in economic terms and debatable from a social desirability perspective, thus constituting a positive analysis of Social Inclusion. Moreover, it softens the aftermaths of the recent economic crisis on Social Inclusion, by putting a consistent weight on the longevity variable. Conversely, the expert-based normalisation is heavily affected by elicitation techniques, and allows for a normative interpretation of the resulting index. Furthermore, it emphasizes the worsening trends in long-term unemployment and the relevance of early school leaving in the Social Inclusion measure. The two strategies lead to substantially different conclusions in terms of levels (both between and within countries) and distribution of Inclusion: numerous rank-reversals occur when switching the normalisation methods.

The Cellulase KORRIGAN Is Part of the Cellulose Synthase Complex.

Plant growth and organ formation depend on the oriented deposition of load-bearing cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. Cellulose is synthesized by a large relative molecular weight cellulose synthase complex (CSC), which comprises at least three distinct cellulose synthases. Cellulose synthesis in plants or bacteria also requires the activity of an endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase, the exact function of which in the synthesis process is not known. Here, we show, to our knowledge for the first time, that a leaky mutation in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) membrane-bound endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) not only caused reduced CSC movement in the plasma membrane but also a reduced cellulose synthesis inhibitor-induced accumulation of CSCs in intracellular compartments. This suggests a role for KOR1 both in the synthesis of cellulose microfibrils and in the intracellular trafficking of CSCs. Next, we used a multidisciplinary approach, including live cell imaging, gel filtration chromatography analysis, split ubiquitin assays in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NMY51), and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, to show that, in contrast to previous observations, KOR1 is an integral part of the primary cell wall CSC in the plasma membrane.

Excesso de peso em pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático

This review aims to describe the incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity after liver transplantation and the consequences associated with it. Literature review consultation was conducted in Medline / PubMed, SciELO, EMBASE and LILACS, with the combination of the following keywords: liver transplantation, overweight, obesity, weight gain. Overweight is incident on more than 60% of patients undergoing liver transplantation and obesity rates exceed 20% in the first year after surgery, during which occurs the largest relative weight gain. Studies have shown that between 60% and 70% of patients undergoing liver transplantation are overweight after the third year, 90% with abdominal obesity. Associated factors are, among others, advanced age, family history of overweight and excess weight prior to liver disease. The contribution of immunosuppressive medication remains controversial. Some of the consequences of overweight are liver steatosis, steatohepatitis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and death.

Mice selected for large and small brain weight: The preservation of trait differences after the selection was discontinued

The selection for large and small relative brain weight (RBW) in mice, started in 1999, resulted in stable significant differences in the trait (16%). The selection was discontinued at F22, and both lines (Large Brain, LB and Small brain, SB) were maintained by random mating. In F25-F28 the significant differences in RBW were still present in spite of the lack of selection. In F28 ethanol injections (2.4 mg/kg, 12% ethanol, i.p.) were performed to animals of both lines. The ethanol effects were more intense in SB, than in LB line. Mice were tested in elevated and closed plus-mazes and in slip-funnel tests. Control LB mice explored new environment more actively and were less affected by stressful environment than SBs. SB ethanol mice were less anxious in elevated plus maze, initiated closed maze exploration earlier, moved more vividly and demonstrated lower anxiety level in elevated plus maze than saline injected mice, while changes in these behaviors after ethanol were not so clear in LB mice, although their locomotion level increased.

Biodegradability of Acrylic Retanning Agent DT-R548 with Medium and Large Relative Molecular Weight

The methods of respiratory curve and COD30 were adopted to evaluate the biodegradability of acrylic retanning agent DT-R548 with medium and large relative molecular weight, which was used as the substrate of microorganism. The main results obtained by the method of respiratory curves were as follows. When the concentration of substrate was 0~3000mg/L, the respiratory curves of the substrate were under the curve of endogenous, which showed that the substrate has inhabiting effect on microorganism. When the concentration of the substrate was 1500mg/L, the utilization of the substrate by microorganism was the most. The main results obtained by the method of COD30 were as follows. When sludge concentration was 1000mg/L and pH was 7, the biodegradation rate of 1500mg/L DT-R548 was 19.74%. Under above condition, the biodegradation rates of DT-R548 with other concentrations were much smaller. Moreover, as indicated in the respiratory curves, the effect of sludge concentration, pH, salinity and co-metabolism on the biodegradability of the substrate was obvious. Under the experimental conditions, when the concentration of the substrate was 1500mg/L, the sludge concentration was 3000mg/L, pH was 7.5 and salinity was 0.5%, the biodegradability of the substrate was the best. The glucose was as co-metabolism substrate and when its concentration was 600mg/L, the biodegradability of the substrate was obviously increased.

Reproductive period, fecundity and histology of gonads of two cheirodontines (Ostariophysi: Characidae) with different reproductive strategies - insemination and external fertilization

The reproductive period and fecundity of the inseminating cheirodontine Compsura heterura and of the externally fertilizing cheirodontine Odontostilbe pequira, from tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil, respectively, are described. The reproductive period of C. heterura lasted from January to April 2002, while O. pequira showed two reproductive periods, the first during September and October 2001 (spring), and the second between January and February 2002 (summer). Smaller classes of SL of females of O. pequira predominated in the second reproductive period, suggesting individuals born in the first period become shortly sexually mature, participating in the second reproductive period. In C. heterura, from a tropical region, temperature showed significant correlations with the variation in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) for both sexes, and rainfall showed significant correlation with the variation in the GSI only for females. In O. pequira, from a subtropical region, photoperiod was the only factor that showed significant correlations with the GSI variation in both sexes. The mean relative fecundity of C. heterura was 0.55 oocytes per milligram of total weight, similar to that of other cheirodontines with external fertilization, refuting the hypothesis, at least in Cheirodontinae, that insemination provides diminishing energy expenditure for the production of oocytes, due to a greater probability of fertilization. The mean relative fecundity of O. pequira was 0.8 oocytes per milligram of total weight, the largest known among cheirodontines. Spermatozoa were found inside the ovaries of maturating, mature and semi-spent females of C. heterura supporting the hypothesis of temporal separation between courtship and spawning. The largest relative weight of testis and the presence of sperm in maturing ovaries outside the reproductive period in C. heterura support the hypothesis that males of inseminating species make a greater investment in gonadal development than those externally fertilized.

Relative Size of the Hind Limb and Wing Part, and the Muscle Distribution in Chicks and Broilers Produced Under Different Nutritional Regimes

1. The purpose of the present study was to develop a feeding method for producing an increased size of the hind limb part of chickens, of a darker colour, using different nutritional regimes. In experiment 1, chicks were reared with 4 feeds of different nutritional levels up to post-hatching 21 days. 2. Carcass weight differed by 2.4 times between the largest and the smallest group effects. In the smallest chicks the percentages of the hind limb relative to the wing for both the total weight and muscle weight were 93%, much larger than the 82-86% and 77-83%, respectively, in the other chick groups. A greater depression of the wing development was observed in the smallest chicks. 3. In experiment 2, broilers were reared under different nutritional regimes during the early period of 0 to 21 days of age, and then the later period of 22 to 80 days of age. The largest carcass weight was observed in the conventionally fed broilers, followed by the broilers with a compensatory growth in the later period, and the smallest weight was shown by the broilers with the growth limitation in the later period. 4. The smallest broilers exhibited larger values (88-90% for the total weight, 84-86% for the muscle weight) in the percentages of the hind limb relative to the wing compared with the other bird groups (80-81% for the total weight, 74-78% for the muscle weight). 5. In experiment 3, the broilers of the smallest carcass weight were fattened for a further 15 days to attain enough body size. By 95 days of age, the percentage of the hind limb relative to the wing was maintained at 89-90% for the total weight and 86% for the muscle weight. 6. These results suggest that the percentage of the hind limb relative to the wing could be increased by restricting broiler growth during the later growth stages, while the large relative weight of the hind limb resulting from severe disturbance of early growth had completely disappeared after a compensatory growth during the later stages.

Environmental assessment of Ronozyme® P5000 CT phytase as an alternative to inorganic phosphate supplementation to pig feed used in intensive pig production

Goal, Scope and Background. Ronozyme® P5000 CT is an industrially produced enzyme product (phytase) which is able to degrade naturally occurring phytate in animal feed and release the phytate's content of phosphorus for pig's growth. Ronozyme P5000 CT (hereafter called Ronozyme Phytase) can be used as an alternative to inorganic phosphorus supplementation to feed and the study addresses the environmental implications of substituting inorganic phosphorus with Ronozyme Phytase in intensive pig production in Denmark. Methods. Life cycle assessment is used as an analytical tool, and modelling of the two considered systems is facilitated in SimaPro 6.0 software. The study addresses changes induced by switching from the one alternative to the other, and all significant processes influenced by the change are included in the study. Results and Conclusions. Application of Ronozyme Phytase in intensive pig production is justified by major advantages in terms of avoided contributions to global warming, acidification, photochemical ozone formation and particularly nutrient enrichment and by significant energy savings and particularly phosphate savings. A single trade-off in terms of agricultural land use for enzyme production is small and unimportant unless use of agricultural land is given very large relative weight. Recommendations and Perspectives. Hundreds of enzyme products are commercially available on the market today, each with a range of different applications. There are several indications that enzymes like Ronozyme Phytase can play an important role in a transition to a more sustainable society, and more focus should be addressed to the evolving enzyme technology in environmental research.