Large Metropolitan City Research Articles

KAJIAN INVESTASI KOTA SEMARANG

Semarang City is designated as the fifth largest metropolitan city in Indonesia as well as the capital of Central Java Province. The average investment in Semarang City from 2014 to 2019 increased by 55% annually. Investors are interested in investing because Semarang City has a strategic and conducive location, is easily accessible, has a complete supporting infrastructure, there are several improvements aimed at improving the economy and having administrative guarantees. But by 2020 Semarang City experienced negative economic growth until it reached -1.61 due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. This caused Semarang to not reach its investment target by 2020. The fall in the pace of economic growth in 2020 caused the Semarang City Government to focus on stabilizing even improving the city's economy in 2021 and beyond. One of them is to increase investment activities in Semarang City. Based on content analysis in some of the supporting literature of this study, it can be known that the Semarang City Government in general needs to optimize adequate licensing, governance, human resources, databases and basic infrastructure. The government also needs to implement a climate of collaborative learning by involving the community, carrying out city rebranding activities and strengthening investment promotion through further study.

The Effects of Sociocultural Factors on the Appearance of Women in Their 20s in China on Beauty Interests

This study uses demographic methods to understand Chinese women in 20s’ beauty concerns. Mainly focus on the impact about five following 5 socio-cultural factors of beauty concerns includes media beauty interest, beauty consciousness, friend beauty tendency, cultural living standards, and dependence on others. In the survey, Chinese women in their 20s will be asked about the impact on sociocultural factors of beauty interests. The study conducted a total of 350 women in 30 cities across China, including large cities, metropolitan cities, secondary cities, small cities and prefectural cities. Excluding 41 unfaithful or missing responses, 301 surveys were used as final analysis. The survey results are categorized according to general characteristics and socio-cultural factors in appearance. In general characteristics, people in their 20s were divided into three groups (20-23 years old, 24-26 years old, 27-29 years old) to surveyed on their final educational background, direct, poor areas, and monthly living expenses. Also, the socio-cultural factors of appearance were divided into five categories including media appearance, beauty awareness, friend beauty tendency, cultural living standards and dependence on others. Their beauty concerns are mainly focused on hair beauty, face beauty, nail beauty, and skin care. Investigating the above content, “the difference between interest in beauty based on general characteristics”, “the relationship between social cultural factors of appearance and interest in beauty”, and “the influence of socio-cultural factors on appearance” were identified as research questions.

Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, and Barriers of Pharmacovigilance among Healthcare Workers: A Cross-sectional Survey from Lahore, Pakistan

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are associated with increased length of hospital stay, permanent disability and even death. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), and barriers related to Pharmacovigilance (PV) among Pakistani healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the second largest metropolitan city (Lahore) of Pakistan during a period of 4 months (JuneeSeptember 2018). A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the doctors, pharmacists, and nurses from 8 tertiary care hospitals, recruited via convenient sampling. All data were analyzed in SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 363 participants (125 doctors, 83 pharmacists and 155 nurses) were recruited. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] knowledge score was 6 (3), with 44.6, 41.9, and 13.5% of participants having poor (score < 6), moderate (score 6e9), and good (score ≥ 10) PV related knowledge, respectively. Additionally, the median (IQR) attitude and practice score were 7 (3) and 4 (2), respectively [good attitudes 24.8% (score ≥ 8); good practices 33.9% (score ≥ 5)]. Pharmacist were found to have significantly better KAP related to PV than others (p < 0.001). Moreover, male HCWs had substantially better KAP than females. Conclusion: Although pharmacist have better KAP scores than other HCWs, yet overall KAP of PV among study participants were inadequate. Thus, continuous training and teaching programs should be conducted to improve awareness and to promote ADR reporting.

Climate Change Risk of Urban Growth and Land Use/Land Cover Conversion: An In-Depth Review of the Recent Research in Iran

This research is the first literature review of the past three decades’ studies on the effects of urban development and land use/land cover (LULC) change on Iran’s climate change. For this purpose, 67 articles were found, evaluated, and classified according to the spatial and temporal scale, case study, period, data type, climatic factor, methodology, and meteorological data. Moreover, the reviewed literature methodologies were classified according to the purpose, method, and data source. According to the spatial-scale results, national- and city-level studies had the lowest and highest numbers, respectively. Tehran was the most case studies because Tehran is Iran’s capital and the largest metropolitan city. In terms of the temporal scale, studies predicting future changes (urban development and climate change) included 5% of the total literature. Satellite images were the most applied data in the reviewed literature (58%). Overall, 79% of the studies used temperature-related factors to explain the climatic impacts of urban growth and LULC conversion. Spatial modeling with 52% publications was the most used method, while numerical modeling with 12% studies was the least used method. This review showed broad study gaps in applying numerical models, neighborhood scales, urban micro-scale parameters, and long-term projections forecasts due to rapid urban development in Iran compared to the rest of the world. Therefore, our synthesis will assist researchers in facilitating better design for future studies in Iran and similar countries.

Evaluation of the Policy Arrangement of Street Vendors in Gembong Asih Center Surabaya City

Surabaya, as the second largest metropolitan city, has a long record in overcoming the problem of street vendors who are increasing every year. The existence of irregular street vendors is considered as a barrier in creating a safe, comfortable, orderly, clean layout. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the Evaluation of Street Vendor Structuring Policy in Sentra Gembong Asih Surabaya City. The research method uses qualitative descriptive with informant retrieval using purposive sampling techniques. Researchers chose bridgman &amp; davis theory with four focuses: input, process, outputs, outcomes. The results of the study showed that the focus of input, supporting resources are adequate, and human resources are sufficient in number and ability. Focus process, said to be effective, efficient, and has been educated. Focus output, it is said to have not had a successful output in influencing policy goals. Because the existing policy has not met the expectations of traders. Focus outcomes, in the arrangement of traders Gembong Asih the impact received by policy targets has an impact on place and income.

High‐speed railway and urban productivity disparities

AbstractLarge scale transport infrastructure constructions connect both large metropolitan cities as well as small peripheral cities. Transportation cost reductions facilitate the reallocation of labor factors between these asymmetric regions. Whether the results of labor reallocation narrow down the inter‐regional considerable discrepancies or reinforce the disparities in productivity is uncertain. This paper explores the opening of China’s High‐Speed Railway (HSR) program as a quasi‐natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of the HSR connection on urban disparities in labor productivity. To address the selection bias caused by non‐random placements of HSR routes, we eliminate all metropolitan city nodes and construct a minimum spanning tree as the instrumental variable. Compared with peripheral cities not connected by the HSR, the labor productivity in connected peripheral cities decreases by 12.6% after the opening of the HSR. Using China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), we further find that the decline of labor productivity is driven by the relocation of high‐skilled labor from the HSR connected peripheral cities to the central cities. This article concludes that the HSR widens the productivity disparities between the large central metropolitan and small peripheral cities connected.

“Why can’t I Have the Office Jobs?”: Immigrant Latinx Transgender Peoples’ Experiences with Seeking Employment

Research has documented the experiences of transgender people in seeking employment. To date, no scholarship has explored the experiences of immigrant Latinx transgender people seeking employment in the United States. Using an intersectionality framework, the present study aimed to uncover the experiences of immigrant Latinx transgender people as they sought employment in the United States. A community sample of 18 immigrant Latinx transgender people from a large metropolitan city in Florida engaged in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed five themes related to participants’ experiences seeking employment, including: (1) discrimination, (2) limited options, (3) positive experiences, (4) momentary de-transition, and (5) disability benefits as financial relief. Future directions such as exploring ways in which immigrant Latinx transgender people resist discrimination while seeking job opportunities are discussed. Implications for practice and advocacy such as advocating for equitable employment policies that acknowledge the intersectional experiences of this community are presented.

Progression in WMH volume is accompanied by higher gray matter loss: One‐year follow‐up MRI study in TATA Longitudinal Study on Aging Cohort of India

AbstractBackgroundSmall vessel disease pathologies such as white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and loss in neuroanatomical volumes with aging have been investigated across various cross‐ sectional and longitudinal‐aging studies in different parts of world. However, it is yet not extensively investigated whether the changes in WMH kinetics over the period impacts the neuroanatomical health? Here, we have measured changes in WMH and neuroanatomic‐volumes, in an ongoing longitudinal study on aging in India called TATA longitudinal study on aging (TLSA), at the baseline and one‐year‐follow‐up visit. The TLSA‐study is a prospective, community‐based, cohort study that comprises of cognitively healthy, educated, and multilingual individuals of both genders aged ≥45 years. The subjects are recruited from urban‐Bangalore, a large metropolitan city in southern India.MethodMRI measurements were conducted on 3T whole‐body‐scanner. MRI study performed close to the first clinical and cognitive‐examination is termed as baseline visit (V0), while MRI close to one‐year follow‐up is termed as V1. T2w‐FLAIR, 3D‐MPRAGE and DWI MRI were performed at both V0‐ and V1‐visits. WMH was quantified using T2w‐FLAIR and MPRAGE‐T1w images. Anatomical volumes were determined using Freesurfer. The volumes were normalized to the total‐intracranial‐volume. Changes in WMH and anatomic volume were calculated as (Volume at V1 – Volume at V0).ResultChanges in WMH and neuroanatomic volumes were evaluated for 128‐subjects who had MRI at both the visits, V0 and V1. Quantification of change in WMH (Delta‐WMH) in the TLSA‐subjects revealed that 65% of the subjects showed progression in WMH‐volume while another 35% did not show WMH‐progression. This indicated that there is a subset of cohorts that showed progression in WMH volume (+0.5‐7.9 ml) while another subset of subjects had no change in WMH over the period. Segmentation of neuroanatomical‐volume showed that the subset of the cohort that showed WNH‐progression over the one‐year period had significantly larger reduction in gray‐matter and increase in CSF volume at V1 compared to another subset that did not had changes in WMH.ConclusionProgression in WMH may be associated with increased vascular insult to the brain resulting in substantial gray‐matter loss and ventricular increase. Increase in WMH volume may fasten the neuroanatomic deteriorations with aging.

Urban green space alone is not enough: A landscape analysis linking the spatial distribution of urban green space to mental health in the city of Chicago

Research on the association between urban green space and mental health has largely focused on the presence or quantity of green space, rather than on the spatial distribution of green spaces within the urban landscape. We therefore investigated the relationship between the amount, composition, and spatial distribution of urban green space and the level of psychological distress reported by residents of a large metropolitan city (Chicago, Illinois, USA). We used mental health data collected from 6405 residents in 61 communities by the Chicago Department of Public Health as part of their Healthy Chicago Survey, and quantified landscape metrics related to the amount and configuration of green space within these community ‘landscapes’. Using generalized linear mixed models that controlled for socio-economic confounds, we found that residents reported less psychological distress within urban landscapes that had small-sized water bodies and greater distances between forested areas, which tend to characterize the distribution of large forest parks throughout Chicago. In terms of total green space, however, psychological distress levels were lower in landscapes having a disaggregated distribution of urban green spaces (i.e., many small green spaces) relative to a single (or a few) large green spaces. Our study thus highlights that the configuration of urban green space may be as important as the amount of green space to the mental health of urban residents.

The interplay of childhood maltreatment and maternal depression in relation to the reward positivity in youth.

Guided by developmental psychopathology and dual-risk frameworks, the present study examined the interplay between childhood maltreatment and maternal major depression history in relation to neural reward responsiveness in youth. The sample consisted of 96 youth (ages 9-16; M = 12.29 years, SD = 2.20; 68.8% female) drawn from a large metropolitan city. Youth were recruited based on whether their mothers had a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and were categorized into two groups: youth with mothers with a history of MDD (high risk; HR; n = 56) and youth with mothers with no history of psychiatric disorders (low risk; LR; n = 40). The reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential component, was utilized to measure reward responsiveness and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire measured childhood maltreatment. We found a significant two-way interaction between childhood maltreatment and risk group in relation to RewP. Simple slope analysis revealed that in the HR group, greater childhood maltreatment was significantly associated with reduced RewP. The relationship between childhood maltreatment and RewP was not significant among the LR youth. The present findings demonstrate that the association between childhood maltreatment and blunted reward responsiveness is dependent on whether offspring have mothers with histories of MDD.

Effect of environmental pollutants PM2.5, CO, O3 and NO2, on the incidence and mortality of SARS-COV-2 in largest metropolitan cities, Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata, India

ObjectivesThe Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed a challenging situation worldwide. In India, the SARS-CoV-2 cases and deaths have markedly increased. This study aims to evaluate the impact of environmental pollutants “particulate matter (PM 2.5 μm), carbon monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) on daily cases and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 infection” in Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata, India. MethodsThe day-to-day air pollutants PM2.5, CO, O3, and NO2 were recorded from the metrological web “Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI).” SARS-COV-2 everyday cases and deaths were obtained from the “Coronavirus outbreak in India Web”. The PM 2.5, CO, O3, NO2, and daily cases, deaths were documented for more than one year, from March 2, 2020, to March 15, 2021. ResultsEnvironmental pollutants CO, O3, and NO2, were positively related to SARS-COV-2 cases and deaths. The findings further described that for each one-unit increase in CO, O3, and NO2 levels, the number of cases was significantly augmented by 0.77%, 0.45%, and 4.33%. ConclusionsEnvironmental pollution is a risk factor to SARS-CoV-2 daily cases and deaths. The regional and international authorities must implement the policies to reduce air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings can inform health policymakers' verdicts about battling the COVID-19 pandemic in India and globally by minimizing environmental pollution.

"What American dream is this?": The effect of Trump's presidency on immigrant Latinx transgender people.

Little research has explored how transgender people are impacted by the behaviors, statements, and policies of the Trump administration. To date no scholarship has explored the experiences of immigrant Latinx transgender people during the current political climate. Using a critical intersectional qualitative framework, the present study aimed to investigate how immigrant Latinx transgender people are impacted by Trump's administration. A community sample of 15 immigrant Latinx transgender people from a large metropolitan city in Florida participated in semistructured interviews to explore their experiences since the election of Donald Trump. Thematic analysis revealed seven themes related to experiences of oppression, including: (a) perceived increase in societal discrimination and violence, (b) perception of law enforcement surveillance, discrimination, and violence, (c) mental health toll, (d) decreased access to resources and opportunities, (e) perception of Trump's uninformed, hostile, and aggressive behavior, (f) rollback of discrimination protection, and (g) passing and conforming to norms. In addition, five themes emerged about participants' sources of coping and strength in response to the current political climate, including: (a) pride and resilience, (b) hope for a better future, (c) religion and spirituality, (d) family and community support, and (d) short-term avoidance as a form of resistance. Psychological practices and advocacy efforts such as using evidence-based practices to effectively work with immigrant Latinx transgender people are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

How to Fuel Public Employees’ Change-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Two-Wave Moderated Mediation Study

Determining how to stimulate public employees’ change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has become a critical issue in both theory and practice. This article draws on the theories of job demands-resources (JD-R), leadership, and public service motivation (PSM) to propose a moderated mediation model to explore how empowering leadership shapes public employees’ change-oriented OCB. We conducted a two-wave investigation of 267 public employees in a large metropolitan city in Northern China to test this study’s hypotheses. The results show that empowering leadership significantly predicts employees’ change-oriented OCB by enhancing job crafting. Furthermore, PSM moderates the relationship between empowering leadership and job crafting. These findings advance our understanding of how to motivate employees’ change-oriented OCB from the perspective of empowering leadership in public organizations.

Assessing the impact of land cover changes on land surface temperature and the relation to urban heat island in Makassar City, South Sulawesi

Makassar City, the capital of South Sulawesi Province, is the largest metropolitan city in the eastern part of Indonesia, with a population development rate of 1.19% in 2019. An increase in population impacts city development and results in land use and land cover changes. Changes in land use and land cover pattern bring impact to Land Surface Temperature (LST). This study examines land cover’s influence on land surface temperature in Makassar City using multi-temporal satellite data. Land cover and LST data were extracted using Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 over the period of 1999, 2009, and 2019. The result shows that the highest increase in land cover changed was a built-up area of 13.1%, and vegetation decreased by 8.6%. The change in average LST value in the last 20 years was 0.39°C with the highest LST distribution areas was in 30-32°C and 32-34°C classes. The result of LST analysis in 2019 shows that the Urban Heat Island phenomenon has occurred in Makassar in the downtown area and several areas with the densely built-up area. With an overview of the UHI phenomenon in Makassar, the government is expected to raise public awareness of this phenomenon so that preventive actions can be taken, so the effects of UHI do not spread more widely.

A New Design Protoype of Safety System on Traffic Light using Hydraulic Limiters Zebra Cross Automatic

Medan city is the third largest metropolitan city in Indonesia. Problems that occur in big cities, especially in the city of Medan itself, include the level of congestion and the level of violations of traffic signs which are quite high and the constraints of emergency vehicles on duty such as ambulances, fire engines and other emergency vehicles, especially on traffic lights. This paper described Emergency vehicles that will build a Security System Using Barriers on Zebra Crosses, especially in Microcontroller-Based Traffic Light. This system uses the RFID component RC522 as an emergency vehicle detector photodiode and laser diode as vehicle detection components above the zebra cross so that the barrier does not damage the vehicle. Servo motor as a barrier gate drive and Arduino Uno R3 as a component where each input command is received to be processed. Where if the emergency vehicle is passing through a traffic light with a red light, then the light will turn green. With this system, the emergency vehicle on duty is not late to its destination and the driver cannot break through the road divider when the red light is on and does not disturb pedestrians. feet to cross The application of the system is designed to be connected directly to Arduino so that the input signal can be processed and can produce the expected output on the performance of the system, namely the servo motor, and 6 LEDs on the traffic light 2 intersections.

Implementation of an Ask Me 3 ® education video to improve outcomes in post-myocardial infarction patients

Objective: The Advanced Practice Providers (APPs) in an adult cardiology practice in a large metropolitan city, provide hospital follow-up care to post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. The APPs identified a problem: patients retained very little of the information they receive during their hospitalization. The purpose of this pilot project was to evaluate the impact of an Ask Me 3 ® post-MI education video on patients’ knowledge of self-care activities. The video was designed to promote secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and support optimal cardiovascular health.Methods: The project used a pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a post-MI education video compared to the standard teaching methods.Results: The sample consisted of 25 total participants, 12 in the control group and 13 in the intervention group. The increase in the intervention group's post- test scores was statistically significant (p value = 0.0056), showing a vast improvement in knowledge with the addition of an “Ask Me 3” education video.Conclusion: An “Ask Me 3” post-MI education video may effectively improve cardiovascular secondary prevention when incorporated with the standard teaching methods. Patients may view the video multiple times, enhancing their knowledge of lifestyle modifications following hospitalization and their overall cardiovascular health.

Taxi drivers and modifiable health behaviors: Is stress associated?

Taxi drivers, an immigrant male population, may exhibit poor health behaviors and increased health risks. The current study examined stress and demographics as predictors of physical activity (PA), nutrition, sleep, and smoking, and the co-occurrence of these behaviors among taxi drivers. A cross-sectional needs assessment was conducted in New York City. The sample (n = 252) was comprised of male taxi drivers, 98%of whom were born outside of the U.S., with the majority from South Asian countries (62%), and 45 years old on average (SD = 11). We found low rates of fruit/vegetable consumption and PA. Rates of stress, PA, and smoking varied by demographic factors. Stress was positively associated with sleep disturbances and negatively associated with smoking. Aside from a relationship between sugar consumption and smoking, other health behaviors were not associated. While stress appears to impact some indicators of modifiable health behaviors, its lack of relationship with others points to more persistent health issues. Demographic differences found for PA and smoking also point to groups that may especially benefit from interventions. These findings suggest the need for targeted health interventions for taxi drivers in large metropolitan cities.

Design of Natural Gas Pipeline

India today has an in depth network of underground pipelines used for the transportation and distribution of gas. Large factories, fertilizer factories and other industrial enterprises are the most consumers in PNG and today, however, with the rise in its popularity, it's currently utilized in the domestic sector similarly as a fuel within the automotive sector in large metropolitan cities. To bring gas to those end users within the boundaries of a significant city, it's necessary to create city gas distribution pipeline networks. India today has an intensive network of underground pipelines used for the transportation and distribution of fossil fuel. Large factories, fertilizer factories and other industrial enterprises are the most consumers in PNG and today, however, with the rise in its popularity, it's currently employed in the domestic sector additionally as a fuel within the automotive sector in large metropolitan cities. To bring gas to those end users within the boundaries of a significant city, it's necessary to create city gas distribution pipeline networks, these networks have already been founded within the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Vadodara, Firozabad, Kanpur and plenty of more such networks are planned within the near future. Given the infrastructure and layout available in typical Indian cities, it becomes difficult to make such gas distribution networks without separate corridors for competing utilities. Reckoning on pressures, flow rates and economic criteria, these networks may be constructed with steel pipes, polyethylene (PE) pipes or a hybrid PE-steel pipe system. In contrast to borehole pipelines, which stretch for miles directly through open fields, the CGD network is more complex. These are located in densely populated areas, and an oversized number of network branches meet the wants of users in several locations in an exceedingly city. Although they're much smaller long and size than background pipelines, a city's network is far more dispersed and diverse. The rise within the number of branches means over the amount of sleeves, bends, reducers, fittings, etc. within the network, with the exception of the quantity of delivery points for the availability of fossil fuel. Due to the assorted activities of third parties other city agencies, the chance of injury and accidents is even on top of the substantial pipelines. of these factors require better security systems integrated into the network and therefore the need for special preparation to manage any emergency situation.

The Impact of Work–Family Enrichment on Subjective Career Success through Job Engagement: A Case of Banking Sector

To survive in the current competitive era, organizations need continuous performance and development. The performance of any organization is linked with their employees’ performance. However, employees give their best when they see subjective career success in the organization. There are certain factors such as work–family enrichment (WFE) that affect employee’s subjective career success. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between work–family enrichment and subjective career success through the mediating effect of work engagement. The data for this study were collected from various private banks located in a large metropolitan city through a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed through the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The results confirmed that work–family enrichment (WFE) positively affects subjective career success (SCS), and job engagement (JE) completely mediates this relationship. These findings will be helpful for banking sector policymakers to improve the subjective career success of personnel at the workplace through WFE and JE.

Using Metaphors to Investigate the Images of Countries

This study researched the use of metaphor among students and teachers to determine the images they had in their minds regarding a specific set of developed countries, and in doing so, utilized a longitudinal design carried out over four stages between November 2015 and November 2018 within a large metropolitan city in Turkey. The study findings revealed that the mental images of both teachers and students contained various stereotypical views about these developed countries. The participants appeared to have the most negative mental images about France, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), while having the most positive images about Australia and Japan. It was concluded that there is a strong relationship between metaphor creation and age, and that metaphor production increases rapidly as the students get older and more knowledgeable. It was also determined that metaphor quality and production rate decreases as teachers’ professional seniority increased.