Largest Inhibition Zone Research Articles

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Property of Green Okra Fruit Extract Against Enterococcus Faecalis Bacteria Tooth Root Canals

Background: Root canal treatment aims to eliminate bacteria that cause pulp abnormalities. Enterococcus faecalis is a bacteria in the infected tooth pulp, even those that have been treated. Irrigation was carried out together with biomechanical preparation using a combination of NaOCl and EDTA. The material is antibacterial, dissolves the organic and inorganic tissue of the root canal dentin, lacks odor and irritates the soft tissue. An alternative irrigation material from Jember cultivation is green okra. The fruit contains flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of green okra fruit extract on the growth of E. Faecalis bacteria. Method: Phytochemical analysis to see the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. Antimicrobial analysis included the inhibition test using disc diffusion, MIC and MBC tests using the dilution method. Samples were green okra fruit extract 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.563%, 2.5% NaOCl, 17% EDTA. The MIC and MBC tests were examined for Optical Density values ​​with a spectrophotometer and then subcultured to see whether there was growth of bacterial colonies. Analysis of the research data used ANOVA and LSD parametric statistical tests Result: Phytochemical content sequentially is Polyphenols, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Steroids, Terpenoids. Antimicrobial properties Green okra fruit extract concentration of 6.25% had the smallest inhibition zone, the largest OD value and the highest colony count. The concentration of 100% has the largest inhibition zone, the lowest OD, there are no bacterial colonies. Antimicrobial power The concentration of 100% is close to that of 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl. In the Kruskal Wallis test, there were differences in the Mann-Whitney test study group, there were significant differences between all groups Conclusion: The phytochemical content of green okra fruit extract has antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis approaching 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA at 100% concentration, 6.25% MIC concentration and 12.5% ​​MBC concentration. Keywords: Phytochemical, Antibacterial, Green okra fruit extract, Enterococcus faecalis

Synthesis of Benzylpenicillin esters and evaluate the change in the anti-bacterial effects by Docking and bacteriological study

Background: Benzylpenicillin is an antibiotic that possesses effectiveness mainly against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. The carboxylic acid of beta-lactam is essential for its antibacterial activity. However, many prodrugs have been produced through the esterification of this carboxylic acid group, like Pivampicillin. Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of Benzylpenicillin when the free carboxylic acid mask with different chemical groups of different polarity. Patients and Methods: Four Benzylpenicillin derivatives (compounds p1-p4) were chemically synthesized through the esterification of the carboxylic acid group with different groups of different polarity, and the antibacterial activities were examined by docking and bacteriological studies. Results: All the compounds showed different antibacterial results. The docking results showed that; the compound of the highest polarity (compound p1) has the best Binding energy. Also; The results of in vitro antibacterial activity showed that; compound p1 had the largest zones of inhibition and the highest antibacterial activity among all the other compounds. Conclusion: Masking the free carboxylic acid of benzylpenicillin with polar group will enhance the antibacterial activity.

Molecular insights into quercetin-enhanced crystalline silver nanoparticles: Implications for breast cancer cell cytotoxicity and antibacterial action in Kyllinga nemoralis

Amidst the ongoing global health crisis posed by cancer and antibiotic-resistant infections, innovative solutions are in high demand. The utilization of Kyllinga nemoralis leaf (KNL) extracts for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represents a novel approach, with the potential to deliver profound advancements in healthcare, benefitting society on a broad scale. Successful synthesis of AgNPs by KNL extracts for treating breast cancer cells, specifically MDA-MB-231 cells, is recorded in this report. The adsorption mechanism of quercetin (Q) on Ag and its optimized structural characteristics were computed at the DFT level. According to FTIR analysis, quercetin, one of the flavonoids found in KNL extract, acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the conversion of Ag+ ions to Ag0, and carboxylates serve as ligands that cap the AgNPs. The small-sized (7 nm), spherical particles, which are uniform in size and monodispersed, exhibit regulation over the size of the AgNPs due to being shielded by enough flavonoids and gallic acid absorbed into the extract. The observed negative zeta potential of −20 mV indicates the moderate stability of the AgNPs colloid. It is noted that AgNPs prepared at higher concentrations of KNL extract showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (80 µg/mL) and larger inhibition zones (22 mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cell viability rate of MDA-MB-231 cell lines decreases with increasing concentration of AgNPs. The antibacterial and anticancer activity of AgNPs is observed in a size-dependent manner. This research raises the possibility of using plant-based, small-sized AgNPs therapeutically for breast cancer and as antibacterial agents.

Isolation and Characterization of Glycolipid Biosurfactant Produced by Marine Bacterium Cobetia marina Strain F1 and Investigation of Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity

The marine environment is a rich source of microorganisms producing bioactive compounds, like biosurfactant-producing bacteria that exhibit unique characteristics and functionalities. In this study, we examined glycolipid biosurfactants produced by bacteria that live commensally with marine organisms. We isolated a biosurfactant-producing strain identified as Cobetia marina strain F1, which displayed high hemolytic activity (27 mm), oil spreading ability (4 mm), emulsification index (40%), and decreasing surface tension to 31.3 (mN·m−1). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed the glycolipid composition of the biosurfactant. Furthermore, elemental analysis utilizing CHNS and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the biosurfactant contained carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, oxygen, and additional elements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the crude biosurfactant was determined to be 350 mg·L−1, at which concentration, a decrease in surface tension was observed when the biosurfactant was dissolved in distilled water. Given the presence of impurities in the biosurfactant composition, this observed CMC is considered acceptable. Furthermore, the biosurfactant exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, with the largest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 27 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This demonstrates the potential of the biosurfactant to serve as an alternative to novel antibiotic agents. The biosurfactant exhibited considerable inhibition of biofilm formation, disruption of preformed biofilms, and reduced enzymatic activity in bacterial cells following treatment. Moreover, the combination of the biosurfactant and F1 bacterial strain enhanced the degradation of crude oil by 86%, indicating its potential application in environmental remediation. These findings highlight the importance of investigating commensal strains capable to produce biosurfactants for applications in hydrocarbon remediation, overcoming antibiotic resistance, and biofilm disruption.

Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive nanocarrier based chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) for ciprofloxacin delivery for anti-bacterial application

This study aims to develop pH-sensitive and controlled release of ciprofloxacin from ciprofloxacin-loaded grafted chitosan-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs) for the treatment of bacterial infections in the human colon. For this aim, first, the chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) [Chit-g-poly (Itac)] was synthesized via grafting of itaconic acid onto chitosan in the presence of cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) under an inert atmosphere using conventional methods, while zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) were prepared via sol-gel technique. Characterization of the synthesized Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs was analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TGA, and zeta potential analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs against three pathogenic bacteria, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, was superior to that of tetracycline reference drugs, as evidenced by larger inhibition zones. Cytotoxicity assessment of Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs on the human chondrocyte cell line C28/I2 via MTT assay revealed 100 % cell viability at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. The loading efficiency of ciprofloxacin into Gchit/Zn-NPs was evaluated at various ratios, demonstrating lower loading efficiency; however, sustained release of ciprofloxacin from Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs was excellent, with 98.13 % release observed at pH 7.2 over 10 h. Kinetic analysis of ciprofloxacin release followed the first-order kinetic models.

Green synthesis, characterization and applications of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract mediated chromium oxide nanoparticles

The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is attributable towards diverse applications in various fields, recently. In this research, we report simple and eco-friendly synthesis of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica as a reducing and capping agent. The absorbance peaks at 350 nm and 450 nm validated the nanoparticle formation in UV–visible spectrum. FTIR spectrum revealed the nature of functional groups. The crystalline properties of nanoparticles were ascertained by XRD analysis. EDX spectrum corroborated the elemental composition of nanoparticles in which chromium and oxygen constituted 68% of total weight. SEM images demonstrated agglomeration of nanoparticles resulting in the formation of large irregularly shaped flakes. Cr2O3 nanoparticles demonstrated excellent antimicrobial properties against 11 bacterial isolates and 1 fungal isolate. The largest inhibition zone (53 mm) was measured against A. baumannii while the smallest inhibition zone (26 mm) was recorded against S. aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were < 1 µg/ml for all microbes. However, the synthesized nanoparticles did not reveal synergism with any of the selected antibiotics (FICI values > 1). Nanoparticles possessed potent anti-biofilm powers with maximum (77%) inhibition of E. coli biofilms and minimum (45%) inhibition of S. enterica biofilms. Photocatalytic activity of Cr2O3 nanoparticles was evaluated to determine their efficacy in environmental bioremediation. Outcomes demonstrated degradation of methyl red (84%) but not of methylene blue dye. Furthermore, the Cr2O3 nanoparticles displayed considerable antioxidant (43%) as well as anti-inflammatory (44%) potentials. Hence, the present study accounts for the versatile applications of P. emblica-mediated Cr2O3 nanoparticles which could be pursued for future biomedical and environmental applications.Graphical

Antibacterial Activity Test of Endophytic Fungi Extraction Kasumba Turate (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Leaves From Galesong against Digestive Tract Infection

Digestive tract infection is still a significant health problem in Indonesia, it caused by pathogenic bacteria. Kasumba turate (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a medicinal plant that empirically used as measles drug with several compounds such as flavonoids, quinocalcones, polyacetylenes, alkaloids, fatty acids, steroids, proteins and polysaccharides and kasumba turate (Carthamus tinctorius L.) leaves are believed to have antimicrobial activity against several microbes pathogens such as E.coli and S.aureus. This research was conducted to determine endophytic fungi isolates from kasumba turate (Carthamus tinctorius L.) leaves that can provide activity against bacteria that cause digestive tract infections seen from the bioautography profile determination. Three endophytic fungi isolated from kasumba turate (Carthamus tinctorius L.) leaves were purified and observe macroscopically. After purification an antibacterial screening test was conducted by observing the inhibition zone of each isolate; the isolate with largest inhibition zone is IFEDKT-03. Isolates were fermented for 21 days, mycelia and supernatant were separated, and extraction was performed. The endophytic fungi extract of kasumba turate (Chartamus tinctorius L.) leaves has antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, and Vibrio cholera as indicated by Rf values of 0.23, 0.41, 0.49, 0.56, 0.70 and 0.76

The synthesis of MgO/Zein nanocomposites to improve anti-bacteria characteristics of mouthwash

Mouthwash is an alternative to address problems in the oral cavity, such as caries, periodontal inflammation, and microbial abscesses generally caused by pathogens. However, chlorhexidine contained in the mouthwash was limited concentration, i.e., 0.2 %, due to the side effects caused by these ingredients. Even though chlorhexidine has bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against various bacteria found in plaque, for this reason, to increase the antibacterial activity of these mouthwashes, it is necessary to add other ingredients to the mouthwash formula, namely MgO/Zein nanocomposites with a composition of 1:4 and 1:5. The method used in this study was the preparation of MgO nanoparticles from dolomite using a solid acid solvent, the results of which were then composited with Zein using alcohol and NaOH. Synthesized samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The antibacterial activity of S. aureus and mushrooms C. albicans in mouthwash with a concentration of 0.5 to 2.5 % can be determined by conducting a diffusion test. The results showed that the MgO/Zein nanocomposite fabrication had been successfully carried out and had the following characteristics: having a MgO phase with a polycrystalline cubic structure, having a zein phase with α-helix and β-sheet structures of proteins shows that Zein has an amorphous structure. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that mouthwash with adding MgO/Zein nanocomposites more effectively inhibited bacterial growth of S. aureus and mushrooms C. albicans. It is known that the MgO/Zein nanocomposite composition 1:4 has the largest inhibition zone in S. aureus bacteria with a concentration of 1.5 % mouthwash and C. albicans fungi with a concentration of 0.5 %, namely 40.17 mm and 8.42 mm

Effects of Maturation on Antibacterial Properties of Vietnamese Mango (Mangifera indica) Leaves.

This study, for the first time, has investigated the relationships between alterations of mangiferin contents in mango leaves at different maturity stages and their antibacterial properties. Leaves were classified into six different maturity stages based on their color: (1) young dark reddish brown, (2) young yellow, (3) young light green, (4) mature green, (5) old dark green, and (6) old yellow leaves. Ethanol extracts were then examined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, applying broth dilution and agar well diffusion methods. In addition, we also measured the mangiferin contents in leaves at different stages for the purpose of evaluating how the changes in this phytochemistry value affects their activities against bacteria. The results showed that extracts from leaves at young ages had better antibacterial properties than those from old leaves, as evidenced by the lower minimum inhibitory concentrations and larger inhibitory zones. In addition, we also found that the contents of mangiferin were significantly decreased followed the maturation process. These results suggest that mango leaves at young stages, especially dark reddish brown and young yellow leaves, are preferable for application in bacterial infections and other therapies related to mangiferin's constituents.

Isolation of Secondary Metabolites From Marine Actinobacterium of Microbispora sp.T3S11 and Their Antibacterial Activities.

Introduction Marine actinobacteria are promising sources of novel bioactive compounds due to their distinct ecological niches and diverse secondary metabolite production capabilities. Among these,Microbisporasp. T3S11 is notable for its unique spore chain structure, which allows for both morphological and genetic identification. Despite its potential, little is understood about the secondary metabolites produced by this strain. In this study, we hope to fill this gap by extracting and analyzing the antibacterial activities of secondary metabolites fromMicrobisporasp. T3S11, which will be the first time its bioactive compound profile is investigated. Aim To evaluate the antibacterial activity of secondary metabolites isolated from the marine actinobacteriumMicrobisporasp. T3S11. Materials and methods The antibacterial assays were carried out on agar plates containing the appropriate media for each pathogen. Sterile filter paper disks were impregnated with secondary metabolites extracted fromMicrobisporasp. T3S11 and placed on the surface of agar plates inoculated with the appropriate pathogens. Similarly, disks containing tetracycline were used as a positive control. The plates were then incubated at the appropriate temperature for each pathogen, and the zones of inhibition around the disks were measured to determine the extracted metabolites' antibacterial activity. Result Secondary metabolites had antimicrobial activity againstStreptococcus mutans,Klebsiella pneumonia, and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). The inhibition ofS. mutanswas 7.5 mm and 8.5 mm at 75 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively.Klebsiella pneumoniazones measured 7 mm and 7.5 mm, while MRSA zones measured 7.6 mm and 8.5 mm at the same concentrations. Tetracycline, the standard antibiotic, had larger inhibition zones: 22 mm forS. mutansandKlebsiella pneumoniaand 16 mm for MRSA, indicating variable susceptibility. Conclusion We conclude that the secondary metabolites extracted fromMicrobisporasp. T3S11exhibits high antibacterial activity. This could be attributed to the presence of various active compounds.

Evaluation of Quality and Antibacterial Activity of Four Brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets Marketed in Libya

Ciprofloxacin is one of fluoroquinolones antibiotics used in treatment for infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft-tissues, and lower respiratory tract. There are many brands of ciprofloxacin tablets available in pharmacies of Albaiyda city and the aim of this study was to evaluate quality of four available brands of ciprofloxacin tablets by quality control parameters and to test their antibacterial activity. Four leading brands of ciprofloxacin tablet each with a label claim 500 mg were purchased from the various retail pharmacies of Albaiyda city and evaluated by in vitro quality control tests for tablet according to pharmacopeia (BP/ USP) that include evaluation of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, hardness, and disintegration time. The second evaluation was the antibacterial activity of the four brands against Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli by well diffusion susceptibility method. Weight variation for four brands of ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.507% to ,0.753%, the highest variation was found in Brand A, and the lowest weight variation was observed in Brand B and all brands comply with specification. Friability of all brands was below 1% which means that all brands have passed the test and met the specification, and the brand which most likely to be friable between brands is Brand B (0.64%) and the least likely to be friable is Brand C (0 %). The results indicated that all brands of ciprofloxacin tablets were not in the limit of hardness test and the highest hardness value was for Brand C (276 N), and the lowest hardness value was for Brand A (114.2 N). Disintegration time for four brands was under 5 minutes and all brands were complied with the both BP and USP specifications. larger zone of inhibition (ZI) for ciprofloxacin brands against Klebsiella pneumonia was found in Brand C (26.19mm) indicating that it has the highest activity and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Staphylococcus aureus was found in Brand D (40.40mm) and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Escherichia coli was also found in Brand D (21.21mm) indicating that it has the highest activity against both types of bacteria. From this study it was demonstrated that all four brands of ciprofloxacin tablet marketed in Libya comply with BP and USP specification for quality control test of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, and disintegration time, except that in hardness test in the four brands were found out the limit but this test is non compendial test and all the brands have similar antibacterial effect except Brand C which has slightly better microbiological activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Brand D which is more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 (Cannabis sativa L.) Extracts Against Human Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; A new strain of cannabis, &lt;i&gt;Cannabis sativa&lt;/i&gt; L. Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1, has been approved and registered by the Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Thailand. The &lt;i&gt;C. sativa&lt;/i&gt; is acknowledged for its medicinal properties which demonstrated various therapeutic properties, such as anti-cancer and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from the stems and leaves of the Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 strain against seven antibiotic-resistant bacteria. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The primary antibacterial activity of ethanolic Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 extracts were determined using the disc diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The largest inhibition zone, measuring 12 mm, was observed in leaf extracts against &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; 101. The lowest MIC, at 0.78 mg/mL, was obtained from stem extracts against &lt;i&gt;Stenotrophomonas maltophilia&lt;/i&gt;. The lowest MBCs, at 12.5 mg/mL, were observed in leaf extracts against &lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecalis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Acinetobacter baumannii&lt;/i&gt;, multidrug-resistant &lt;i&gt;Klebsiella&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Stenotrophomonas maltophilia&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; 101 and stem extracts against &lt;i&gt;Acinetobacter baumannii&lt;/i&gt;, multidrug-resistant &lt;i&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Stenotrophomonas maltophilia&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; 101. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; This study presents a novel finding regarding the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from the leaves and stems of Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The potential application of these cannabis plant extracts in the development of antibiotics capable of combating antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria represents a promising strategy to address a significant global health concern.

Development and characterization of SA/PEG hydrogel membranes with Ag/ZnO nanoparticles for enhanced wound dressing

In the field of wound dressings, hydrogels have become essential due to their biocompatibility and moisture-retention properties. Nevertheless, challenges persist, notably in terms of mechanical strength and antibacterial effectiveness. In this study, we synthesized and characterized polymeric wound dressings comprising sodium alginate and polyethylene glycol, cross-linked using calcium chloride. We incorporated silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles to enhance antibacterial properties. The hydrogels were prepared through solution casting and subjected to comprehensive characterization, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD revealed a distinct face-centered structure. SEM analysis revealed phase separation and uniform nanoparticle dispersion, and TGA indicated improved thermal stability. The hydrogel exhibited exceptional tensile strength (30.8 MPa), low cytotoxicity (SAPEG/0.01Ag/0.02ZnO), and increased hydrophilicity (contact angle: 27.5°–15.6°) post-nanoparticle addition. Significant antibacterial activity (largest zone of inhibition: 27.25 mm for SA/PEG/0.01Ag/0.02ZnO) aligns these hydrogel membranes with characteristics vital for wound healing applications, making them promising for advanced wound dressings.

Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-Acne Activity of Gel Pineapple Peel (Ananas comosus L.) Extract on the Growth of Propionibacterium acnes

Pineapple peel contains many compounds, namely flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, steroids, alkaloids and bromelin enzymes. Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous glands. One of the bacteria that causes acne is Propionibacterium acne. Preparations that can be made for anti-acne are gel preparations. This study aims to determine whether the ethanol extract of pineapple peel (Ananas comosus L.) can be made into an anti-acne gel preparation and to find out at what concentration the ethanol extract of pineapple peel (Ananas comosus L.) in an anti-acne gel preparation can provide inhibitory activity on the development of Propionibacterium acne bacteria. This research method is true experimental by making anti-acne gel preparations of pineapple peel extract (Ananas Comosus L.) with various concentrations of 2%, 3%, 5% and testing the activity of the preparation against Propionibacterium acne using the agar well method. The results of the gel preparation formula showed that there were significant differences before and after the cycling test in both organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesion tests. The activity test results obtained were that the largest inhibition zone was the 5% concentration, namely 12.7 mm, which was in the strong category, while the 3% concentration, which was 11.03 mm, and the 2% concentration, which was 8.8 mm, was included in the moderate category.

Antifungal activity of Durio zibethinus Murray peel extract against Candida albicans: A preliminary study.

The incidence of antifungal resistance to Candida albicans infections has been growing over the past years; therefore, innovations are required to develop medicinal plants with antifungal properties such as durian fruit peels (Durio zibethinus Murray) that contain significant of bioactive compounds with antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of D. zibethinus fruit peel extract against C. albicans by analyzing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). A post-test only control group experiment was conducted from July to October 2020. D. zibethinus peel was collected from Simalungun Regency, Medan, Indonesia, and extracted by maceration technique using 70% ethanol to obtain D. zibethinus peel ethanol extract (DPEE). Samples of C. albicans were obtained from the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. The diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity. Six groups with different concentrations of DPEE (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%), ketoconazole (positive control) and dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) were exposed to C. albicans in six replicates. Six lower concentrations (12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 3%, 1.56%, and 0.78%) were divided to perform the liquid dilution method to obtain the MIC and affirmation test for MBC. The diameter of the inhibition zone was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post-hoc test for differences between concentrations. Our data indicated that the DPEE 6.25% had the largest inhibition zone (17.26±5.64 mm) and the inhibition zones were significant different among concentrations of DPEE (p<0.05). Furthermore, the DPEE had a MIC of 0.78% and MBC of 3.125% against C. albicans. This study highlights that the ethanol extract of D. zibethinus has potential antifungal activity against C. albicans. However, a further study is needed to determine its antifungal activities in more precise manner.

BLUE CRAB SHELL WASTE VALORIZATION AS A SOURCE OF HYDROXYAPATITE FOR BIOCOMPATIBLE DENTAL IMPLANT COATING FABRICATION

In the presented work, the effect of hydroxyapatite/polycaprolactone (HAp/PCL) ratio and the immersion/withdrawal speed on the corrosion rate and antibacterial properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI dental implant coating was investigated. Ti6Al-4V ELI implants are coated with different HAp-PCL ratios and immersion speeds. The functional groups of product hydroxyapatite were confirmed using the HAp standard JCPDS no. 09-0432, with crystallinity of 88.32% and ratio Ca/P at 2.12. The result shows that the higher concentrations of hydroxyapatite result in the decrease of corrosion rate and increased antibacterial activity reflected in larger inhibition zones. Additionally, the higher immersion and withdrawal speeds during dip-coating lead to lower corrosion rates. Furthermore, decreased corrosion rates may enhance the antibacterial properties of HAp-PCL coatings. These results demonstrate that the HAp/PCL composite can be considered as a prospective candidate for dental implant Ti-6Al-4V ELI coating.

The Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on the Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles

In the context of growing antibiotic resistance and the associated side effects of traditional antibiotics, this research explores the use of nanosized manganese oxide (Mn3O4) as a novel antibacterial agent. This study pioneers the synthesis of Mn3O4 through an eco-friendly hydrothermal method, varying reaction times (2, 4 and 6 hours) at a consistent temperature of 180 °C. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy, provide insights into their crystallinity, functional groups and morphology. The synthesized Mn3O4 demonstrates remarkable antibacterial efficacy, with larger inhibition zones against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains compared to standard antibiotics. This research presents the synthesizing of an eco-friendly, cost-effective antibacterial agent through a straightforward hydrothermal method. Varying reaction times unveil distinctive antibacterial capabilities, making Mn3O4 a promising candidate for future antimicrobial systems and medical applications.

Antibacterial, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Gliricidia sepium Crude Extract against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Aim: The present study is aimed at examine the antibacterial effect of crude extract of G. sepium to human pathogenic bacteria and its contents of its phytochemical and antioxidant properties.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Science Laboratory Technology. Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti Nigeria under ambient temperature and humidity between May and September 2023.&#x0D; Methodology: The collected plant sample was identified by Mr. Omotayo F.O. of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology at Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State. The plant was oven dried at 61.9°C for two hours and thirty minutes, then ground into a fine powder using an electric blender after being airdried for four weeks in a cold environment. 100 g of powdered leaves were steeped in 500 ml of distilled water, N-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol, respectively, to prepare the extracts. Following the mixes' filtration via muslin fabric. Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris were obtained from Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekitti in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The antibacterial activity of was determined using the agar diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: The results of the crude extract's antibacterial activity showed that the water extract had the largest zone of inhibition (12.00 ± 1:00 mm) against E. coli, while N-hexane had the lowest zone of inhibition (3.33 ± 5.77 mm) against S. typhi and P. vulgaris. Phenol content ranged from the lowest (6.19±0.01) in water extract to the highest (47.19 ± 0.02) in DCME. The plant demonstrated good amount in the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and DPPH scavenging assays. Methanol extract had the highest DPPH (23.53 ± 0.03) at the lowest concentration of 100 µg/ml, and it also produced the highest DPPH (62.63 ± 5.77) at the highest concentration of sample, 500 µg/ml. &#x0D; Conclusion: The present work highlights the possible use of G. sepium leaf extracts as a source of antibacterial agents that can be used to prevent human diseases.

Development of PDMS/TiO2/Ag3PO4 antibacterial coating on 316L/PDMS implants: Evaluation of superhydrophobicity, bio-corrosion, mechanical behaviour, surface nanostructure and chemistry

Nanocomposite coatings based on polydimethylsiloxane were developed by adding silver phosphate and titania nanoparticles with a PDMS pre-layer for 316L stainless steel. FTIR spectra and XRD patterns confirmed the synthesis of TiO2 and Ag3PO4 nanoparticles and nanocomposite coating. FESM and AFM images show that with the increase of Ag3PO4 nanoparticles, the roughness of coatings increased (Ra and Rq for adding 7 wt% of Ag3PO4 coating was 29 and 293 nm). The wettability results demonstrated that the presence of 7 wt% Ag3PO4 nanoparticles in the coating has the highest water contact angle (152 °). Nano-scratch results proved that creating a pre-layer of PDMS can increase the scratch resistance of PDMS + TiO2+Ag3PO4 nanocomposite coating (displacement and scratch coefficient were 408 nm and 0.07μΝ−1/2 with the pre-layer). Corrosion current density of 316lSS with PDMS + TiO2+Ag3PO4 coating was 0.00045 μA/cm2, while for 316LSS with pure PDMS coating was 0.00114 μA/cm2 at 37 °C in PBS solution. The Nyquist curves showed the diameter of the semicircle for the nanocomposite coating was larger than pure PDMS coating, which indicates the higher corrosion resistance of the nanocomposite coating (5.98 × 107 Ω). By increasing Ag3PO4 nanoparticles from 1 to 7 wt%, the number of E. coli bacteria in contact with the nanocomposite decreased significantly from 580000 to 31000 CFU/cm2. In the disk diffusion test, the largest inhibition zone was related to the nanocomposite coating with the addition of 7 wt% Ag3PO4 (23 mm). Therefore, the PDMS + TiO2+Ag3PO4 nanocomposite coating has improved properties such as superhydrophobicity, advanced mechanical behavior, bio-corrosion resistance, and antibacterial activity.

Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa against multi-drug resistant bacteria

Emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial species is increasing at an alarming rate. This calls for an urge to search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Curcuma longa rhizome is used in traditional medicine as a remedy for many infectious diseases. The rhizome extracted in different solvents is tested against hospital isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging methods. GC–MS analysis was performed to identify biologically active compounds present in the plant. All the plant samples inhibited bacterial growth with varying degree of inhibition observed for different bacterial strains. In general MRSA was more sensitive to most of the extracts with larger zones of inhibition and high percentage inhibition while A. baumannii was the most resistant with smaller zones of inhibition and low percentage inhibition observed for different plant samples. n-Hexane fraction of C. longa was the most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth with lowest MIC values (2.5 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity assays indicated strong antioxidant potential of n-hexane fraction in DPPH assay and of methanol fraction in superoxide scavenging assay. GC–MS analysis indicated ar-turmerone as the most abundant component of the plant (34.63 %). The non-polar fractions of the plant were particularly more effective against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Further purification and characterization of bioactive compounds, from active fractions of this plant, for their applications as antibacterial leads in pharmaceutical industries is recommended.