Large Trading Companies Research Articles

Перспективы применения искусственного интеллекта в отечественных и зарубежных рекрутинговых компаниях

The introduction of artificial intelligence in any sphere of human activity today occurs at an accelerated pace. Recruiting is no exception. Is artificial intelligence able to force out selection specialists and self-interview a candidate? How do job seekers react to being interviewed by a robot, not a person? Is it possible to completely exclude a person from the personnel selection process and shift all functions to artificial intelligence? Let’s try to answer the questions posed in this article. The study analyzes the results of introducing a startup from the St. Petersburg company Stafory, which developed and introduced Vera, a robot recruiter, into the Russian and foreign HR market. The characteristic of modern software for recruiting and programs for recruitment agencies is given. The main advantages of using artificial intelligence in the system of mass recruitment of large trading companies are described.

Problems of Internal Control Organization at Enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The relevance of the problem is conditioned by the need for the organization of internal control in commercial organizations. Indeed, both the safety of their property and cash, achievement of financial goals and objectives by the company, and the avoidance of errors in accounting and tax accounting, which ultimately lead to a distortion of financial and tax reporting, depend on internal control. Errors and inaccuracies, deliberate violations can lead to sanctions from inspection bodies or are capable of misleading the shareholders (participants) and partners of the organization in the event of a distortion of the reporting. The purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for commercial organizations of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the improvement of internal control systems based on foreign practice. The leading methods of research of this problem are: questionnaire that allows you to obtain, based on a certain sample, actual results that allow you to evaluate the development of the internal control system of the enterprises under study; modeling that allows you to create an internal control model for large trading companies. This article presents the main approaches to the organization of internal control systems used in Kazakhstan companies operating in the sphere of industrial production enterprises. Features and problems of their application are also revealed, recommendations and optimal models for improving these systems are formulated, taking into account the modern needs of the developing business. The materials of the article are of practical value to trading companies, as the presented models and recommendations for improving the internal control system are aimed at improving financial control in the business of such entities, bringing these systems closer to international standards and increasing control effectiveness (more rapid identification of errors and violations, that happen in the accounting process and financial transactions).

Економічні та соціо-гуманістичні основи розвитку кооперативних форм господарювання в Україні

Assimilation of regularities of the development of cooperative movement becomes particularly relevant in the conditions of the globalization of economic processes, and concentration of economic power in the hands of large capitalist companies, which compete with small and medium-sized commodity producers only due to their unification on cooperative principles. In the world of practice, there are about 750 thousand cooperative structures, whose members and users of the services are more than 800 million people. Most of them account for Asia (63%), the EU - 22%, and North and South America - 13%. Cooperatives occupy a significant part of the product markets of milk and finished dairy products, livestock and meat, grain, fruit and vegetable and other types of agricultural products. In China, 60% of all agricultural products are sold through cooperatives on domestic and foreign markets. A significant place is occupied by cooperatives in the markets of material, technical, financial resources, and technological, information and other services. Stability and longevity of cooperatives are due to their peculiarities: they provide the agricultural producers with cheaper, compared with commercial structures, services, which increases their competitiveness; the principles of the cooperatives' operation open to their members the same conditions for access to goods and services and the same benefits, which is one of the most important social aspects; the presence on the market of nonprofit cooperatives prevents the monopolistic rise in prices for goods by large capitalist trading companies, which broadens the access to consumer goods for low-income population and confirms the socio-humanistic nature of cooperatives. The multi-functional importance of cooperatives for small and medium-sized businesses is recognized by the international community. In Ukraine, such units produce from 65 to 95% of labor-intensive types of food, ensuring the formation of almost 2/3 of the nomenclature of the consumer food basket. However, the development of agricultural co-operation has not become an integral part in the reform program of the agrarian sector. There is no strategy for the development of cooperatives and their associations. Only over half of the registered more than a thousand cooperatives are really functioning. And even these figures are not quite accurate, since official statistics do not keep a record of service cooperatives and their activities. The constraining factors for the development of cooperatives are the imperfect cooperative legislation, which greatly complicates, and in many cases makes it impossible to form agricultural cooperative units; the lack of economic mechanisms for their support at the stage of formation and in the process of functioning, such as the transfer of realty facilities from state and communal property to cooperatives on the principles of preferential rent with further buy-out or free-of-charge, which is common practice in many countries; granting cooperatives the right to participate in preferential lending programs; re-orientation of NJSC Ukragroleasing to servicing cooperatives and their members; and promoting the development of the national network of rural credit unions and cooperative agricultural cooperatives. In order to provide the rural population and specialists with knowledge, the organization of cooperative universal education is necessary, and the system of agricultural education should include programs for the transfer of systemic cooperative knowledge to specialists. Research on the development of agricultural servicing cooperatives in the context of globalization processes should be expanded. The bodies of state administration of agriculture need to include units that would deal with the development of agricultural co-operation. Thus Ukraine needs to implement a large scientific and methodological, legislative, organizational and managerial work to implement the world practice of promoting the development of agricultural co-operation in the context of growing competitive challenges for small and medium-sized agricultural producers as a factor in their preservation and successful functioning in the context of deepening globalization.

Why Do Trade Finance Gaps Persist: Does It Matter for Trade and Development?

Trade finance shortfalls now appear regularly. Does this matter for trade expansion and economic development in developing countries? Global trade finance has resumed following the 2009 global financial crisis. However, the pattern of recovery has been uneven across countries and categories of firms. The recovery has been robust for the main routes of trade and for large trading companies. By contrast, access to trade finance remains costly and scarce in countries which have the strongest potential for trade expansion. The policy response to this problem depends on whether this represents a market failure, or a new global equilibrium. We introduce new data from a global survey of firms to argue that real shortfalls are exacerbated by perception gaps in a way that has enabled market failures to persist. This has troubling implications most directly through its effect on the ability for small firms to benefit from the reallocation of production and investment within global supply chains.

Asian Textiles in the Carreira da Índia: Portuguese Trade, Consumption and Taste, 1500–1700

This article focuses on the textile trade between Asia and Portugal in the early modern period. It highlights the pivotal role that Portugal played in the distribution of Asian manufactures across Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, before England and Holland set up large trading companies. It further examines the nature of Asian textile imports in Portugal, assessing their impact on consumption patterns, local manufacturing and shifts in taste.

Modern conditions for the implementation of electronic business processes in the field of trade

Through the use of modern telecommunications technology business processes in trade modified in such a way that the traditional vertical management structures are giving a way to information systems that can significantly reduce the barriers between different divisions of large trading companies, as well as their number between the company and its customers and suppliers. For now, there are many models of implementation of e-business processes in commerce, which unite the company and where sellers, buyers and suppliers of goods are actively communicating. The author reveals factors reflecting changes of the direction of modern conditions of realization of e-business processes and defines their impact on the development of e-commerce.

Analysis of anthropometric data for designing corsetryproducts of bra group

This article provides an analytical overview of typical figures classifications for designing corsetry products used by the leading foreign trade companies and manufacturers, as well as their comparison with the national standards. As a result, it was concluded that the number of proposed size types and bra cup depth of foreign manufacturers is much higher than in the national standards. This is explained by the fact that the manufacturers are interested in attracting a wider range of potential buyers. The size charts of large trading companies in contrast with the size charts grid of smaller enterprises reflect the options of population types and sizes more completely. The analysis of the current national anthropometric database for designing corsetry product of bra group demonstrates out-of-date nature and incompleteness, as well as the need for conducting a measurement survey to review it.The anthropometric study aimed at the analysis of designing corsetry products of bra group, in which 350 women took part, shows the necessity of introducing two new extra small sizes and one extra big size into the anthropometric database. It also reveals a number of dependencies which demonstrate the changes in individual parameters of the female body depending on age, profession, body fat and posture.

Multinational corporation internationalization in the service sector: a study of Japanese trading companies

This paper extends Chang's (1995) sequential investment theory to include multinational corporations (MNCs) in service industries, given this sector's large and growing impact on the global economy. To facilitate an examination of service MNC internationalization patterns, we develop a new typology of service investment (i.e., core-global, related-local, unrelated-global, and unrelated-local) based on business relatedness and location-specificity. We test this typology on a sample of large Japanese trading companies; our results suggest that the initial investments of service MNCs are closely related to their core businesses and are less location-specific, but that subsequent investments are less related to firms' core services and are more location-specific – a pattern similar to the traditional view on manufacturing MNCs. We extend our analysis to examine several case studies to provide a richer context for these findings. In addition, we examine the performance implications of internationalization. Our findings suggest that firms that internationalize through early investments that are closely related to their core activities outperform those in unrelated businesses over time, but that this performance gap between related and unrelated foreign investments diminishes in more advanced stages of internationalization.

Unfair Trade? The Increasing Gap between World and Domestic Prices in Commodity Markets during the Past 25 Years

The early literature on international trade has debated extensively the constraints facing exporting countries in the major commodity markets. This article goes one step further by suggesting that the final demand for these products could not have increased because the declines in world commodity prices were not transmitted or were transmitted imperfectly to domestic consumer prices. In contrast, upward movements in world prices were clearly passed on to domestic prices. As a result, the spread between world and domestic prices almost doubled in all major commodity markets during 1975–94. This asymmetry, seldom discussed in the literature, does not seem to be caused, at least systematically, by changes in trade and tax policies or factors such as transport, processing, and marketing costs. This article argues, therefore, that a special effort should be made to better understand the transmission from world to domestic prices, especially the role of large international trading companies that may have the capability to influence such spreads through one or several stages of processing in most major commodity markets.

Determinants and Direction of Trading Companies′ Development in Europe

Recently many EC countries have expressed an increasing interest in the development of strong trading companies (TCs) which will assist in the growth of national exports. However, a lack of clear direction for the envisaged TCs′ development has been observed. Attempts to identify the mechanisms by which TCs change their structure and strategies. A set of internal and external factors which influence TCs′ development and change has been identified and combined in a comprehensive conceptual framework. Both institutional and competitive (market) approaches are included. Based on this theoretical framework the direction of European TCs′ development route across a number of possible dimensions is explored. The research involved a sample of large EC TCs and a sample of EC environmental agents which were found to influence directly or indirectly TCs′ development.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLOTH INDUSTRY IN NORTHERN SAITAMA PREFECTURE

This paper is concerened with the establishment and the change of the cloth industry in northern Saitama Prefecture. The cloth industry in the study area had developed since the middle of the Meiji era (l868_??_1912) and it has evolved to form a part of the central areas in the Kanto District. The study results are summarized as follows. The establishment of the cloth industry in northern Saitama has been promoted by the development of the “tabi” (a kind of sock) industry in Gyoda since the Meiji era. The chief cloth materials for the “tabi” factories had been supplied by the neighboring towns of Hanyu and Kazo, where there had already been some development of cotton textile industry since the early period of the Meiji era. Due to the successful development of the “tabi” business, expansion was first carried out in the Gyoda, but further demand in the middle Meiji era called for additional factories and the expansion gradually moved outward to include the neighboring towns of Hanyu and Kazo during Taisho (1912_??_1926) and the early period of Showa. In this early development period, Hanyu and Kazo served in two capacities, as supplier of the blue colored print used as the materials and the manufacturer of tabi itself. Thus by 1940, the towns of Gyoda, Hanyu and Kazo formed the principal manufacturing region for tabi in northern Saitama. Due to the formation of this manufacuring region, the towns of Hanyu and Kazo no longer supplied enough cloth materials in relation to demand. Thus, other supply areas were sought. As a result, the towns of Kawagoe in Saitam a Prefecture, and Hamamatsu and Iwata in Shizuoka Prefecture supplied the majority of the cloth materials, with only a small percentage coming from the original suppliers in Hanyu and Kazo. Until recent years, the tabi markets had been distributed mostly in Northeastern districts of Japan, which had been exploited by traditional commission traders of this manufacturing region, especially from the town of Hanyu. In the rapid development and growth of the Japanese economy which began in the early 1960's, it should be noted that the marketing structure has been drastically changed from this pioneer pattern. The marketing is now controlled to a great extent by large trading companies centered in Tokyo and by department stores and various types of supermarkets in Tokyo as well as other parts of Japan. In surmation, the changes in the structure of the regional cloth industry were not originated in the industry itself, but were influenced by modern marketing trends in Japan.