Large State Institutions Research Articles

Багатотиражні газети: типологія, статус, функції, проблематика (за архівними документами та матеріалами Буковини)

For the first time in Ukrainian journalism, the phenomenon of multi-circulation newspapers as the grassroots link of the mass media system of the Communist-Bolshevik system was conceptualized, which determines the novelty of the study, which aims to define the typology of this segment of the press, to find out the time and procedure of its foundation, and to characterise the peculiarities of its functioning. This specific type of Soviet publications is an invention of a purely totalitarian system, one of the links of the control and repressive mechanism, with the help of which such a system could exist for so long. Such a press is considered in the article as an important means of organizing urban and rural workers to zombify the minds of ordinary Soviet people with the main ideologues of the system. The places of establishment of such newspapers were usually economically strong production enterprises, large collective farms, state institutions, educational institutions, military units, inter-collective machine and tractor stations. Together with the district, regional, republican and all-union tents, they formed a single mass media system. The typology of this segment of the press is analyzed. It is characterized by the following varieties: factory newspapers, collective farm newspapers, newspapers of political departments of machine-tractor stations (MTS), educational institutions. In the organizational aspect, the founders, financial foun­dations of publications, periodicity, volumes and budgets are characterized. The conclusions emphasize that in practice, control over the thematic direction of mass-circulation newspapers, as well as the selection of management personnel for them, belonged to the sphere of competence of the propaganda and agitation department of the regional party committee. However, taking into account the fact that this segment of the press was unprofitable and financed mostly by the founders themselves – enterprises, collective farms or educational institutions, the party’s control over compliance with periodicity, volume, design was weaker compared to the requirements for district newspapers. Instead, the propaganda departments of the district and regional party committees more closely controlled the content and ideological orientation of the publications. Keywords: mass-circulation newspapers, grassroots press, local journalists, collective farms, enterprises, machine-tractor stations, educational tasks, ideological work, labor groups.

Managing Loans in a More Sustainable Future

This paper reflects on the National Gallery of Victoria and its Exhibitions Conservation section over its 30-year history, and assesses the development of sustainable approaches within its programming. The author has managed the section since its inception, providing a unique insider opportunity to examine three decades of exhibition management within a large state institution, working with lenders and borrowers to manage both local and international loans. The paper describes the Exhibition Conservation section before reviewing a selection of exhibition files spanning the period 1975–2020 to evaluate ‘change’ with respect to the mid-range environmental parameters. Relative Humidity, usually considered the most significant issue for lenders, will be the main focus. Experience gained in lending to non-compliant environments is described and the Exhibition Conservation library is reviewed for discussions of sustainability of the profession more generally. Change is discussed in light of the fundamental rethink of collection management occurring within the profession. Finally, tools are offered to assist in the management of loans between differing environments.

Neuroscience Core Concepts: Implementation in Varied Courses at Varied Institution Types

Consensus core concepts are overarching principles that provide a framework for organizing facts and understanding in higher education curricula. Physiology educators have long benefitted from published core concepts in physiology (Michael and McFarland, 2011; Michael et al., 2017), but neuroscience core concepts were only recently developed (Chen et al., in press). The need for core concepts to structure neuroscience education is particularly pressing given the rapid expansion of neuroscience knowledge, programs, and curricula in recent years. The eight empirically‐developed, consensus neuroscience core concepts are labeled as communication modalities, emergence, evolution, gene‐environment interactions, information processing, nervous system functions, plasticity, and structure‐function. This presentation will review these neuroscience core concepts and demonstrate how they can be implemented in different courses (Human Anatomy and Physiology, Introductory Neuroscience, Advanced Neuroscience, Neuroethics, and Sensation and Perception), for different levels (non‐majors, lower‐division majors, upper‐division majors), and at different institution types (small liberal arts, large state institution).

Diversity or Division: Language Choices on International Organizations’ Official Websites

Research problem: With the extensive use of the internet, cyber language management has become a critical issue for international organizations (IOs). IOs' language choices on their official websites represent the very interests of member nations and form a key factor in organizational image construction. However, research on IOs' cyber language management is rather limited. Literature review: Previous studies examined the use of different languages on websites of large corporations, state institutions, and organizations that aim to reach linguistically diverse populations, but discussions of language management of international organizations generally focus on traditional offline language policies. This article attempts to examine the choices of languages on IOs' official websites. Research questions: 1. What languages are used on international organizations' official websites? 2. How do intergovernmental organizations differ from nongovernmental organizations in such language choices and cyber language management? Methodology: Data from the official websites of 50 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and 20 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) were collected, and both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted to analyze the data. Results: The findings show that English is the dominant language on IOs' official websites, and is especially preferred by NGOs; inconsistency of IOs' cyber language policy is found among the languages used on specific pages, e-documents, and the general available languages; and IGOs' language choices are more diversified, unified, and standardized than NGOs'. Conclusion: Accordingly, the effect of technology on IOs' language policy is further analyzed, and suggestions for IOs' language management are presented concerning the linguistic ecology at supra-national levels.

Devolution, not decarceration: The limits of juvenile justice reform in Texas

Across the USA, a number of states have been reducing the number of juveniles sent to state-run corrections institutions. Findings from a case study on juvenile justice in Texas indicate that the effort to reduce the number of juveniles sent to large state institutions and to invest in “community-based corrections” has entrenched rather than challenged the role of the justice system in the lives of thousands of juveniles. Texas has cut the number of juveniles sent to state-run facilities, but has bolstered and expanded county probation and county detention, which is where the vast majority of juveniles have always been handled. Youth who continue to be sent to state-run facilities or who are housed in county-run institutions experience a high level of violence and are routinely subjected to solitary confinement. The popularity of deinstitutionalizing juveniles from state-run corrections institutions and increasing programming and control of offenders at the local level are animating the landscape of criminal justice policy across the country. The Texas case suggests that this narrow approach further consolidates the extensive role of the justice system in U.S. society.

Binational learning communities: A work in progress

Studying abroad can be a life-altering experience, but not necessarily. I credit the two study-abroad experiences I had as an undergraduate as setting my course as an anthropologist. At this stage in my career, having directed, taught and evaluated five study-abroad programmes in three different countries, I felt ready to create my own based on the pros and cons I had observed. In December 2013, I completed a pilot run of a binational learning community focused on food, culture and social justice in Ecuador and Oregon and would like to share the experience in order to encourage other higher education teachers to invent similar programmes. It is not an easy model to pull off, especially in a large state institution, but it achieved the kind of coherence that I have found lacking in other study-abroad programmes and was a very satisfying teaching/learning experience. I will outline some issues concerning study-abroad programmes and then describethe programme I was involved in implementing in 2013.

The Past and Future of Deinstitutionalization Litigation

Two conflicting stories have consumed the academic debate regarding the impact of deinstitutionalization litigation. The first, which has risen almost to the level of conventional wisdom, is that deinstitutionalization was a disaster. The second story does not deny that the results of deinstitutionalization have in many cases been disappointing. But it challenges the suggestion that deinstitutionalization has uniformly been unsuccessful, as well as the causal link critics seek to draw with the growth of the homeless population. This dispute is not simply a matter of historical interest. The Supreme Court’s 1999 decision in Olmstead v. L.C., which held that unjustified institutionalization can violate the Americans with Disabilities Act, was followed by a wave of new lawsuits challenging institutionalization of people with psychiatric, developmental, and/or physical disabilities. And the Obama Administration’s Community Living Initiative has led the United States Department of Justice to move aggressively into this field as well. The question naturally arises whether this new round of deinstitutionalization litigation will end in the same place as the litigation of the 1970s and 1980s.This article contends that things will be different this time — though not necessarily better. The outcomes of the first wave of deinstitutionalization litigation resulted from the interaction between the political dynamics into which advocates inserted themselves and the legal claims they employed. But, as this article shows, both the political dynamics and the legal claims have changed significantly. Precisely because the first wave of deinstitutionalization litigation was so successful in moving residents out of large state institutions for people with psychiatric and developmental disabilities, the efforts of deinstitutionalization advocates have turned to ensuring the availability of adequate services in the community. This has shifted the fiscal politics of the field in ways that destabilize old political alliances but create the potential for new ones. At the same time, deinstitutionalization advocates have moved from the due process theories on which they relied in the 1970s and 1980s to an antidiscrimination theory relying on the ADA and Olmstead. That theory focuses directly on state resource-allocation decisions and affords states a powerful incentive to create and fund adequate community services. All of which leaves the future of deinstitutionalization uncertain. Deinstitutionalization advocates are focused to a greater extent than ever on the goal of building up a robust community-based treatment system. And they are employing the most powerful legal tool they have ever possessed to achieve that goal. But the political partners who helped them achieve their great success in the first wave of deinstitutionalization will likely be the biggest obstacle to success in the next wave.

Health policy and the community safety net for individuals with intellectual disability

This article explores social policy developments in the arena of intellectual and developmental disabilities. It begins by summarizing the challenges facing persons with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers in 1945. Families depended on a patchwork of over-crowded and under-funded large state institutions. Children with intellectual disabilities were marginalized from education and public services. Shame and stigma, along with the lack of community-based services, led many parents to institutionalize a child. The federal government provided almost no specific assistance for disabled individuals or to their families. Postwar America provided fertile ground for parents to act collectively through the emergence of the National Association of Retarded Children (NARC). Partly as a consequence of such organizing, the 1950s marked a surprising turning-point, in which the federal government expanded income support to disabled persons through measures such as Social Security's "Disabled Adult Child" program and, by the early 1970s, the advent of Supplemental Security Income (SSI). It also reviews the growth of Medicaid as the dominant payer of medical and social services at the boundaries between personal medical services, case management, education, and other social services. The article ends by summarizing current challenges in intellectual disability policy. It notes that the size, complexity, and expense of I/DD services poses inherent challenges, particularly to state and local governments in the current recession. Adjusting for inflation, 23 states actually reduced real spending on I/DD services between 2008 and 2009. Controlling for local conditions, politically conservative states enacted deeper cuts and spent a smaller fraction of state income on intellectual disability services than other states.

Science Education and Information Literacy: A Grass-Roots Effort to Support Science Literacy in Schools

This article reports how two academic librarians at a large state institution in California developed and implemented an information literacy program including the application of Web 2.0 tools for preservice science teachers. The article also explores definitions of science literacy, the evolving science curriculum, and standards for information literacy.

Developing Learning Objectives and Assessment Plans at a Variety of Institutions: Examples and Case Studies

Across the United States many chemistry departments are engaged in developing assessment plans. New guidelines from the American Chemical Society (ACS) Committee on Professional Training request a department’s latest self-assessment and a plan for acting on the recommendations. This manuscript describes assessment practices at institutions ranging in type from large public state institutions to small private liberal arts colleges. These practices are fit into a model of iterative cycles of assessment with the ultimate goal of providing data that can be used to improve courses and programs. The examples and case studies described herein can be used as models for adaptation or background information for the formulation of learning objectives and assessment plans. The contributions of the ACS Examinations Institute through its suite of examinations, including the Diagnostic for Undergraduate Chemical Knowledge, is also cited as an important element in helping departments develop their assessment plans

From ‘cage beds’ to inclusion: the long road for individuals with intellectual disability in the Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, individuals with intellectual disabilities continue to be institutionalized in large, remote, state‐run institutions and as a result are isolated from community interaction. Some practices associated with these institutions are coming to be seen as human rights violations. Although non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) offer alternatives to institutionalization, demand for such services exceeds supply. Czech legal structure hinders NGO funding. Large state institutions continue to be built.

The Hissom closure outcomes study: a report on six years of movement to supported living.

Changes in quality of life observed in 254 people with developmental disabilities who moved from a large state institution to supported living settings as a result of a court ordered closure of Hissom Memorial Center in Oklahoma were reported. Using pre-post measures on a multitude of qualities of life, we measured significant improvements between 1990 and 1995 in class members' adaptive and challenging behaviors, participation in employment, number of hours of developmentally oriented services, opportunities for integration, frequency of contact with relatives, and use of antipsychotic medications. We noted concern regarding health care, where there was a need for easier access to health professionals in community settings.

Institutional support for the energy and environment policy in Latvia

In this paper, we describe institutional support for the energy and environmental policy in Latvia. This includes large state institutions, sector administration and main functions. The main connections between energy and environmental institutions are defined. We describe the scientific institutions providing research on energy and environmental policy and, in particular, the research carried out at the Institute of Physical Energetics of the Latvian Academy of Science and at the Riga Technical University.

A longitudinal study of active treatment of adaptive skills of individuals with profound mental retardation.

A longitudinal study indicated that a single group of adults living in a large state institution (O'Berry Center in Goldsboro, North Carolina) benefited from receiving active treatment, although no control group was permitted. After five years, 59 individuals with profound mental retardation improved their skills in six general areas of dressing, grooming, eating, toileting, communication, and social interaction. After five more years of active treatment, 51 persons who had remained in the program maintained their skills in dressing, grooming, eating, and communication. Significant improvement in the use of toilet and a loss in social interaction were observed. Although the participants were 10 years older at the end of this study, their adaptive behaviors, in comparison to the date of entry, either improved or were maintained. Therefore, aging was not associated with decline in skills.

A preliminary report on the closure of the Challinor Centre

This paper reports preliminary data for 32 individuals with intellectual disability who were relocated from a large state institution to small community-based group homes. Assessments of adaptive behaviour, life circumstances, choice-making, and direct observations of activities were conducted approximately 6 months prior to the relocation and then again after 1, 6, and 12 months of community living. Standardized assessments indicated no significant changes in adaptive behaviour. However, there were significant increases in life circumstances and choice-making, and direct observations revealed more appropriate behaviour and less undirected and challenging behaviour following relocation to the community. These results suggest the relocation has enabled a more active and normalised lifestyle. However, community-based services may need to incorporate more effective active treatment programs if adaptive behaviour gains are to occur.

Fiction and Imagination: How They Affect Public Administration

For more than 50 years, scholars and practitioners have examined the role that fiction plays in public administration. For the most part, attention has centered on the degree to which practitioners can learn something about administration by exposing themselves to works of fiction (Egger, 1944, 1959; Waldo, 1968; Kroll, 1965, 1981). Fiction has been used as a teaching device, like the case study, to illustrate principles and expand experience (Holzer, Morris, and Ludwin, 1979; Argyle and Bright, 1992; Hunker, 1992; Marini, 1992a, 1992b). In this article, I suggest that fiction plays an additional role in public administration. I argue that fiction (and other works of imagination) affect what public managers do and how they do it. Fiction appears to shape the policies that public servants carry out and the way in which they conduct their duties. It probably influences the choice of administrative methods. It does this by entering the public consciousness or popular culture and becoming part of the cognitive base for making decisions about public policy and administration. This expanded view of fiction complements broader efforts currently underway to examine ways in which managers imagine the world around them (Morgan, 1986; Kass and Catron, 1990; Hummel, 1991; Kramer, 1992). It is also part of the effort to understand the relationship between humanistic arts and public administration. The latter is being advanced by a new Section on Humanistic, Artistic, and Reflective Expression in the American Society for Public Administration; by the section's new journal Public Voices, and by a new book on the role of the arts by Charles Goodsell and Nancy Murray (1995). Conventionally, fiction is a term that encompasses works of art portraying imaginary events and persons, as in novels, cinema, television drama, and the theater. I have broadened the subject matter to include additional works that seek to portray events or places in imaginative ways, especially those in the future. Television docu-dramas, various types of paintings, theme parks, and popular science thus join fiction in a broader class of media that affect administration through imagination. In this article, I present three cases that illustrate the influence of fiction and imagination upon public administration. The debate over the best way to treat the mentally ill shows how fiction can influence the outcome of policy debates, especially those for which empirical evidence remains inconclusive. The creation of the U.S. space program shows why other works of imagination must be included along with the study of fiction. The case of the National Performance Review illustrates the way in which fiction affects the course of administrative reform. These cases are followed by some suggestions on the ways in which the study of fiction and imagination might improve the understanding of public administration. Fiction and Mental Institutions Fiction can influence the choice of public policies and the methods for carrying them out, especially in areas where experts cannot agree. This phenomenon is well illustrated by the history of the deinstitutionalization movement. During the 1960s, a great debate took place in the United States on the best way to organize public facilities for the mentally ill. It culminated in the effort to replace large state institutions with community-based mental health centers. The debate began within fairly narrow policy circles, among specialists who treated the mentally ill. The issues they raised could not be settled conclusively through scientific investigation, as is often the case with public policy. Works of fiction slipped into this intellectual vacuum, creating vivid images that lent support to the advocates of deinstitutionalization. Sociologists and psychologists had begun the debate before the 1960s, with a small group of reformers suggesting that government incarceration of the mentally ill served to remove the powerless and odd from society. …

The Teaching-Family Model

A case study in program development and refinement is presented. We describe the Teaching-Family model and its history, the original research goal of developing a community-based program that was more humane, more effective in teaching communityliving skills, and less expensive than the traditional large state institutions prevalent when we began. We present the research on the components of the model and the outcome research on the complete model. We share the serious problems that occurred when we attempted to replicate the program in other communities. We argue that the subjective consumer feedback questionnaire (and the other components of the comprehensive quality refinement system that have evolved over the past 25 years) have played an important role in the survival and success of the model. We recommend that people interested in increasing the quality and survival rates of their human services programs may want to consider developing a similar technology driven by systematic reciprocal feedback fr...

The achievement of a hazard analysis critical control point plan at a large state institution

Today's focus for foodservice is disease prevention through food safety methods such as Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). HACCP is a preventive food safety program that emphasizes the flow of food through the entire foodservice system. Traditional food safety plans look at foods in segmented sections, failing to follow the whole process. Fairview Developmental Center had an objective to develop a HACCP plan that works using the cook/chill system with multiple satellite serving sites. The procedure to carry out this program included the following steps: 1) A literature review, 2) Identification of potentially hazardous foods on the menu, 3) Development of flow diagrams from receiving to service for each food identified, 4) Identification of critical control points and establishment of critical limits, 5) Development of a monitoring procedure, 6) Immediate corrective action for problems identified, and 7) Ongoing in-service education. The results of Fairview's project revealed that in order for HACCP to be successful, some convenience foods had to be purchased to replace labor intensive menu items, production staff had to be rescheduled to effectively use blast chiller space, and a monitoring system had to be established which increased involvement and accountability from staff. HACCP is a team effort from management on down, and to be effective it must be continuously modified as the institution's needs change.

Development and Analysis of a Flexible Spanish Language Test for Placement and Outcome Assessment

Enrollment in foreign languages at B. A. -granting institutions in the United States has been increasing dramatically in recent decades' (see, for example, Brod, 1988). Recent studies and commissions have recommended more language study at all levels of schooling, and universities have offered new opportunities for students to pursue international careers through interdisciplinary studies. Increases in foreign language study have also evolved through strengthening of school and college language requirements (see Brod and ILapointe, 1989). Large state institutions may be especially vulnerable to a myriad of problems brought about by burgeoning enrollments in foreign language. Computer registration has decreased informal advising and counseling for placement. At large institutions, such as the University of Iowa, placement tests are administered to a great number of students during a one-hour period. The results are required for placement decisions within hours of the test administration. Developing and administering tests for placement and assessment of large numbers of foreign language students is a major undertaking. In addition, with increased enrollments, teacher training and testing of foreign language teachers has become an even greater responsibility. The creation of the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) has offered a form of oral testing intended for the college setting, yet the OPI has been criticized as being limited in the type of discourse elicited. (See, for example, Barnwell, 1980; Valdes, 1989; Bachman and Clark, 1987; and Lantolf and Frawley, 1985). Furthermore, the OPI training demands considerable expenditure of money and time. These financial and time constraints make such oral testing feasible only at critical junctures or for borderline cases in placement. Machine-scored tests of listening comprehension and reading are promising modes in which ACTFL has made little progress to date. Tape-recorded speaking tests, writing correction tests, and dictations may also prove to be useful for placement testing in foreign languages. Tape-recorded speaking tests can be graded more efficiently than the OPI and they still collect a speech sample; writing correction tests can be done in a multiple-choice format allowing for machine-scored grading; and dictation can be quickly graded by counting each word as either right or wrong. Several institutions have refined placement procedures that are not based on seat time, for example, the University of Arizona (Schultz, 1988), Brigham Young University (Larson, 1989), the University of Minnesota (Lange, 1987), the University of Pennsylvania (Freed, 1987), the University of South Carolina (Mosher, 1989). Nevertheless, recent surveys have shown that foreign language placement testing procedures are neither systematic nor satisfactory for most institutions. (Wherritt and Cleary, 1990; Klee and Rogers, 1989). Commercially available tests have had three critical problems: availability only in predetermined difficulty levels, limitations to discrete-point testing, and the large expense associated with purchase of test booklets. This paper reports on the development and field test of an item bank developed at the University of Iowa for placement and assessment of language students.

Oral hygiene levels and periodontal disease prevalence among residents with mental retardation at various residential settings

This pilot study compared oral hygiene levels and periodontal disease prevalence among residents with mental retardation in a large traditional state institution, a small regional facility, and community group homes. Plaque scores and periodontal disease levels were high in all groups. However, there was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) among the group home residents, who had lower scores, than the other groups. These results indicate that preventive dental programs are necessary in new residential settings for individuals with mental retardation.