Large Shop Research Articles

세계 커피산업의 현황과 발전전략에 관한 연구 - 한국, 미국, 유럽, 일본 시장을 중심으로 -

Drinking coffee becomes an essential part of everyday life next to drinking water. As the coffee consumption increased, the number of coffee shops, including large franchise coffee shops and small roaster coffee shops, multiplied over th past years. But it becomes clear that the coffee shop industry has becoming saturated. Therefore it is time for the managers of coffee shop industry have to consider and develop ways to survive and respond to this market changes. In this paper we have surveyed the coffee industries in developed countries such as United States of America, European countries, and Japan, and then compared them to Korean coffee industry to identify the key factors for survival. The coffee shops that have competitive advantages and satisfy customer needs will survive in the future. Therefore CEOs of coffee shop industry have to adapt and refine their business in respond to market condition and changing customer needs.

A new linguistic based algorithm for creating manufacturing cell

This paper presents a new approach for modeling formation of machine groups and the associated parts families using a linguistic model. The method outlines a hierarchical approach for deciding the number of clusters/machine groups. The solution is improved further by utilizing a genetic algorithm with the objective of decreasing actual job-shop inter-cell distance moved. A unique feature of the proposed method is that it recognizes the operation sequence of manufacturing the parts specified in the process sheets. The concept of null machine is introduced in the linguistic model to calculate the dissimilarity among parts. The movement of parts can be either flow type or random job-shop type for the discrete manufacturing shop, required to be partitioned. Back flow/tracking are minimized. The flexibility of changing number of machine groups is also built-in the model. The model has been found useful and flexible enough to solve any realistic discrete manufacturing system and is found to work comfortably in medium to large job shop situations when the machine part incidence matrix shows sparse density.

Does size matter? The dynamics of housing sizes and prices in Hong Kong

Conventional analyses on real estate pricing strategy concentrate on the impact brought about by the existence of various physical and environmental attributes such as location, view and amenity effects. For each of these variables, the extent of impact across different property types seems to be rather constant. This, however, may not hold when it comes to a specific variable—size, especially in terms of per-square-foot price of the subject property. While it is a general perception that larger real estate should command a higher total price because of the simple logic of aggregating the unit price from a larger floor area, in some sub-sectors of the property market such as the retail property sector, it is not uncommon to find that larger shops tend to have relatively smaller unit price/rent compared to smaller shops, other things being equal. In this paper, the authors would like to show that in the residential sector in Hong Kong, this common market practice is being reverted when we find that larger residential flats command relatively higher per-unit price (and hence also the overall price of the subject property), making larger residential flat proportionately more expensive.

Optimization of Louver Configuration in a Closed Generator

Nowadays Diesel generator assemblies become an integral part of almost all the industries, large housing units and commercial shops as well. Keeping these units in a canopy with louvers will reduce the noise pollution and at the same time thermal behavior of this system becomes a challenging task. In this project a novel approach is taken using CFD, to understand the flow and thermal behavior of the DG assembly in turn trails are done to optimize the system by changing the position of the louvers critical interpretation of the CFD results such as contour plots, velocity vectors, path and stream lines. Arriving at the optimal flow and thermal behavior inside the DG Shelter system by optimizing the following variables such as Dimensions of the baffles in the louvers, Positions of the baffles in these louvers, Orientation of the baffles in these louvers.

Grocers' window displays: The eclipse of a British tradition

By reference to period retailing narratives, this paper examines the changed significance of shop window displays for British grocers with the transition from counter-based to self-service from the late 1940s to the 1960s. The ‘well-dressed’ window showing a selection of goods and price offers became an early casualty of changed retail practices. Opportunities presented by self-service for comprehensive stock displays and in-store promotion proved a decisive challenge to the art of the grocer's window display. These displays had been ubiquitous; large and small shops alike tried to impress passers-by with examples of their stock range. Self-service shops had different internal space requirements and soon it was more important that potential customers could see the well-stocked aisles and activity within.

Tobacco display and brand communication at the point of sale: implications for adolescent smoking behaviour

BackgroundIn England, point-of-sale (PoS) displays in larger shops were prohibited in April 2012, with an exemption for smaller retailers until 2015. The aim of this study was to examine the...

A Simulated Annealing-Based Heuristic Algorithm for Job Shop Scheduling to Minimize Lateness

A decomposition-based optimization algorithm is proposed for solving large job shop scheduling problems with the objective of minimizing the maximum lateness. First, we use the constraint propagation theory to derive the orientation of a portion of disjunctive arcs. Then we use a simulated annealing algorithm to find a decomposition policy which satisfies the maximum number of oriented disjunctive arcs. Subsequently, each subproblem (corresponding to a subset of operations as determined by the decomposition policy) is successively solved with a simulated annealing algorithm, which leads to a feasible solution to the original job shop scheduling problem. Computational experiments are carried out for adapted benchmark problems, and the results show the proposed algorithm is effective and efficient in terms of solution quality and time performance.

Foot Pain and Cycling: a survey of frequency, type, location, associations and amelioration of foot pain

The foot – pedal interface is the primary site for energy transfer from the cyclist to the bicycle, with anecdotal evidence that foot injuries from cycling are common. However, there is little research regarding the prevalence, aetiology and/or management of such injuries. 1) What is the distribution of age, gender, foot/pedal interface use and distances cycled amongst cyclists who experience foot pain? 2) What type of pain and what region of the foot do cyclists experience pain? 3) What amelioration techniques are used for this cycling foot pain? 4) Are there key groups of cyclists at greater risk of foot pain than others?. Cyclists over 18 years of age riding a non-stationary, upright bicycle at least once a week (minimum of one hour) were invited to participate in an electronic questionnaire. The electronic link to the survey was distributed through three large databases Bike SA, (the peak representative body for South Australian cyclists), Mega Bike (a large bicycle shop in Adelaide) and staff and students of the School of Health Sciences at the University of South Australia. The survey asked about cycling participation, pedal interface and foot pain. The survey was returned by 397 participants (93.9% responses eligible for analysis). Foot pain was reported by 53.9% respondents. The forefoot, inclusive of the toenails, toes and ball of the foot, was the highest reported region of foot pain (61%). The pain was described as ‘burning’ and ‘numbness’. ‘Stopping’ for a period of time during the cycle and ‘removing their shoes’, ‘walking around’, ‘massaging’ and ‘stretching’ the foot was the most commonly reported amelioration technique. The group of cyclists at greatest risk of experiencing foot pain are those who ride with an attached (cleated-in, strap, cage) foot-pedal interface. This paper found a high frequency of foot pain in cyclists (53.9% of cohort). The pain was overwhelmingly described as ‘burning’ and ‘numbness’ with the forefoot region most implicated. ‘Stopping’ for a period of time during the cycle and ‘removing their shoes’, ‘walking around’, ‘massaging’ and ‘stretching’ the foot was the most commonly reported amelioration technique. The group of cyclists who are at the greatest risk of experiencing foot pain are those who ride with an attached foot-pedal interface (2.6 odds ratio); followed by the combination of those who use an attached foot-pedal interface and who are 26 years of age or older (2.2 odds ratio). Our study highlights the importance of addressing the current knowledge gap regarding foot pain and cycling and the need to investigate effective interventions for this problem.

Boosting the public health agenda through collaboration

The Budget delivered on 21 March presented a number of surprises for us all and not least the imposition of VAT on a number of hot foods. It was Greggs’ pasties that took the lime light. My personal favourite (cheese and onion) will now be £1.09 instead of 90p but will that stop me having one as an occasional treat? Would it stop me if I bought one every day? Was it meant to stop me? After so much coverage in the press, I am sure you are all aware that this budget change was closing a loophole in legislation going back as far 1984; wouldn’t it have been so much better if it were part of a considered public health strategy to improve health through a variety of means including legislation and price fixing? ‘Not the Nanny State again!’ I hear you cry, however, a tax on high-fat foods sits right along minimal pricing on alcohol, increased prices on cigarettes and restrictions on smoking in public, as far as I am concerned. We need some national action to help nudge people into healthier lifestyles and we know legislation can help. Much was made in the media about this being a tax on the working man – that would be the working man who already suffers from considerable health inequalities than his more affluent neighbours? As nurses, we see the impact of obesity, alcohol and smoking every day. According to the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, the UK now has the highest rate of obesity in Europe (2012). The impact on society is too great to note here but the extent of that impact on the NHS is, as you know, severe. This impact ranges from equipment requirements to research trials. A current trial to give obese pregnant women metformin to reduce the supply of insulin to the foetus and hopefully reduce the size of the baby at birth was noted in the media in early April. Alcohol consumption has doubled between 2000 and 2008. Deaths from alcohol-related causes have also doubled, though over a slightly longer time period. Alcohol misuse is estimated to cost the NHS £2.7 billion a year (National Audit Office, 2008) in England. The move towards legislation introducing minimum pricing is quickening across the UK, with Scotland taking the lead and likely to introduce it within the year. This move is strongly backed by evidence showing that increasing the price of alcohol decreases consumption and saves lives. Smoking has decreased dramatically over the last 40 years but approximately 10 million people still smoke in the UK and a quarter of cancer deaths are smoking related (Cancer Research UK, 2012). The Melanie Hornett Nurse Director NHS Lothian Health Board decline in smoking has been helped by legislation, including price control, with a further step due this month when large shops will need to keep tobacco products out of sight. However, the impact of smoking dominates our oncology units, medical wards and long-term conditions care in the community. All this makes me think about our role in public health as nurses and midwives. Many colleagues have specific roles to improve our public health but the rest of us also have opportunities, and not just related to obesity, smoking and alcohol. Sexual health, mental health, infectious diseases and drugs are just as important – and I am sure you can think of many others. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Code (NMC) obliges us to

Ladies' purchase intention during retail shoes sales promotions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine ladies' buying behaviour during shoes sales promotions in Malaysia, using the highly validated Belk's Model.Design/methodology/approachUsing this validated model, the main research framework consists of Social Surroundings (SS), Temporal Perspective (TP), Task Definition (TD), Physical Surrounding (PS), used as predictors for Sales Promotion Purchase (SPP). Ethnic groups are used as a moderator for this study.FindingsThe results identify few key predictors during shoes sales promotion. Ladies expressed the importance of first day sales for first buyer's advantage, and they preferred large shops with music. Moreover, due to the multi‐racial society in the country, ethnic group interaction on the model did not indicate impact of consumer differences affecting the sales promotion purchase. That is, during a specific festive season sale, all ethnic groups take full advantages of the sale.Research limitations/implicationsThis implies that Belk's Model is still applicable even in multi sales promotions for a specific product – shoes. However, the study may have the slight possibility of biases due to the retrospective accounts of recalling purchase involvement in retails shop(s) during sale promotions. Nevertheless, it is assumed that these biases are minimal as there are six sales per year in the country, averaging one sale per two months.Originality/valueThis study provides an insight of ladies' purchasing behaviour and their preferred types of retail outlets, which contributes to retail owners' sales promotional strategies to attract consumers during festive seasons.

An RFID application in large job shop remanufacturing operations

In this study, we evaluate the use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology for improving remanufacturing efficiency. We report the results of discrete-event simulation model that analyzes how RFID creates value within the remanufacturing operation. We find that the simulated gains from using RFID are quite modest, and propose alternative justifications for the major benefits seen in practice. We then provide a framework for deciding on the adoption of active RFID technology such as real-time location system (RTLS) for easy identification of components in the remanufacturing process and the adoption of passive RFID for permanently tagging components of remanufacturable products.

Solar thermal systems for large paint shops

Solar thermal systems for large paint shops

The value of shoe size for prediction of the timing of the pubertal growth spurt

BackgroundKnowing the timing of the pubertal growth spurt of the spine, represented by sitting height, is essential for the prognosis and therapy of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. There are several indicators that reflect growth or remaining growth of the patient. For example, distal body parts have their growth spurt earlier in adolescence, and therefore the growth of the foot can be an early indicator for the growth spurt of sitting height. Shoe size is a good alternative for foot length, since patients can remember when they bought new shoes and what size these shoes were. Therefore the clinician already has access to some longitudinal data at the first visit of the patient to the outpatient clinic.The aim of this study was to describe the increase in shoe size during adolescence and to determine whether the timing of the peak increase could be an early indicator for the timing of the peak growth velocity of sitting height.MethodsData concerning shoe sizes of girls and boys were acquired from two large shoe shops from 1991 to 2008. The longitudinal series of 242 girls and 104 boys were analysed for the age of the "peak increase" in shoe size, as well as the age of cessation of foot growth based on shoe size.ResultsThe average peak increase in shoe size occurred at 10.4 years (SD 1.1) in girls and 11.5 years (SD 1.5) in boys. This was on average 1.3 years earlier than the average peak growth velocity of sitting height in girls, and 2.5 years earlier in boys. The increase in shoe size diminishes when the average peak growth velocity of sitting height takes place at respectively 12.0 (SD 0.8) years in girls, and 13.7 (SD 1.0) years in boys.ConclusionsPresent data suggest that the course of the shoe size of children visiting the outpatient clinic can be a useful first tool for predicting the timing of the pubertal growth spurt of sitting height, as a representative for spinal length.This claim needs verification by direct comparison of individual shoe size and sitting height data and than a step forward can be made in clinical decision making regarding adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Innovation in non-food retailing in the early nineteenth century: The curious case of the bazaar

Commercial bazaars were a short-lived retail innovation of the first half of the nineteenth century, mainly in London. Rather like fairs had done earlier, they offered a wide range of clothing, household and fancy goods and entertainment. Like fairs they were about both shopping and leisure. But, unlike fairs, they were a controlled environment, permanent and fashionable. The norm was for counters to be let out daily, but some bazaars were essentially large shops. Traders in bazaars were often female, and at least some used bazaars as secondary outlets. Shop retailers complained about the unfair competition offered by bazaars, but many bazaars struggled commercially. Nevertheless they can be seen as precursors of department stores and covered market halls.

Variable neighborhood search approaches for scheduling jobs on parallel machines with sequence-dependent setup times, precedence constraints, and ready times

In this paper, we discuss a scheduling problem for jobs on identical parallel machines. Ready times of the jobs, precedence constraints, and sequence-dependent setup times are considered. We are interested in minimizing the performance measure total weighted tardiness that is important for achieving good on-time delivery performance. Scheduling problems of this type appear as subproblems in decomposition approaches for large scale job shops with automated transport of the jobs as, for example, in semiconductor manufacturing. We suggest several variants of variable neighborhood search (VNS) schemes for this scheduling problem and compare their performance with the performance of a list based scheduling approach based on the Apparent Tardiness Cost with Setups and Ready Times (ATCSR) dispatching rule. Based on extensive computational experiments with randomly generated test instances we are able to show that the VNS approach clearly outperforms heuristics based on the ATCSR dispatching rule in many situations with respect to solution quality. When using the schedule obtained by ATCSR as an initial solution for VNS, then the entire scheme is also fast and can be used as a subproblem solution procedure for complex job shop decomposition approaches.

A divide-and-conquer strategy with particle swarm optimization for the job shop scheduling problem

An optimization algorithm based on the ‘divide-and-conquer’ methodology is proposed for solving large job shop scheduling problems with the objective of minimizing total weighted tardiness. The algorithm adopts a non-iterative framework. It first searches for a promising decomposition policy for the operation set by using a simulated annealing procedure in which the solutions are evaluated with reference to the upper bound and the lower bound of the final objective value. Subproblems are then constructed according to the output decomposition policy and each subproblem is related to a subset of operations from the original operation set. Subsequently, all these subproblems are sequentially solved by a particle swarm optimization algorithm, which leads directly to a feasible solution to the original large-scale scheduling problem. Numerical computational experiments are carried out for both randomly generated test problems and the real-world production data from a large speed-reducer factory in China. Results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve satisfactory solution quality within reasonable computational time for large-scale job shop scheduling problems.

A fluid approach to large volume job shop scheduling

We consider large volume job shop scheduling problems, in which there is a fixed number of machines, a bounded number of activities per job, and a large number of jobs. In large volume job shops it makes sense to solve a fluid problem and to schedule the jobs in such a way as to track the fluid solution. There have been several papers which used this idea to propose approximate solutions which are asymptotically optimal as the volume increases. We survey some of these results here. In most of these papers it is assumed that the problem consists of many identical copies of a fixed set of jobs. Our contribution in this paper is to extend the results to the far more general situation in which the many jobs are all different. We propose a very simple heuristic which can schedule such problems. We discuss asymptotic optimality of this heuristic, under a wide range of previously unexplored situations. We provide a software package to explore the performance of our policy, and present extensive computational evidence for its effectiveness.

Entry Barriers in Retail Trade

The 1998 reform of the Italian retail trade sector delegated the regulation of entry of large stores to the regional governments. We use the local variation in regulation to determine the eects of entry barriers on sectoral performance. We address the endogeneity of entry barriers through local xed eects and using political variables as instruments. We also control for dierences in trends and for area-wide shocks. We nd that entry barriers are associated with substantially larger prot margins and lower productivity of incumbent rms. Liberalizing entry has a positive eect on investment in ICT, increases employment and compresses labor costs in large shops. In areas with more stringent entry regulation, lower productivity coupled with larger margins results in higher consumer prices. JEL classication: L5, L11, L81

The circular discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm for flow shop scheduling problem

A circular discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm CDPSO is proposed to solve the flow shop scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing makespan. A particle similarity and swarm activity metric are defined. In order to preserve the diversity of the swarm, an order strategy is introduced. The threshold of the particle similarity changes adaptively with the swarm evolving degree. When the swarm activity is below a specified threshold, the obtained useful information is used to make the swarm evolve circularly. Furthermore, in order to improve the performance of CDPSO algorithm further, a neighborhood structure is defined and a neighborhood search strategy is proposed and introduced into it. Finally, the CDPSO algorithm is tested on different scale benchmarks and compared with the recently proposed efficient algorithms. The result shows that the solution quality and the stability of the CDPSO both precede the other two algorithms. It can be used to solve large scale flow shop scheduling problem.

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie wielkopowierzchniowych sieci handlowych w województwie dolnośląskim i jego uwarunkowania

This paper deals with the spatial diversity of modern channels of retail trade represented by large shops (such as hypermarkets, supermarkets and discount shops) in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship. This is presented against the background of the main changes to which Polish retail trade has been subjected in recent years.Despite the dynamic growth of a large retail network in Poland, the internal trade market, especially that of the grocery market, is one of the most fragmented in Europe. This still developing market is where the processes of consolidation and creation of complex networks of large shops will take place in the near future. Changing consumer preferences in favour of modern commercial buildings, but also the investment of foreign and, increasingly, Polish capital have led to this situation.The article sets out the conditions of distribution of large retail areas in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship, which are: population density, the concentration of population (urban areas, cities), level of socio-economic development and the proximity of the German-Polish border. It shows the position of the Dolnośląskie region alongside the rest of the country within the parameters of the research. The Dolnośląskie Voivodeship is a region with a high density of retail space. Its accessibility ratio’s value is slightly lower than in those provinces with the highest values of the index, as a result of its higher population density.