Large-scale Production Facilities Research Articles

Sensory quality and shelf-life of locally produced British butters compared to large-scale, industrially produced butters

PurposeThe purpose of this pilot-scale study was to compare the quality of traditionally manufactured butters from local, small British producers with the quality of butters that are produced industrially.Design/methodology/approachButter samples were obtained after supervised site inspections of three traditional-butter manufacturers and one large-scale butter producer. The samples were subject to initial microbiological, chemical and sensory testing, followed by a refrigerated shelf-life study over 24 weeks.FindingsTraditional butters matched or exceeded the sensory quality of industrial butters, but spoilage microorganisms tended to grow faster on traditional butters. This seemed to be related to poorer water droplet dispersion in the manufacture of some of the traditionally made butters. Visible mould appeared on two of the traditional butters after eight weeks, but this occurred well after the nominal “best before” date.Originality/valueProlonged lockdowns due to the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic pose a threat to the food supply chain, and food produced by local manufacturers may become increasingly important. However, are foods produced by local small-scale manufacturers of a quality comparable to that produced using large-scale production facilities? To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no comparative study of the quality and shelf-life of traditionally-produced and industrially-produced butters. The current work presents such a comparison together with an outline of how the process of traditional butter-making differs from commercial production in Britain.

ANALYSIS ON INCLINATION MONITORING OF ONLINE AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY EQUIPMENT BASED ON WSN (WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK)

The shell of inclined conveyor of combine often has the defect of serious vibration. In order to solve this problem, this study uses the dynamic signal test and analysis system and control the electromagnetic directional valve to realize the horizontal stability control of agricultural machinery. In order to improve the bearing accuracy, this paper designs a bearing tilt detection device. When the tilt reaches its set point, an alarm can be issued to initiate an emergency response. Taking tractor as the object, the application of real-time tilt angle measurement algorithm on three-axis multifunctional turntable is tested. At the same time, the automatic leveling system of agricultural machinery was tested in the field, and the minimum inclination angle of the chute conveying all kinds of grain and oil materials was obtained. The image collected by AGV has the characteristics of high speed, high efficiency and small resolution error. It can also correct the tilt image in real time. This study is helpful to adapt to the new requirements of modern agricultural large-scale agricultural machinery or production facilities. The monitoring system has practical guiding significance in the construction process, and has a certain promotion value.

Hydrogen production in the Swedish power sector: Considering operational volatilities and long-term uncertainties

With more renewables on the Swedish electricity market, while decommissioning nuclear power plants, electricity supply increasingly fluctuates and electricity prices are more volatile. There is, hence, a need for securing the electricity supply before energy storage solutions become widespread. Electricity price fluctuations, moreover, affect operating income of nuclear power plants due to their inherent operational inflexibility. Since the anticipated new applications of hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles and steel production, producing hydrogen has become a potential source of income, particularly when there is a surplus supply of electricity at low prices. The feasibility of investing in hydrogen production was investigated in a nuclear power plant, applying Swedish energy policy as background. The analysis applies a system dynamics approach incorporating the stochastic feature of electricity supply and prices. The study revealed that hydrogen production brings alternative opportunities for large-scale electricity production facilities in Sweden. Factors such as hydrogen price will be influential and require in-depth investigation. This study provides guidelines for power sector policymakers and managers who plan to engage in hydrogen production for industrial applications. Although this study was focused upon nuclear power sources, it can be extended to hydrogen production from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar.

Pressure control strategies in biosafety level-3 large-scale production facilities for animal vaccines

This paper summarized the pressure control methods used in 16 large-scale production facilities in China for vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. We presented the pressure control modes, with their characteristics, of the “constant supply” mode - variable exhaust air volume system and the “constant supply” mode - constant exhaust air volume system. This paper analyzed the influence of common problems (e.g., pressure reference zero drift, positive pressure reversal and failure to restore the original normal working conditions after working condition conversion) on system stability during pressure control in BSL-3 large-scale production facilities and their solutions, providing references for the design and implementation of similar construction projects under the new situation.

Planowanie utrzymania ruchu w elektrowniach wodnych w oparciu o model sztucznej sieci neuronowej wsparty wielokryterialnymi metodami podejmowania decyzji

Power plants are the large-scale production facilities with the main purpose of realizing uninterrupted, reliable, efficient, economic and environmentally friendly energy generation. Maintenance is one of the critical factors in achieving these comprehensive goals, which are called as sustainable energy supply. The maintenance processes carried out in order to ensure sustainable energy supply in the power plants should be managed due to the costs arising from time requirement, the use of material and labor, and the loss of generation. In this respect, it is critical that the fault dates are forecasted, and maintenance is performed without failure in power plants consisting of thousands of equipment. In this context in this study, the maintenance planning problem for equipment with high criticality level is handled in one of the large-scale hydroelectric power plants that meet the quintile of Turkey’s energy demand as of the end of 2018. In the first stage, the evaluation criteria determined by the power plant experts are weighted by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is an accepted method in the literature, in order to determine the criticality levels of the equipment in terms of power plant at the next stage. In order to obtain the final priority ranking of the equipment in terms of power plant within the scope of these weights, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used because of its advantages compared to other outranking algorithms. As a result of this solution, for the 14 main equipment groups with the highest criticality level determined on the basis of the power plant, periods between two breakdowns are estimated, and maintenance planning is performed based on these periods. In the estimation phase, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been established by using 11-years fault data for selected equipment groups and the probable fault dates are estimated by considering a production facility as a system without considering the sector for the first time in the literature. With the plan including the maintenance activities that will be carried out before the determined breakdown dates, increasing the generation efficiency, extending the economic life of the power plant, minimizing the generation costs, maximizing the plant availability rate and maximizing profit are aimed. The maintenance plan is implemented for 2 years in the power plant and the unit shutdowns resulting from the selected equipment groups are not met and the mentioned goals are reached.

Barriers to intergenerational learning: a case of a workplace in Turkey

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine barriers to intergenerational learning.Design/methodology/approachThe research design is phenomenological, which is a qualitative research method. The study was carried out in a large-scale production facility in the Central District of Kocaeli, Turkey, and the study group of the research consists of 61 participants determined using the maximum diversity technique, one of the purposeful sampling techniques. Significant attention was paid to the examination of employees from all levels and every generation within the hierarchical structure of the company while selecting the working groups for the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and content analysis method was applied in the analysis of the data. Participants were questioned about barriers to their prejudices.FindingsAs a result of the research, it was observed that barriers “to being a leader for intergenerational learning” were gathered under three distinct themes: personal factors, relational factors and managerial factors. The most frequently stated subthemes of these were: “seeing knowledge and experience as a power” and “lack of job commitment and motivation” under personal factors, “communication problems” under relational factors and “insufficient support or not being supported or encouraged by management” under managerial factors.Originality/valueThis study should be of interest to researchers interested in educational organization use of barriers to intergenerational learning: a case of a workplace in Turkey, use of intergenerational learning by organization and management.

Calcium-Based Sustainable Chemical Technologies for Total Carbon Recycling.

Calcium carbide, a stable solid compound composed of two atoms of carbon and one of calcium, has proven its effectiveness in chemical synthesis, due to the safety and convenience of handling the C≡C acetylenic units. The areas of CaC2 application are very diverse, and the development of calcium-mediated approaches resolves several important challenges. This Review aims to discuss the laboratory chemistry of calcium carbide, and to go beyond its frontiers to organic synthesis, life sciences, materials and construction, carbon dioxide capturing, alloy manufacturing, and agriculture. The recyclability of calcium carbide and the availability of large-scale industrial production facilities, as well as the future possibility of fossil-resource-independent manufacturing, position this compound as a key chemical platform for sustainable development. Easy regeneration and reuse of the carbide highlight calcium-based sustainable chemical technologies as promising instruments for total carbon recycling.

Extraction Centrifuges—Intensified Equipment Facilitating Modular and Flexible Plant Concepts

In recent years, modularization of chemical production plants has become a widely discussed trend to overcome some of key issues the chemical industry struggles with. High volatility in raw material and customer markets, shorter product life cycles, cost pressure and increasing competition are just a few of them. Modularization of chemical production offers the opportunity to deal with these issues. The unit operations, which are capable to be applied in modular plant concepts, are subject of on-going research. On the reaction side, tubular continuous flow reactors are typical assets and methods for design and operation are available on a high technical level. Separation units on the downstream side are not yet developed to technical maturity. This paper focuses on extraction centrifuges, which are promising devices due to their large range of application, small volumes, high separation efficiency and excellent scalability. Industrial examples show the performance of extraction centrifuges in multi-purpose large-scale production facilities and prove that these units are predestined for application in modular plants.

Using CFD simulations to develop an upward airflow displacement ventilation system for manure-belt layer houses to improve the indoor environment

Heat stress and disease outbreak result in significant losses in large-scale egg productions. New ventilation systems are needed for large-scale layer production facilities to provide safe and uniform indoor environment, especially in the changing climate of global warming. This study developed a new ventilation system, upward airflow displacement ventilation (UADV) system, which allows fresh air to enter a layer house through air ducts located at the bottom of the cages, move upward by thermal buoyancy caused by hens and static pressure differences caused by exhaust fans, and ultimately exit the house through the fans installed on the roof. The performance of the UADV system was evaluated in comparison with a typical tunnel ventilation (TV) system in terms of air-exchange effectiveness, thermal environment, and airborne pathogen dispersal in both summer and winter using a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The results showed that the UADV system resulted in 46%–129% greater air-exchange effectiveness within the cages and provided a more homogeneous thermal environment with 9.4% less heat stress in summer and 68% less cold stress in winter compared with the TV system. In addition, transport of pathogens was largely inhibited in the UADV system compared with the TV system due to upward airflow and minimum air mixing across the cages. When coupled with sensible cooling of supply air, UADV system can further improve the thermal environment with a much lower ventilation rate under extremely hot and humid weather conditions. However, higher ventilation rates were more effective for reducing potential pathogen dispersal.

Provenancing ancient pigments: Lead isotope analyses of the copper compound of egyptian blue pigments from ancient mediterranean artefacts

While the use of Egyptian blue (EB) as the earliest artificial pigment was common amongst ancient Mediterranean cultures throughout Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and the Roman Empire, little is known about ancient production centres and the sources of raw materials. Variations in lead isotope (LI) ratios can be useful for fingerprinting the geological sources of copper metal, which has the potential to indicate local production or importation. This method is here applied to copper- and silica-rich EB pigments in order to investigate the provenance of the copper component. The investigated EB pigments were sampled from nine ancient artefacts of Egyptian, Etruscan, Canosan, and Roman origin (dating from between the 5th century BCE to the early 1st century CE) that are part of the archaeological collection of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (NCG), Denmark. For the first time, copper isotope analysis was also applied to EB pigments to facilitate future studies of copper isotopes in such materials. Variations in copper isotopes hold the potential to complement lead isotope-based provenance considerations. The lead isotope data (LID) of the investigated EB pigments were compared to reference LID of copper minerals of European, Near and Middle Eastern, and North African ores that have been exploited at a time relevant for the studied EB pigments. In support of (i) a previously postulated scenario where the import of copper for producing EB dominated over the use of local resources (Shortland, 2006) and (ii) consistent with the preference for lead isotope-based exclusion of unlikely sources rather than the determination of certain provenance, copper ore deposits pertaining to Egyptian and Italian LI fields show no significant overlap with the LID of the studied EB pigments. Instead, we propose that copper sourced from various European (Aegean, Balkan, Iberian, Central European) deposits potentially supplied the production of the studied EB pigments. For example, (i) the studied Egyptian EB pigments show no overlap with Egyptian copper, but instead with Aegean sources; (ii) based on the highly variable copper provenance of the studied Etruscan EB pigments, we tentatively propose that this might argue for the importation of copper raw materials and a subsequent local production in Etruria, analogous to previously reported Etruscan glass production; (iii) we propose that Iberian copper was used for local EB production at a time when the known large-scale EB production facilities in the Bay of Naples were already active. While the testimony of ancient trade in EB is a difficult topic to unravel, the potential copper sources involved in producing EB pigments of the few investigated archaeological artefacts suggests that a few (EB) pigment workshops/production centres were highly actively trading raw materials and/or manufactured EB pigments with several different Mediterranean civilizations. Many EB pigment producing workshops and distribution sites may have existed throughout the Mediterranean facilitating a highly complex and diverse network of trade in this widely distributed ancient pigment.

Life cycle analysis of a large-scale limonene production facility utilizing filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria

Due to the adverse effects of fossil fuel use, it is becoming increasingly important to produce next-generation biofuels from renewable, sustainable sources. Filamentous N2-fixing strains of cyanobacteria have emerged as promising industrial microorganisms capable of producing a range biofuels and chemicals using CO2, water, and sunlight. In this study, a life cycle analysis (LCA) was conducted on a hypothetical production facility that uses a genetically engineered strain of filamentous cyanobacteria to produce the cyclic hydrocarbon limonene. Two scenarios were evaluated in which the only difference between the scenarios was the limonene productivity of the engineered cyanobacteria strain. In Scenario 1, the cyanobacterium was assumed to produce limonene at a rate of 1.8mg/L/h, resulting in an annual production of 32,727L/yr of limonene. In Scenario 2, limonene productivity was 55.5mg/L/h, resulting in annual production of 1,000,000L/yr. Both scenarios were assumed to produce the same amount of cellular biomass, that was converted to biogas by anaerobic digestion and the biogas was converted by gas turbines into electricity to power the facility. Excess electricity was assumed to be sold to the grid. The major environmental burdens of the facility, which were measured in eco-points and calculated based on the Eco-indicator 99 method, were the cyanobacteria nutrient supply (especially sodium nitrate) and the photobioreactor (PBR) electrical requirements. The lower output of limonene in Scenario 1 meant that less energy was required for product recovery, leaving more electricity for sale to the grid. Even though a higher limonene productivity will worsen the environmental profile of the process, both scenarios described in this study have less of a negative environmental impact than biodiesel production. This study strongly suggests both scenarios of the theoretical limonene production facility described herein holds great potential as a future solution for producing next-generation biofuels directly from solar energy.

Tetanus toxin production from Clostridium tetani, using a casein-based medium in a single-use bioreactor

Clostridium tetani, a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, and a casein-based semisynthetic medium were used to produce tetanus toxin in this study. N-Z-Case TT (casein hydrolysate) solution and glucose stock media were mixed and autoclaved, which resulted in tetanus toxin expression. The toxin was expressed when the N-Z-Case TT solution reacted with the glucose stock at a high temperature, creating an adequate amount of Maillard reaction products (MRPs). After accumulating in C. tetani cells, tetanus toxin was secreted into the medium when cell lysis was induced by surface aeration. C. tetani was cultivated and tetanus toxin was expressed in a single-use bioreactor, which produced 80 Lf/mL of tetanus toxin in a medium with MRPs. While using the correct medium to induce tetanus toxin was important, other factors played a part in achieving the desired concentration of the toxin, including the medium processing and culture methods inside the bioreactor. Tetanus toxoid with a purity level greater than 2,500 Lf/mgPN was obtained by detoxifying and purifying the toxin recovered from the fermenter or single-use bioreactor. A single-use bioreactor could be used in a limited space without the need for constructing a large scale production facility, to produce the tetanus toxoid antigen for clinical trials.

Sorghum and Switchgrass as Biofuel Feedstocks on Marginal Lands in Northern China

To avoid food versus fuel conflicts in China, the production of bioenergy crops requires the evaluation of marginal lands under arid and semiarid conditions. We conducted field experiments with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in Northern China. The biomass yield and nutrient (N, P, and K) accumulation of sorghum (leaves and stalks) and switchgrass (aboveground portion) were examined in 2012 and 2013. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at depths of 0–30 cm was quantified at sorghum, switchgrass, and native grassland sites. The aboveground biomass yield of sorghum averaged 13.9 t ha−1 (14.2 and 13.6 t ha−1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively), while the switchgrass yield had a higher variability (14.8 versus 8.1 t ha−1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively) and averaged 11.5 t ha−1. The removals of N, P, and K averaged 56, 10, and 160 kg ha−1, respectively, for sorghum and 41, 11, and 89 kg ha−1, respectively, for switchgrass. To attain maximum biomass yield with minimum nutrient removal and the lowest transportation costs (due to the moisture content), the switchgrass harvest should be delayed until approximately 160 days after regrowth (DAR) in this region, whereas sorghum, which matures earlier, can be harvested as early as 120 days after sowing (DAS). Earlier harvests would increase the flexibility for large-scale ethanol production facilities. The SOC content within the 0–15-cm layer averaged 15.8 and 11.6 g C kg−1 before and 3 years after the establishment of the switchgrass culture, respectively, although the SOC increased with the culture age. In contrast, the SOC content of the 15–30-cm layer did not differ between the adjacent native grassland and the switchgrass planting. Under sorghum, the SOC content was reduced although it did not differ significantly from that of the native grassland at a significance level of p < 0.05. We conclude that high biomass yields can be obtained from the two crops under natural rainfall in the arid and semiarid conditions of Northern China. To address nutrient removal and SOC reduction, the leaves of sorghum should be returned to the field to increase the input of organic materials into the soil and reduce nutrient removal, which enhances soil fertility and sustainable production.

Decision-Making Support Systems in Large-Scale Production Facilities

Abstract: This paper considers some questions of information decision-making support systems construction for operation personnel in man-machine control systems of the raised risk plants. The basic requirements and functionality of systems are described. The application of neuro-fuzzy methods and models and adaptive algorithms to construct information support systems for the operational personnel is considered. The approach to control substantiation based on “trend” models is given. All mentioned approaches are observed in respect to creation of decision-making support systems in various production facilities.

Creating windows of opportunity. Sustaining radical innovation when moving from R&D to production

An important question underlying radical innovation is: How can radical innovation be sustained when moving from R&D labs and pilots to large-scale production facilities? Building upon Ryle’s disti...

Production of natural antimicrobial compound D-phenyllactic acid using Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 8293 whole cells involving highly active D-lactate dehydrogenase.

Phenyllactic acid (PLA) is an antimicrobial compound naturally synthesized in various fermented foods and its D-form of PLA is known to be more active than the L-isomer. In this study, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 8293 cells, elaborating D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-ldh) were used to produce D-PLA from phenylpyruvic acid (PPA). When cultured in the presence of PPA (≤50 mmol l(-1)), growing cells produced a maximum yield of 35 mmol l(-1) of D-PLA, and the yields were between 75·2 and 83·3%. Higher conversion yields were obtained at pH 6·0-7·0 when growing cells were used, while the optimum pH range was broader for resting cells. The time required for the complete conversion of PPA into PLA could be shortened to 3 h using resting cells. D-ldh, an enzyme encoded by the LEUM_1756 gene of Leuc. mesenteroides ATCC 8293, was found to be responsible for the conversion of PPA into PLA. The Km and kcat values of the enzyme for PPA were found to be 15·4 mmol l(-1) and 5645 s(-1), respectively. The conditions required for the efficient production of D-PLA were optimized for both growing and resting cells of Leuc. mesenteroides, with special emphasis on achieving high stereoselectivity and conversion yield. Significance and impact of the study: This is the first study on the production of D-phenyllactic acid, which is a natural antimicrobial compound, from phenylpyruvate using Leuconostoc mesenteroides cells. The strain, ATCC 8293, that was used in the study, possesses high stereoselectivity and delivers a high yield. Therefore, it might be a promising candidate for use in large-scale production facilities and in fermented foods.

Evaluation of three herbicide resistance genes for use in genetic transformations and for potential crop protection in algae production

Genes conferring resistance to the herbicides glyphosate, oxyfluorfen and norflurazon were developed and tested for use as dominant selectable markers in genetic transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and as potential tools for the protection of commercial-scale algal production facilities against contamination by organisms sensitive to these broad-spectrum herbicides. A synthetic glyphosate acetyltransferase (GAT) gene, when fitted with a strong Chlamydomonas promoter, conferred a 2.7×-fold increase in tolerance to the EPSPS inhibitor, glyphosate, in transgenic cells compared with progenitor WT cells. A mutant Chlamydomonas protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox, PPO) gene previously shown to produce an enzyme insensitive to PPO-inhibiting herbicides, when genetically engineered, generated transgenic cells able to tolerate up to 136× higher levels of the PPO inhibitor, oxyfluorfen, than nontransformed cells. Genetic modification of the Chlamydomonas phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene-based gene sequences found in various norflurazon-resistant organisms allowed production of transgenic cells tolerant to 40× higher levels of norflurazon than nontransgenic cells. The high efficiency of all three herbicide resistance genes in producing transgenic cells demonstrated their suitability as dominant selectable markers for genetic transformation of Chlamydomonas and, potentially, other eukaryotic algae. However, the requirement for high concentrations of glyphosate and its associated negative effects on cell growth rates preclude its consideration for use in large-scale production facilities. In contrast, only low doses of norflurazon and oxyfluorfen (~1.5μm and ~0.1μm, respectively) are required for inhibition of cell growth, suggesting that these two herbicides may prove effective in large-scale algal production facilities in suppressing growth of organisms sensitive to these herbicides.

Regulatory function of organic carbon supplementation on biodiesel production during growth and nutrient stress phases of mixotrophic microalgae cultivation

Critical role of organic carbon supplementation on the lipid synthesis during growth and nutrient deprived stress phase was investigated in present study. Mixotrophic cultivation showed relatively higher biomass productivity at lower carbon loading condition (500mgCOD/l). Nutrient deprivation induced physiological stress and glucose supplementation with 2000mgCOD/l supported higher lipid accumulation (26%). Glucose supplementation in mixotrophic growth phase showed distinct influence on biomass growth whereas glucose supplementation in nutrient starvation resulted in higher lipid storage. Compositional variation in FAME profile was observed with respect to saturated fatty acids when operated with increasing glucose concentrations. Mixotrophic mode of cultivation showed remarkable benefits of nutrient removal and organic carbon supplementation influenced greatly on biodiesel production which can be easily scaled up to pilot plant and large scale production facilities.

A GIS based national assessment of algal bio-oil production potential through flue gas and wastewater co-utilization

The high theoretical productivity of microalgae makes it a promising energy crop, but economically viable large-scale production facilities have yet to emerge. Coupling algae cultivation ponds with flue gas emissions from power utilities to provide carbon dioxide and municipal wastewater to provide nutrients has been recommended as a solution. This flue gas and wastewater co-utilization (FWC) strategy not only reduces the upstream impacts and costs associated with providing inputs, but also provides a credit for wastewater treatment, a service currently required to reduce production costs to a viable level.This study provides the first national assessment of the potential for producing algal bio-oil in the United States using FWC. Spatial-temporal algae growth was simulated using solar radiation and temperature data to calculate the average annual algae yield for any location, which significantly impacts feasibility. The results of this model were integrated into a geospatial analysis which establishes the economically viable bio-oil production potential of FWC by accounting for the relative abundance of the input resources and their proximity. At most, 1.7 billion liters of bio-oil could be produced annually in a manner economically competitive with crude oil prices of $80 per barrel. The amount of nutrients in wastewater limits yields to 20.5 L of bio-oil per capita annually, and climatic constraints further reduce this potential by nearly 60%. Carbon dioxide constraints play a negligible role. Although the bio-oil production potential of FWC is relatively small, it does provide an opportunity to increase national biofuel output while providing a needed service.

Cross sections of proton-induced reactions on 152Gd, 155Gd and 159Tb with emphasis on the production of selected Tb radionuclides

Cross sections are presented for various Dy, Tb and Gd radionuclides produced in the proton bombardment of 159Tb as well as for the reactions 152Gd(p,4n)149Tb and 155Gd(p,4n)152Tb up to 66MeV. The experimental excitation functions are compared with theoretical predictions by means of the geometry-dependent hybrid (GDH) model as implemented in the code ALICE/ASH, as well as with values from the TENDL-2012 library and previous literature experimental data, where available. Physical yields have been derived for the production of some of the medically important radioterbiums, namely 149Tb (radionuclide therapy), 152Tb (PET) and 155Tb (SPECT). The indirect production of high-purity 155Tb via the decay of its precursor 155Dy is reported. The possibility of a large-scale production facility based on a commercial 70MeV cyclotron is also discussed.