Large Radiation Research Articles

Comparison of dose distribution 6 MV photon in breast cancer treatment using plasticine and silicone rubber boluses

There are many cases where treatment of breast cancer was performed with thin body contours, especially after the breast mastectomy. This may lead in a larger radiation dose in the lungs, so that a bolus is needed to compensate the thin body for the optimal dose distribution. This study was aimed to compare the dose distribution in the breast cancer treatment between using commonly used of the plasticine bolus and newly developed bolus, i.e. the sillicone rubber. The study was implemented in the chest of an anthropomorphic phantom. The anthropomorphic phantom was scanned using a CT scanner without bolus and with boluses of the plasticine and the silicone rubber. The dose distribution was calculated using the Xio treatment planning system (TPS). The results show that a dose reduction of the sillicone rubber bolus that reaches the breast tissue higher than the plasticine bolus. This is because the silicone rubber bolus has a higher number electron density than the plasticine bolus. The silicone rubber bolus may produce an optimal dose homogeneity within breast cancer and relatively lower dose to the lung.

Review of Photovoltaic Power and Aquaculture in Desert

PV (photovoltaic) capacity is steadily increasing every year, and the rate of increase is also increasing. A desert area with a large equipment installation area and abundant solar radiation is a good candidate. PV power plants installed in the desert have advantages in themselves, but when combined with desert aquacultures, additional benefits can be obtained while compensating for the shortcomings of the aquaculture industry. The importance of the aquaculture industry is increasing, with aquaculture products approaching half of the total supply of marine products due to sea environmental pollution and reduced resources. Moreover, in deserts, where marine products are difficult to obtain, aquaculture is a good way to save marine products. However, one of the many problems that complicate the introduction of aquaculture in the desert is that it is difficult to supply and demand electricity because the site is not near a viable electric grid. However, combination with PV can solve this problem. This paper investigates the solar power and aquaculture industry in the desert and explains the limitations and challenges of the solar power and aquaculture industry in the desert. Based on this, we hope to increase interest in the solar power and aquaculture industry in the desert and help with future research.

Evaluation of acetabular anteversion after total hip arthroplasty

To investigate whether the anteversion angle of acetabular prosthesis can be evaluated on the anteroposterior X-ray film of common double hip joint. Total 32 patients(41 hips) after total hip arthroplasty were selected, including 18 males and 14 females, aged(66.2±4.1) years. All patients completed the positive X-ray film of both hips and plain CT scan of pelvis after operation. Acetabular anteversion was measured by plain CT scan of pelvis, and measured by Saka and other measurement formulas on X-ray film. The acetabular anteversion measured by X-ray film was(16.2±5.0)° and that measured by CT was (31.8±9.7)°(P=0.00). In addition, there was a significant linear correlation between X-ray film and CT(Pearson correlation coefficient (r=0.84, P=0.00). CT can accurately measure the acetabular anteversion, but it has obvious disadvantages, such as large radiation, high cost, phantom CT artifact and so on. Although Saka measurement formula can not directly obtain the accurate acetabular anteversion as CT measurement, it has a high correlation with the acetabular anteversion measured by CT. Therefore, the method proposed in this study can also preliminarily evaluate the acetabular anteversion.

Self-organization of human stem cells into spheroids in a multinode acoustic levitation

We present an approach based on acoustic levitation to grow the cells without wall interactions in order to promote 3D cell architecture (spheroïd, organoïd). The 3D microenvironment is indeed closer to In Vivo physiological behavior. The suspended cells are moved toward the acoustic pressure nodes where they are trapped and maintained in acoustic levitation in perfectly straight monolayers reaching very quickly the classical confluency of the cells in 2D culture. Interestingly, by maintaining the monolayers of MSCs in culture over a 24-h period, the MSCs spontaneously self-organized from cell sheets to cell spheroids with a characteristic time of about 10 h. This approach of 3D cell culture is based on the use of the acoustic wave coupled with microfluidics. We designed a standing wave cavity to generate a large acoustic radiation force (ARF) with an optical access, which allows the characterization of the self-organization dynamics. This 3D cell culture method has been validated on MSCs over 24h experiments. The MSCs viability has been checked. Moreover, they show a higher differentiation capacity compared to standard 2D culture conditions. These results open the path to long-time cell culture in acoustic levitation of cell sheets or spheroids for any type of cells.

Optical Properties of ZnS Quantum Dots: Applications in Solar cells and Biomedicine

Optoelectronics and optical filter applications require wide bandgap semiconductors as photo-anode and surface passivation layers in sensitized solar cells and biomedical and biosensors fields such as optical filters [1–4]. Selecting suitable wide bandgap semiconductors increases the valuable implementation of desired devices. However, bulk semiconductors harvest only a particular spectrum, QDs help in harvesting large radiation spectra because of the tunable bandgap. Also, aqueous-based methods are eco-friendly, economical, biocompatible, and non-toxic. Therefore, in this study, ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized at 9.5 pH and 70 ͦ C temperature using an aqueous-based chemical route method. A comparative study was presented using hydrazine hydrate and ammonium chloride as reducing agents for Zinc precursor and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as capping agents. Confinement was achieved in ZnS using MPA as a stabilizer. Optical properties were studied using a photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometer where photoluminescence (PL) shows emission behavior and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) shows excitation behavior of ZnS. Emission peaks were observed at 386 nm in as-prepared ZnS NPs and at 316 nm in confined QDs. Sharp band edge luminescence and the possibility to confine ZnS NPs show its eligibility in optoelectronics and optical filters in biological applications.

Maximization of the output power of low concentrating photovoltaic systems by the application of reflecting mirrors

Solar energy is among the most commonly used sources of renewable energy since sun is available for a significant portion of the year in most parts of the world. Energy from sun can be harnessed through several technologies with continuous progress and development. Concentrated solar power systems apply mirrors or lenses as well as solar tracking systems for the concentration of a large solar radiation area into a tiny PV area. Due to high price of solar panels, several efficiency enhancement methods are being evaluated by researchers throughout the world. In this research, a form of solar technology, i.e. photovoltaic system, was applied to present developed low concentrator photovoltaic system (LCPVS) with cooling. This project aimed to determine how solar panel power output was changed by the application of mirrors to concentrate solar radiation; which they had concentration onto panel for increasing power output from 1 to 4 mirrors with the cooling system. In fact, the aim was to increase the output power by enhancing the amount of solar radiation which reaches the same surface area of solar panel via mirrors. Furthermore, application of mirrors saves PV area which is more economical. Also, the results were compared to a reference solar panel for determining how to increase the power output of a single panel (normal panel receiving solar radiation directly). The results showed that the value of the DC current (A) output of the four mirrors reflecting on the panel is three times greater than that of the reference panel, and the DC power (W) is almost three times greater than the reference panel's power.

Phylogenetic relationships of Brachycera (Insecta: Diptera) inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences

AbstractBrachyceran flies constitute a large radiation of the order Diptera, but the phylogenetic relationships among them have remained controversial. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to determine mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) for six brachyceran flies. Two of these species represent Milichiidae (Aldrichiomyza flaviventris and Phyllomyza obliqua); two representing Chloropidae (Pachylophus sp.) and Sphaeroceridae (Leptocera erythrocera) are the first sequenced members of these groups; and two species from Lauxaniidae (Homoneura sp.) and Syrphidae (Paragus quadrifasciatus) were newly sequenced. Together with the published mitogenomes, we included a total of 187 species representing 40 dipteran families to investigate the phylogeny of Brachycera. The results strongly supported Brachycera as a monophyletic group. The infra-orders Stratiomyomorpha, Tabanomorpha and Xylophagomorpha were retrieved as the earliest brachyceran lineages, but the clade (Stratiomyomorpha + (Xylophagomorpha + Tabanomorpha)) was not supported. In most analyses, Platypezoidea were recovered as the sister-group to Cyclorrhapha. Syrphoidea were non-monophyletic with respect to Pipunculus. Milichiidae were non-monophyletic because of Pachylophus. Sphaeroceroidea were, in most cases, placed as the sister-group to Ephydroidea. Within Calyptratae, Hippoboscoidea were sister to an assemblage of lineages composed of a muscoid grade and Oestroidea, the latter being monophyletic in the Bayesian analyses using the PhyloBayes site-heterogeneous mixture model.

Reply to Kagawa's comment: Quantifying mixture modes of evolutionary radiations

Our paper intends to reply to Kagawa's comment paper (2021), “Towards a mechanism-based classification of evolutionary radiations,” which raised an important question about “the definition of adaptive/non-adaptive radiation and its applicability to interpret evolutionary radiations” reported by Matsubayashi and Yamaguchi (2021). In the current reply, we address this concern and clarify that our mechanistic criteria are valid for the large evolutionary radiations to quantify the relative contributions of ecological and non-ecological speciation. Furthermore, we propose a new index to conduct a quantitative analysis of the mixture modes of evolutionary radiations.

Study of weld pool monitoring system based on spatial filtering

The observable information of the welding process mainly includes the weld pool, weld seam, and arc length, which can be used to predict the penetration depth, perform weld tracking, and provide early warning of weld defects. Welding monitoring technology based on machine vision has been widely researched to improve the quality and efficiency of welding. This paper proposes a novel weld pool image acquisition system based on spatial filtering and Abbe’s theory of image formation. A high-pass spatial filter was designed to eliminate the low frequency background noise so that the contour of the weld pool, weld seam, and arc shape were acquired. Compared with the weld pool monitoring system based on an optical filter, this method more effectively solved the problem of the large radiation gradient in the weld pool area, and the weld pool could be more clearly observed. It provided a new method to image the weld pool image system with the advantages of low cost and ease of implementation.

A Large Gain and High Resolution Diamond Radiation Detector With Au/Hydrogen Termination Ohmic Contact

Diamond radiation detector (DRD) with high performance in dose detection and energy resolution is demonstrated in this letter. Benefiting from a good ohmic contact between hydrogen terminated diamond surface and Au, and very low defects in single crystal diamond, this DRD achieves a large current gain factor of 151.83 (349.93 at 1 V/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), a high specific sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$41.441~\mu \text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/Gy<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>mm³ and a linearity coefficient of 1.027 &#x00B1; 0.009 (1.011 &#x00B1; 0.001 at 0.16 V/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in X-ray dose detection when biased at 0.66V/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Furthermore, the optimal energy resolution of 0.76&#x0025; to ²⁴³Am-²⁴⁴Cm dual <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-source is shown in hole collection mode at the same bias. Meanwhile, owing to none of priming effect and persistent photoconductivity in the device, the on-state current fluctuations of dynamic switching measurements under steady X-ray irradiation are 0.929&#x0025; at 0.66V/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and 0.759&#x0025; at 0.16 V/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. These results show that this DRD has a great potential for accurate and sensitive detection in medical application.

Healing plasma current ramp-up by nitrogen seeding in the full tungsten environment of WEST

Achieving a successful plasma current ramp-up in a full tungsten tokamak can be challenging due to the large core radiation (and resulting low core temperature) that can be faced with this heavy metallic impurity if its relative concentration is too high. Nitrogen injection during the plasma current ramp-up of WEST discharges greatly improves the core temperature and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability. Experimental measurements and integrated simulations with the RAPTOR code, complemented with the QuaLiKiz neural network for computing turbulent transport, allow a detailed understanding of the mechanisms at play. Increased edge radiation during this transient phase is shown to improve confinement properties, driving higher core temperature and better MHD stability. This also leads to increased operation margins with respect to tungsten contamination.

Parton rescattering and gluon saturation in dijet production at EIC

Large angle gluon radiations induced by multiple parton scatterings contribute to dijet production in deeply inelastic scattering off a large nucleus at the Electron-Ion Collider. Within the generalized high-twist approach to multiple parton scattering, such contributions at the leading order in perturbative QCD and large Bjorken momentum fraction $x_B$ can be expressed as a convolution of the multiple parton scattering amplitudes and the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) two-parton correlation matrix elements. We study this medium-induced dijet spectrum and its azimuthal angle correlation under the approximation of small longitudinal momentum transfer in the secondary scattering and the factorization of two-parton correlation matrix elements as a product of quark and gluon TMD parton distribution function (PDF). Using a simple model for gluon saturation based on the parametrized gluon TMD PDF, we can calculate the $x_B$ and $Q^2$ dependence of the saturation scale and parton transport coefficient $\hat q$. Contributions to dijet cross section from double scattering are power-suppressed and only become sizable for mini-jets at small transverse momentum. We find that the total dijet correlation for these mini-jets, which also includes the contribution from single scattering, is sensitive to the transverse momentum broadening in the quark TMD PDF at large $x$ and saturation in the gluon TMD PDF at small $x$ inside the nucleus. The correlation from double scattering is also found to increase with the dijet rapidity gap and have a quadratic nuclear-size dependence because of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) interference in gluon emission induced by multiple scattering. Experimental measurements of such unique features in the dijet correlation can shed light on the LPM interference in strong interaction and gluon saturation in large nuclei.

Abstract DEB2-2: Con - One Week of Whole Breast RT is the New Standard of Care

Abstract The dual role of breast irradiation post lumpectomy for conservative treatment is to yield local cancer control comparable to that achieved with mastectomy while maintaining a sensate and cosmetically acceptable breast. Through application of a linear quadratic equation that characterizes the radiobiological relationship of total dose and dose per fraction to predict efficacy as well as tissue specific toxicity, breast radiation that is equally effective can be delivered with fewer treatments. This has allowed standard post lumpectomy breast radiation to be reduced to 15 -16 treatments from 25-28 with similar efficacy and toxicity confirmed in multiple clinical trials. The recent Fast Forward trial (Lancet 2020; 395: 1613-26) has now further advanced the application of this radiobiological model evaluating breast irradiation delivered in 5 treatments. This resulted in non-inferior recurrence events compared to 15-treatment breast irradiation. When using fewer treatments of larger radiation dose, small changes can result in significant toxicity effects. For example, with 1 Gy difference between 26 Gy and 27 Gy total dose treatment arms on the Fast Forward trial, significantly higher rates of breast adverse outcomes were seen. Additional experience with the 5-fraction breast irradiation is needed prior to its replacing the current 15-16 treatment standard. Citation Format: J White. Con - One Week of Whole Breast RT is the New Standard of Care [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr DEB2-2.

A Wideband Pattern-Reconfigurable Loop Antenna Designed by Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

In this letter, a pattern-reconfigurable antenna for indoor communication is proposed, which can provide stable conical and broadside beams. Although this type of pattern-reconfigurable antenna can provide large radiation coverage, it usually suffers complex structure, narrow bandwidth, and distorted pattern. In order to get rid of the complex radiators, a simple loop patch is introduced to generate the conical and broadside beams. Through slotting the loop patch with the aid of characteristic mode analysis, the two desired radiation modes can be well excited in the same band. Meanwhile, the modified loop patch can provide stable radiation patterns by suppressing unwanted higher order modes. For achieving the reconfigurable beams, a reconfigurable feeding network is designed to switch two working modes. Finally, the proposed pattern-reconfigurable antenna is fabricated, and the measured overlapped 10 dB operating bandwidth is about 27.3% ranging from 3.61 to 4.75 GHz. The results show that the proposed pattern-reconfigurable antenna has a wide bandwidth and stable radiation patterns, which exhibits attractive potentials for fifth-generation (5G) indoor communication in sub-6 GHz.

Enhancement of Genotoxic Activity of g-Irradiation &#x0D; of Human Lung Carcinoma A549 cells in the&#x0D; Presence of Gold Nanoparticles

One of the main problems of radiotherapy is the lack of selectivity in the absorption of radiation energy&#x0D; by tumor cells due to the similar energy-absorbing properties of tumor and healthy tissues. An increase&#x0D; in the absorbed dose is achieved by introducing or delivering substances to tumor cells with a significantly larger radiation absorption cross-section than in normal cells. The resulting secondary shortrange radiation localizes the energy release near these elements and affects only nearby biological&#x0D; structures. The genotoxic effect of gold nanoparticles on tumor cells of human lung carcinoma A549&#x0D; under g-gamma radiation was studied. Gold nanoparticles in combination with g-radiation enhance&#x0D; the genotoxic effect on tumor cells A549. g-irradiation in the presence of gold nanoparticles increases&#x0D; the frequency of micronucleus and decreases the proliferative index in A549 cells.

Protonated phosphonic acid electrodes for high power heavy-duty vehicle fuel cells

State-of-the-art automotive fuel cells that operate at about 80 °C require large radiators and air intakes to avoid overheating. High-temperature fuel cells that operate above 100 °C under anhydrous conditions provide an ideal solution for heat rejection in heavy-duty vehicle applications. Here we report protonated phosphonic acid electrodes that remarkably improve the performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The protonated phosphonic acids comprise tetrafluorostyrene-phosphonic acid and perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, where a perfluorosulfonic acid proton is transferred to the phosphonic acid to enhance the anhydrous proton conduction of fuel cell electrodes. By using this material in fuel cell electrodes, we obtained a fuel cell exhibiting a rated power density of 780 mW cm–2 at 160 °C, with minimal degradation during 2,500 h of operation and 700 thermal cycles from 40 to 160 °C under load.

Development of Novel Guide Device for Cannulated Screws Implantation in Femoral Neck Fracture Surgery

Cannulated Screw is a common internal fixation for the treatment of femoral neck fractures. However, the traditional implantation method has disadvantages such as inaccuracy and large radiation exposure. Based on the anatomical characteristics of the femoral neck and geometric principles, we develop a novel guide device for cannulated screws insertion. The cadaver experiment showed that it can improve the accuracy of cannulated screws implantation, reduce puncture attempts and the radiation exposure of doctors and patients.

Gamma radiation shielding studies on highly dense barium bismuth borate glasses

AbstractTransparent dense barium bismuth borate (BBB) glasses in ternary x(BaO–Bi2O3)–(1–x)B2O3 system, with x = .15, .25, .35, and .45, were prepared by the melt‐quenching process. Density of the glasses increased to 7.145 g/cm3 with increasing BaO–Bi2O3 content. Gamma radiation shielding performance of the glasses was estimated by studying mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) and effective atomic numbers, using XCOM software as a function of photon energy. Subsequently, experimental MAC values of the glasses were measured using 152Eu and 60Co sources by the radiation transmission method. Measured and calculated MAC values of the glasses were in close agreement. Equivalent atomic numbers, exposure, and energy absorption buildup factors were analyzed at different mean free paths and photon energies using Phy‐X software. Dense glasses exhibited large effective atomic numbers and radiation shielding characteristics comparable with the dense heavy metal oxide glasses. Effective atomic numbers of the glasses were found to be close to the heavy metallic elements (Pb, W, and Hf) at low gamma energies. Radiation shielding ability of the glasses is discussed by comparing with the recently reported radiation shielding glasses and conventional shielding materials. Lead‐free and dense transparent BBB glasses in the present study can be effective in radiation shielding for radiological applications.

Automated light-induced synthesis of 89Zr-radiolabeled antibodies for immuno-positron emission tomography

Clinical production of 89Zr-radiolabeled antibodies (89Zr-mAbs) for positron emission tomography imaging relies on the pre-conjugation of desferrioxamine B (DFO) to the purified protein, followed by isolation and characterization of the functionalized intermediate, and then manual radiosynthesis. Although highly successful, this route exposes radiochemists to a potentially large radiation dose and entails several technological and economic hurdles that limit access of 89Zr-mAbs to just a specialist few Nuclear Medicine facilities worldwide. Here, we introduce a fully automated synthesis box that can produce individual doses of 89Zr-mAbs formulated in sterile solution in < 25 min starting from [89Zr(C2O4)4]4– (89Zr-oxalate), our good laboratory practice-compliant photoactivatable desferrioxamine-based chelate (DFO-PEG3-ArN3), and clinical-grade antibodies without the need for pre-purification of protein. The automated steps include neutralization of the 89Zr-oxalate stock, chelate radiolabeling, and light-induced protein conjugation, followed by 89Zr-mAb purification, formulation, and sterile filtration. As proof-of-principle, 89ZrDFO-PEG3-azepin-trastuzumab was synthesized directly from Herceptin in < 25 min with an overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 20.1 ± 2.4% (n = 3), a radiochemical purity > 99%, and chemical purity > 99%. The synthesis unit can also produce 89Zr-mAbs via the conventional radiolabeling routes from pre-functionalized DFO-mAbs that are currently used in the clinic. This automated method will improve access to state-of-the-art 89Zr-mAbs at the many Nuclear Medicine and research institutions that require automated devices for radiotracer production.

Investigation of indoor environment and thermal comfort of building installed with bifacial PV modules

In comparison with common PV module, bifacial PV module can increase energy output by installing cells on both sides of the module. Due to the thermoelectric effect in the rear, the impact of bifacial PV module on indoor environment is more complex. To study indoor environment of bifacial PV module as building envelope, a building integrated bifacial PV module was established. Through the experiments and simulation of the PV building, it is found that thermal stratification is obvious at noon in summer, which indicates the bifacial PV module causes a large influence on the indoor temperature. PMV is between -1 and +1 in summer nights and winter days but it becomes poor in sunny days due to the large solar radiation intensity. Additionally, the indoor light environment is studied. The indoor lighting is ideal in general but overlarge when the solar radiation is too strong. For the purpose of improving the indoor comfort, the coverage of PV module was changed and the heat insulation reflective layer was installed behind the PV modules. With the optimization design, the indoor environment has been significantly improved, and the period of annual thermal comfort has increased by 8%.