Large Penetration Depth Research Articles

Quality Control of Composite parts by robot guided Terahertz imaging

In this work a new approach for in-line quality inspection of drilling holes in glass reinforced fibre composites (GFRP) is presented. The method relies on Terahertz radiation and its large penetration depth in non-conductive materials. By applying THz reflection imaging, 3D information such as interfaces or defects within the sample can be obtained. As a starting point, a laboratory setup based on an industrial THz time-domain spectrometer (TDS) in combination with linear stages for the sample manipulation is built. A software for measurement automatization and data acquisition is developed. Based on measurements performed on drilled GFRP plates, an algorithm highlighting possible defects within the measurement data is developed. The results correlate very well with x-ray tomography (XCT) measurements. Finally, the THz-TDS system is transferred onto an industrial robot and the THz signal synchronized with the position of the robot’s head, expanding the flexibility of the method regarding the applicability to a wide variety of specimen geometries.

Revealing the relationship between the shot type and fatigue performance of laser powder bed fused 304L steel following shot peening

Shot peening (SP) is gaining popularity as a post-processing method for improving fatigue properties of laser powder bed fused (LPBF) metallic materials. This work investigated the influence of shot type on the surface strengthening and life improvement of LPBF 304L stainless steel (SS) with a rough as-built surface using ASH 110 steel shot, AZB 300 ceramic shot, and CW 35 strengthened steel shot. The shot characteristics (size, shape factor, and hardness), SP surface characteristics (morphology, roughness, residual stress, and hardness), and SP subsurface characteristics (grain refinement, deformation twinning, martensitic transformation, and defect distribution) were fully characterized and quantified. Particularly, the foldings with rolled-up edges that affected surface finish appeared on the SP surface, and their formation was ascribed to the as-built surface morphology containing incompletely melted powder particles and agglomerations, as well as the shot properties such as size, hardness, and sharpness. The irregular LoF defects between the contour region and infill region could not be entirely eliminated/healed utilizing SP procedures, and these defects were always the fatigue crack initiation sites for AB and SP samples. Therefore, the critical role of “penetration depth” of the kinetic energy on irregular LoF defects and fatigue performance was highlighted. A larger penetration depth can be achieved by employing small-sized ceramic shots with high hardness, deformation resistance, and kinetic energy, inducing refined structures and compressive residual stress around the irregular LoF defects, thereby constricting the fatigue crack initiation and propagation. This work provides a valuable reference for SP process design and optimization of LPBF metallic materials.

In-plane thermal diffusivity determination using beam-offset frequency-domain thermoreflectance with a one-dimensional optical heat source

We present an innovative contactless method suitable to study in-plane thermal transport based on beam-offset frequency-domain thermoreflectance using a one-dimensional heat source with uniform power distribution. Using a one-dimensional heat source provides a number of advantages as compared to point-like heat sources, as typically used in time- and frequency-domain thermoreflectance experiments, just to name a few: (i) it leads to a slower spatial decay of the temperature field in the direction perpendicular to the line-shaped heat source, allowing to probe the temperature field at larger distances from the heater, hence, enhancing the sensitivity to in-plane thermal transport; (ii) the frequency range of interest is typically <100 kHz. This rather low frequency range is convenient regarding the cost of the required excitation laser system but, most importantly, it allows the study of materials without the presence of a metallic transducer with almost no influence of the finite optical penetration depth of the pump and probe beams on the thermal phase lag, which arises from the large thermal penetration depth imposed by the used frequency range. We also show that for the case of a harmonic thermal excitation source, the phase lag between the thermal excitation and thermal response of the sample exhibits a linear dependence with their spatial offset, where the slope is proportional to the inverse of the thermal diffusivity of the material. We demonstrate the applicability of this method to the cases of: (i) suspended thin films of Si and PDPP4T, (ii) Bi bulk samples, and (iii) Si, glass, and highly-oriented pyrollitic graphite (HOPG) bulk samples with a thin metallic transducer. Finally, we also show that it is possible to study in-plane heat transport on substrates with rather low thermal diffusivity, e.g., glass, even using a metallic transducer. We achieve this by an original approach based on patterning the transducer using focused ion beam, with the key purpose of limiting in-plane heat transport through the thin metallic transducer.

A coating strategy on titanium implants with enhanced photodynamic therapy and CO-based gas therapy for bacterial killing and inflammation regulation

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered a noninvasive and effective modality against the bacterial infection of peri‑implantitis, especially the aPDT triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light due to the large penetration depth in tissue. However, the complexity of hypoxia microenvironments and the distance of aPDT sterilization still pose challenges before realizing the aPDT clinical application. Due to the long lifespan and transmission distance of therapeutic gas molecules, we design a multi-functional gas generator that combines aPDT as well as O2 and CO gas release function, which can solve the problem of hypoxia (O2) in PDT and the problem of inflammation regulation (CO) in the distal part of peri‑implant inflammation under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. In the composite nanoplatform that spin-coated on the surface of titanium implants, up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were involved in converting the NIR to visible, which further excites the partially oxidized stannic sulfide (SnS2), realizing the therapeutic gas release. Indocyanine green (ICG) was further integrated to enhance the aPDT performance (Ti-U@SnS2/I). Therefore, reactive oxygen species (ROS), CO, and O2 can be controllably administered via a composite nano-platform mediated by a single NIR light (808 nm). This implant surface modification strategy could achieve great self-enhancement antibacterial effectiveness and regulate the lingering questions, such as relieving the anoxic microenvironment and reaching deep infection sites, providing a viable antibiotic-free technique to combat peri‑implantitis.

Enhanced detection accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio of surface plasmon resonance based refractive index sensor with the addition of thicker layer of Silicon

The improvement in the sensitivity performance of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensors with the addition of thin layers of various high index dielectrics (e.g. 5 nm–10 nm of Silicon) is well established. This improvement in sensitivity comes at a price of reduced detection accuracy, deteriorated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and small value of Figure of Merit (FOM). Sensors with high detection accuracy and SNR find applications in the direct detection of small molecular (few hundreds of Daltons) interactions or low molecular concentrations (physiological concentration) on the surface of the sensor. The current paper presents design methodology and theoretical analysis of the performance of SPR based refractive index sensor with enhanced SNR, detection accuracy, and FOM attained when a thicker layer of Silicon (60 nm–400 nm thickness) is introduced in the conventional Kretschmann configuration employing angular interrogation technique. The analysis is valid for any high index dielectric layer that is used to enhance the electromagnetic field associated with the surface plasmon (SP) mode excited at the metal-dielectric interface. In the present paper, we show that the SP mode which participates in the sensing applications can be excited at the metal-dielectric interface for multiple thicknesses of Silicon. Analytical expressions are derived to compute the multiple thicknesses of Silicon using a modal analysis as well as the transfer matrix method (TMM) by considering the SPR sensor as a multi-layered optical waveguide structure. The refractive index SPR sensor with thicker silicon layer is shown to exhibit a long propagation length and large penetration depth in the analyte region, resulting in a higher depth-to-width ratio (defined as the SNR) and detection accuracy in its SPR reflectivity spectrum, hence enhancing the measurement precision of the sensor.

Non-ultrawide bandgap CsPbBr3 nanosheet for sensitive deep ultraviolet photodetection

In this study, we report the fabrication of a sensitive deep ultraviolet (DUV) photodetector by using CsPbBr3 nanosheets synthesized through confined-space growth at room temperature. The peak photoresponse of the device upon illumination blueshifts with decreasing thickness and a 68 nm CsPbBr3 nanosheet based device displays a peak response to 265 nm illumination, showing responsivity and specific detectivity of 85 mA/W and 4.05 × 1011 Jones at 3 V bias, respectively. Theoretical simulation reveals that the blueshift is associated with the wavelength-dependent absorption coefficient of CsPbBr3 nanosheet: incident light with shorter wavelengths can be absorbed on the superficial surface, while long-wavelength light has a larger penetration depth, leading to dominant DUV absorption in thinner CsPbBr3 nanosheet. This work will shed light on the facile and cost-effective fabrication of DUV photodetectors from non-ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) all-inorganic perovskite materials.

Water refilling along vessels at initial stage of willow cuttage revealed by move contrast CT

Cuttage is a widely used technique for plant propagation, whose success relies on the refilling for water transport recovery. However, requirements for refilling characterization studies, including large penetration depth, fast temporal resolution and high spatial resolution, cannot be reached simultaneously via conventional imaging techniques. So far, the dynamic process of water refilling along the vessels at the initial stage of cuttage, as well as its characteristics, remains unclear. Hereby, we developed a move contrast X-ray microtomography method which achieves 3D dynamic non-destructive imaging of water refilling at the initial stage of willow branch cuttage, without the aid of any contrast agent. Experimental results indicate three primary refilling modalities in vessels: 1) the osmosis type, mainly manifested by the osmosis of tissue through the vessel wall into the cavity; 2) the linear type, revealed as the tissue permeates to a certain extent where the liquid column in the vessels is completely formed; and 3) an osmosis-linear mixed type refilling as an intermediate state. Further analysis also exhibits a “temporal-spatial relay” mode of refilling between adjacent vessels. Since the vessel length is quite limited, the cavitation and the relay refilling mode of vessels can be an important way to achieve long-distance water transport.

A small-angle X-ray scattering study of red blood cells in continuous flow.

Owing to their large penetration depth and high resolution, X-rays are ideally suited to study structures and structural changes within intact biological cells. For this reason, X-ray-based techniques have been used to investigate adhesive cells on solid supports. However, these techniques cannot easily be transferred to the investigation of suspended cells in flow. Here, an X-ray compatible microfluidic device that serves as a sample delivery system and measurement environment for such studies is presented. As a proof of concept, the microfluidic device is applied to investigate chemically fixed bovine red blood cells by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). A very good agreement is found between in-flow and static SAXS data. Moreover, the data are fitted with a hard-sphere model and screened Coulomb interactions to obtain the radius of the protein hemoglobin within the cells. Thus, the utility of this device for studying suspended cells with SAXS in continuous flow is demonstrated.

Visualization of Surface Charge Carrier Diffusion Lengths in Different Perovskite Crystal Orientations Using 4D Electron Imaging

AbstractUnderstanding charge carrier dynamics on the surface of materials at the nanometer and femtosecond scales is one of the key elements to optimizing the performance of light‐conversion devices, including solar cells. Unfortunately, most of the pump‐probe characterization techniques are surface‐insensitive and obtain information from the bulk due to the large penetration depth of the pulses. However, ultrafast scanning electron microscopy (USEM) is superior in visualizing carrier dynamics at the surface with high spatial‐temporal resolution. Here, the authors successfully used USEM to uncover the tremendous effect of surface orientations and termination on the charge carrier of MAPbI3 perovskite single crystals. Time‐resolved secondary electrons snapshots and density functional theory calculations clearly demonstrate that charge carrier diffusion, surface trap density, surface work function, and carrier concentration are strongly facet‐dependent. The results display a diffusion length of 22 micrometers within 6.0 nanoseconds along (001) orientation. While (100) facet forms defect states that prevent carrier diffusion and shows an increase in the surface work function leading to dark contrast and fast charge carrier recombination. These findings provide a new key component to optimizing the surface of perovskites, thus paving the way for even more efficient and stable solar‐cell devices based on perovskite single crystals.

Highly selective imaging of intratumoral hydrogen sulfide by NIR-II emissive fluorescent probes

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule that exists in a variety of tissues and has important effects on various physiological functions of the human body. Studies have shown that chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis and cardiovascular disease are closely related to abnormal levels of H2S in the body. In addition, endogenous H2S is closely associated with a variety of cancers and can be regarded as a biomarker for specific cancers. In this study, we have successfully designed a rhodamine hybrid polymethine-based small molecule dye (FL-NO2), whose fluorescence in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1700 nm) can be dramatically enhanced after exposure to H2S. After being encapsulated by amphiphilic polymer F-127, the obtained water-soluble nanoparticles (n-FL-NO2) can be used for the sensitive detection of H2S in the NIR-II region, which provides large penetration depth and high signal-to-noise ratio. The probe also exhibited high selectivity towards H2S, avoiding interference from multiple biothiols. The detection of endogenous H2S in vivo was demonstrated with a colon cancer model, which expressed a high level of H2S. In summary, this study provides a promising NIR-II fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of H2S, which may become an effective tool for disease diagnosis.

Application of endoscopic ultrasound to the descending colon and rectum in normal dogs.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a medical procedure in which endoscopy is combined with ultrasonography (US) to compensate for problems associated with the transabdominal US such as large penetration depths, presence of intestinal gas, and acoustic shadowing. This prospective, method comparison, pilot study was performed to assess the feasibility of applying EUS in the colorectal region and to describe the typical EUS features of the descending colon and rectum in healthy dogs. Transabdominal US and EUS with or without the hydrosonography were applied to the descending colon and rectum in 10 clinically healthy Beagle dogs and wall thickness, visibility of the wall layers, and conspicuity of the mucosal and serosal surfaces of the intestinal wall were assessed. Endoscopic ultrasound enabled circumferential evaluation of the colorectal wall and provided better visibility of the wall layers and conspicuity of the mucosal and serosal surfaces without degradation of the image, even in the far-field portion of the colorectal wall, compared to US. Moreover, EUS provided the adequate image quality of the rectum, which was difficult to evaluate with US due to deep scan depth and acoustic shadowing by the pelvis. Meanwhile, the application of hydrosonography to EUS deteriorated the visibility of the wall layers and conspicuity of the intestinal wall. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of EUS to assess the colorectal region and its potential application for the evaluation of rectal masses or intrapelvic lesions that are inaccessible by the transabdominal US in dogs.

A study of ionospheric impacts in the wireless electromagnetic exploration with the QWE method

AbstractThe wireless electromagnetic method (WEM) is an emerging new method for deep resource exploration. This method, based on magnetotellurics and the controlled-source electromagnetic method, features advantages such as high signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio, large penetration depth, and easy survey geometry setups, which gives WEM potential for deployment in mineral exploration of large depths. As for now, there is little research into the controlling factors of the ionosphere in WEM exploration, and whether the ionosphere is related to the modeling result remains unclear. In this work, we first developed a modified quadrature with extrapolation (QWE) method to settle the oscillation in the calculation of a WEM response. Then we compared its performance and accuracy with other methods and find that our method has better numerical stability even with highly oscillated integral kernels, which is ideal for WEM emulation. With the emulation tools, we can further investigate how the ionosphere’s height and resistivity affect the ground-received signal. We compared signals obtained with different ionospheric properties under various earth resistivity models. The conclusion is that these ionospheric properties only impact the received signal’s strength and have no influence on the Cagniard resistivity or phase of impedance.

Low Velocity Impact Response of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs

Background Dimensions of the reference concrete slab are 1950x1950x100 mm subjected to drop-weight impact loading. Objective A comprehensive parametric study was performed to examine the influence of many parameters on the RC slabs. Method From the viewpoint of cost and time savings, a three-dimensional finite element is a very good tool to predict the real behavior of the structural elements. Result and Discussion Results showed that the use of CFRP strips enhance the impact behavior of the slab. Contrarily, the existence of opening led to a dramatic decrease in the dynamic capacity of RC slabs with stress concentration around the openings. Furthermore, changing the shape of the impactor showed a significant effect on the peak impact load as well as the ultimate deflection at impact instant. Conclusion In the scope of this paper, the response of RC slab with top and bottom reinforcements exposed to drop-weight impact loading was inspected. Time histories of impact loads and deflections were presented in detail based on ABAQUS/ Explicit analysis. The findings presented in this paper can be presented as follows: 1. The FE models show a good correlation with the experimental data. Consequently, the proposed finite element models are efficient and economical tool to explorer the effect of many parameters on the performance of RC slabs subjected to drop-weight impact load. 2. The numerical simulation confirmed that using externally bonded CFRP strips has more influence on the peak deflection of the reinforced concrete slab than the recorded impact force. 3. Comparing to the flat shape of the impactor, the hemispherical and curved shape impactor can produce large penetration depth at the impact zone with higher plastic deformations in the concrete slab. However, the flat impactor produced higher deflection at the impact instant. 4. As the radius of the impactor increases, both the duration time and the peak impact force are increased. This is because of the higher contact area was obtained when the flat impactor (infinity radius of curvature) was used as compared to other impactors. 5. Due to decreases in RC slab stiffness, the presence of openings (regardless of their shape) has considerably increased deformations in concrete especially around perimeter of the openings extended to the nearby support. 6. It has been found that the eccentric impact loading causes higher plastic deformations than the concentric one.

Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles in the Second Near‐Infrared Region for Biomedical Imaging and Therapy

AbstractSemiconducting polymers are attractive optical materials in optoelectronic devices and biomedical applications because of their superior optical properties and remarkable versatility. Optical imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) has become increasingly popular owing to the merits of large penetration depth and high signal to noise ratio, leading to a great deal of interest in the exploration and development of optical probes in the NIR‐II region. In this review, recent advances in the development of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) in the NIR‐II region for biomedical imaging and therapeutics are summarized. This review focuses on the design strategies in semiconducting polymers toward enhancing their NIR‐II emission for deep tissue imaging, improving their performance in photoacoustic imaging, utilizing their large absorptivity for photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and a number of comprehensive applications for multifunctional imaging and optical therapeutics. Finally, the current challenges of semiconducting polymer probes are discussed and the perspectives on the future development in the field are shared.

Asymmetric Diammonium Directed In-Plane Charge Transport Enhancement in Two-Dimensional Lead Bromide Perovskite for Weak-Light Detection.

Two-dimensional (2D) Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskites are drawing significant attention in optoelectronic fields because of their enhanced out-of-plane electron coupling and improved structure stability. However, the structural effects of organic cations on the in-plane charge transport properties of 2D DJ lead bromide perovskites have remained less explored. Herein, we adopt asymmetric 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylammonium (DMPD) and symmetric butane-1,4-diammonium (BDA) to systematically investigate the influence of organic cations on the structural, optical, and in-plane charge transport properties of 2D lead bromide perovskites. The large penetration depth of DMPD2+ induces a decreased perovskite layer distortion and a lower bandgap in DMPDPbBr4, compared with that of BDAPbBr4. Moreover, DMPDPbBr4 is shown to possess a low exciton binding energy, a low defect density, and a low ion migration activation energy, thereby yielding a more efficient in-plane charge collection efficiency than BDAPbBr4. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the improved in-plane charge transport can be traced to the enlarged antibonding coupling between Pb-6s and Br-4p orbitals that enables a high band dispersion and a low carrier effective mass in the in-plane direction of DMPDPbBr4. Finally, the planar Ag/DMPDPbBr4/Ag photodetector delivers a satisfying detectivity of 1.73 × 1012 Jones under an incident power intensity of 0.16 mW cm-2 and a high on/off ratio of 5.3 × 103. The above findings offer novel insight for the design of 2D DJ lead bromide perovskites for optoelectronic devices.

Numerical Study on Transverse Jet Mixing Enhanced by High Frequency Energy Deposition

Supersonic incoming flow has a large momentum, which makes it difficult for transverse jets to have a large penetration depth due to the strong compression of the incoming flow. This impacts the mixing efficiency of the jet in the supersonic combustor. This paper proposes a method to improve the mixing efficiency of a rectangular flow field model using pulsed energy deposition, which is verified numerically. In the simulations, the Navier–Stokes equations with an energy source are solved to simulate the effects of energy deposition with various distributions on the fuel mixture. The results show that the energy deposition increases the turbulent kinetic energy, which enlarges the scale of the flow vortex and improves the fuel mixing performance. The energy deposition is distributed upstream and significantly improves the mixing performance. Energy deposition can improve the penetration depth of fuel, which is more significant when the energy deposition is distributed downstream of the jet orifice. The energy deposition also slightly reduces the total pressure recovery coefficient. In general, an energy deposition that is distributed upstream of the jet has the best effect on the mixing efficiency.

Photocontrolled Energy Storage in Azobispyrazoles with Exceptionally Large Light Penetration Depths.

Azobispyrazole, 4pzMe-5pzH, derivatives with small terminal substituents (Me, Et, i-Pr, and n-Pr) are reported to undergo facile reversible photoswitching in condensed phases at room temperature, exhibiting unprecedentedly large effective light penetration depths (1400 μm of UV at 365 nm and 1400 μm of visible light at 530 nm). These small photoswitches exhibit crystal-to-liquid phase transitions upon UV irradiation, which increases the overall energy storage density of this material beyond 300 J/g that is similar to the specific energy of commercial Na-ion batteries. The impact of heteroarene design, the presence of ortho methyl substituents, and the terminal functional groups is explored for both condensed-phase switching and energy storage. The design principles elucidated in this work will help to develop a wide variety of molecular solar thermal energy storage materials that operate in condensed phases.

THE CHROMIUM AND MANGANESE DISTRIBUTION IN THE DIFFUSION LAYER OF STEEL 35CrNi2-3 DURING THERMОDIFFUSION SATURATION

Increasing the strength, hardness and wear resistance of the material of machine parts and mechanisms has been an urgent task for many decades. The most promising option of its solution is surface hardening. Among the wide variety of surface hardening methods (heat treatment, deformation methods, etc.), in recent time, much attention has been paid to the chemical-thermal treatment methods, which consist in saturating the metal surface with one or more elements. The article describes the features of thermal diffusion saturation of steel 35CrNi2-3 with chromium and manganese at a temperature of 1000°C. A technique for analyzing the obtained coating is presented, based on the possibilities of X-ray spectral microanalysis of the diffusion layer on transverse microsections of the obtained samples. The elemental composition of the diffusion layer was monitored using a JEOL JSM-6460 LV universal scanning (scanning) electron microscope. The results obtained show that the joint diffusion saturation of the surface of steel 35CrNi2-3 with manganese and chromium leads to the formation of an external diffusion layer on the metal surface, consisting of a solid solution of Cr‒Fe‒Mn substitution with a gradient in composition. The average diffusion coefficients of chromium and manganese in the α-phase of chromium were DCr = 3,5·10‒15 m2/s and DMn = 5,14·10‒14 m2/s, respectively; in the γ-phase of iron ‒ DCr == 1,16·10‒17 m2/s and DMn = 1,43·10‒17 m2/s, respectively. The depth of the diffusion layer of chromium in the metal at joint saturation with manganese was 30 μm, the diffusion layer of manganese was 37 μm. The large depth of penetration of manganese into steel is explained by its lower work function of electrons and the contribution of electromigration of manganese ions to diffusion.

Effect of electron irradiation defects on the martensitic transformation characteristics and microstructure of Ni45Co5Mn37In13 alloys

Ni-Co-Mn-In based alloys with magnetically driven shape memory effect have shown its huge potential for applying as the intelligent driver in the spacecrafts. However, the numerous cosmic radiations, especially the electron irradiation with large penetration depth, could seriously harm its' serving stability. Herein, the Ni45Co5Mn37In13 alloys are exposed to the high energy electron irradiation with different fluence to study the phase transition behavior and microstructure evolution in the irradiation process. As a result, we reveal that the electron irradiation could induce dense crystal defects which not only reduce the transition temperature and thus retain the residual austenite in the martensitic matrix, but also destroy the continuity of martensitic laths and the atom arrangement in the twin boundaries. This work has important theoretical significance for understanding the electron irradiation's effect on the martensitic transformation and microstructure of Ni-Co-Mn-In alloys, and is conducive to expand martensitic transformation theory.

Numerical investigation on mixing process of a sonic fuel jet into a supersonic crossflow

The mixing process of a fuel jet in a supersonic crossflow is one of the significant issues for the design of the scramjet combustor. In this paper, the orthogonal analysis was employed to investigate the influences of the parameters of the supersonic mainstream and the fuel jet on the mixing process. Eight variables were considered and 27 cases were performed by the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) coupled with the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. The results show that the jet patterns can be divided into three categories by calculating the velocity ratio, named attachment pattern, transition pattern, and separation pattern, respectively. The extreme difference analysis indicates that the total pressure and Mach number of the mainstream, the total pressure of the fuel jet, and the diameter of the jet hole have a remarkable impact on the penetration depth and total pressure recovery. Additionally, a new dimensionless number named BS was proposed. And the penetration depth and total pressure recovery can be fitted to different functions of the BS. The fitted curves show that the larger penetration depth and smaller total pressure loss are generated as the BS increases. Finally, another new dimensionless number named LJ was proposed. And a positive correlation between the LJ and mixing efficiency has been elaborated based on analyzing the influence mechanism of the streamwise vortexes and the shockwaves on the mixing process. These correlations can provide help for primary optimization of supersonic combustor.