Large Number Of Injuries Research Articles

Risk assessment and simulation of gas pipeline leakage based on Markov chain theory

Gas pipeline leakage may lead to fire, explosion and gas poisoning, thus causing a large number of injuries and property damage. This paper focuses on the chain characteristics presented by the development process of city gas pipeline leakage, based on Markov chain theory, studies the disaster-causing process and the mechanism of disaster chain formation for the leakage, establishes the disaster chain, evaluates the pipeline operation status and quantifies the failure probability of gas pipeline leakage to determine the causes of the leakage. Subsequently, Pipeline Studio is applied to simulate the consequences of gas pipeline leakage to realize the risk analysis. The analysis is based on Markov chain theory to calculate the probability of leakage and disaster-causing causes, analyze the consequences of gas pipeline leakage, and realize the diagnosis of the causes of gas pipeline leakage accidents and the prediction of the accident development trend. Finally, using European gas pipeline accident data to prove the effectiveness of the method, the result shows that gas pipeline leakage accidents are mainly caused by third-party damage and corrosion, which is consistent with the real situation and provides a reference for risk analysis and accident prevention of gas pipeline leakage.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPORTS INJURIES

The article presents the results of an analysis of the causative factors of sports injuries, organizational issues and epidemiological aspects based on a questionnaire implemented among athletes with traumatic injuries of various types. The results of the study showed that the main sports injuries were injuries to the knee joint and ankle joint, accounting for a total of 36.6% of all identified cases. At the same time, the largest number of injuries among the studied contingent of athletes is determined at the age of 18-22 years in basketball (50.0%), weightlifting (50.0%) and boxing (45.5%). And among people under 18 years of age in gymnastics (53.8%) and football (46.2%), the lowest values were determined among athletes aged 27 years and older (11.5%), which is associated with a high level of skill and sportsmanship. experience among athletes of this age category. KEY WORDS: injuries, sports, causative factors, prevention program, questionnaires, organizational and methodological aspects of epidemiology

Does the Amount of Injuries Affect the Final Ranking at the End of the Competitive Season in Football?

The aim of this research is to determine whether a larger number of injuries in the team affects the final competitive achievement of clubs in the 1st Croatian Football League. Data on injuries in training and matches were collected using UEFA's Injury Study Questionnaire. 340 players (in all 10 clubs) participated in the research. The Chi-square test was used for non-parametric tests while logistic regression analysis was used to correlate the independent and dependent variables. The hypothesis that clubs with lower rankings will have statistically significant more injuries has not been confirmed (p<0.05), but this difference (although not statistically confirmed) still exists between clubs that finished the championship at the top five compared to the low five clubs.

Association Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and Time to Return to Sport After Muscle Injuries in High-Level Youth Athletes.

To describe the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and time to return to sport (RTS) from muscle injuries in youth athletes. Prospective collection of injury surveillance data over 6 seasons (2014-2015 to 2019-2020) and reanalysis of MRIs by a radiologist blinded to RTS time after the data collection period. National sports academy and sports medicine hospital. Male youth (11-19 years) athletes participating in the football (soccer) or athletics (track and field) programs with a muscle injury. Magnetic resonance imaging findings (eg, grade and location) in time-loss muscle injuries. Injury incidence, distributions, and RTS time. In total, 353 time-loss muscle injuries were recorded for 1089 athlete-seasons, of which 85 satisfied our inclusion criteria (MRI within 14 days). Return to sport time was significantly longer for reinjuries compared with index injuries. Associations between MRI findings and RTS time were specific to the muscle group, with significant differences in RTS time observed between categories of structure, location, and grade. The largest number of injuries was to the hamstrings (n = 46), where injuries involving the tendon were more severe than those involving the myotendinous junction and muscle, proximal injuries were more severe than mid-portion and distal, and longer RTS time was observed for higher injury grade ( P < 0.05). Muscle injuries in youth are diverse and cannot be treated as a single injury type. Specific injury durations can be expected depending on injury characteristics such as reinjury, location, structure, and grade.

FREQUENCY OF INJURIES IN BASKETBALL - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Basketball is a team sport that is really demanding due to its dynamism and variety of motor, technical and tactical abilities that are necessary for the successful performance of basketball elements. The following databases were used to collect adequate literature: GoogleScholar, PubMed. For the analysis, studies were taken that investigated the frequency of injuries in professional, semi-professional and elite basketball players. In order for the studies to meet the inclusion criteria, they contained complete data on the type of injury, localization, and frequency of injury on the tested sample. The total number of respondents in all surveys was 3,802 respondents from all collected and analyzed previous surveys. In this study, more than 4,260 basketball injuries from 15 analyzed studies were analyzed, and after analyzing the results of these studies, it was noted that the most injuries were in the lower extremities in the amount of (66.6%), and the number of injuries in the ankle joint was (33.6% ), while the second most injured part of the body was the knee (19.4%). As for upper extremity injuries, hand, finger and wrist injuries predominate (7.1%) compared to shoulder, hand and forearm injuries (5.8%). This study found that jumping/landing, turning or stopping, or contact with an opponent are the most common causes of injury in basketball players. It can be said that a large number of injuries can occur due to the increased fatigue of basketball players, so it can also be said that a proper training program can be the best prevention of injuries in basketball players. It is concluded that basketball is a sport with a high frequency of injuries.

Diagnostic study of parasites of the urinary tract infection in Nineveh governorate

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most widespread diseases in the world, it occurs as a result of one of the pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, as well as parasites. During this study, 305 urine samples were collected for UTI patients from hospitals and private laboratories and people suffering from UTIs from Nineveh Governorate. After conducting the examination, 27 cases of parasitic infection were recorded, at a rate of 8.90%. Among these diagnosed parasites are Trichomonas vaginalis with a percentage of 25.92%, Giardia lamblia (14.81%), Chilomastix mesnili (22.2%), Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoids with a percentage of (7.4%), while the parasites Schistosoma mansoni, H. nana, Entamoeba coli and Taenia saginata got a percentage of 3.70%. As for the results categorized by gender, it was found that the infection rate among females was the highest among males, which amounted to 11.33%, compared to 3.92% for males, and comparing the infection rate according to age groups, the largest number of injuries was recorded in the age group (26-30) years, with a rate of 22.22%, it was noted that parasitic infections were concentrated in the poorest segment, reaching a rate of 11.03%. It was also noted that there was a significant correlation between parasitic infection and the quality of drinking water, as the highest rate of infection for users of drinking water was recorded, and it was at a rate of 9.42%, by studying the relationship of those infected with animals, it was found that the highest injuries were recorded among animal breeders, which amounted to 9%.

Ocular occupational injuries in the United States between 2011-2018.

Current advocacy literature in occupational eye injury focuses on demographics and industries with the largest number of injuries. Additional demographics may also benefit from targeted advocacy that experience a greater proportion of eye injuries relative to all other occupational injuries. To characterize which demographic groups are experiencing occupational ocular injuries in the United States. This cross-sectional study examined de-identified individuals who experienced ocular workplace injuries from 2011 to 2018 and were reported to the survey of occupational injuries and illnesses (SOII). Data were stratified and analysed based on SOII reported characteristics. 197 160 out of 9 197 350 (2%) ocular workplace injuries were reported. 152 940 (78%) injuries occurred in males. Relative to all workplace injuries experienced by industry, farming, fishing and forestry saw the highest percentage of ocular injuries (6%), followed by production, and installation (4%), maintenance and repairs (4%). Employers cited contact with objects (65%) and exposure to harmful substances (26%) as leading reasons for eye injury. Relative to all injuries, chemicals frequently injured the eye (27%). A disproportionate number of American ocular workplace injuries occur in males who are likely relatively young. Industries such as fishing, farming and forestry see a high frequency of ocular injury relative to all occupational injuries. Hispanics see a slight increase in ocular occupational injury relative to other injuries. Advocates of occupational ocular safety should consider expanding their targeted audiences to include individuals who are part of demographics and occupations that more frequently experience an ocular workplace injury relative to all injuries.

Finite element design of the connection of barriers for the protection of crowded places

The terrorist attacks in Europe have highlighted the problem of safety in public places. It is enough to run a vehicle at high speed towards the crowd to cause a large number of injuries and victims. In response to these phenomena, the Municipalities have perimetered sensitive areas with protection tools. The authors of this work have already designed a mobile anti-terrorism barrier capable of stopping 3500 kg and 7500 kg vehicles with a speed of 64 km/h in a few meters. In this work, the connection of two barriers by ropes is designed using Finite Element (FE) method to perimeter large areas with a small number of devices. Steel and Dyneema® ropes are studied, discussing the number of ropes and the dimensions needed.

Uncommon Bone Injuries in Soccer Players.

Soccer is the most common team sport in the world. A significant number of players are associated with a large number of injuries. Injuries occur in a variety of contexts regardless of the age or performance level of players. The vast majority of injuries involve soft tissues. Bone injuries are less common, but usually result in long-term exclusion from the game. Three different types of fractures related to soccer are classified as acute types, stress fractures and avulsion. This manuscript outlines the diagnostic procedures and treatments for stress fractures, avulsion fractures and bone cyst. The common feature of the described injuries includes frequent difficulties associated with the correct diagnosis and treatment direction. In therapeutic treatment, the doctor and the patient often have to choose between conservative treatment and surgical treatment, which in many cases is not simple. We suggest that in the event of injuries to soccer players, surgical treatment should be used, shortening the time to return to full sports activity. A very important element of the therapeutic process is proper rehabilitation, which should be individually tailored to the patient in order to optimize the treatment process. Some of the rehabilitation protocols should be permanently incorporated into the warm-up protocols for training. Such a procedure has a preventive effect.

Prevention of injuries in sports

Purpose: to determine the causes of injuries in sports and the factors that cause them. Material and methods: study of special literature and generalization of experience of preparation of sportsmen in various kinds of sports. Analysis of factors influencing sports injuries in order to develop measures for their prevention. Results: There are a large number of injuries that can be received during sports. In our article we will consider some of them. Trauma is a lesion of the surface of the body or internal organs, which arose under the influence of external factors, as a result of which one or another organ has lost the ability to perform its function. Depending on the nature of the injured tissue, there are skin (strokes, wounds), subcutaneous (ligament ruptures, bone fractures, etc.) and abdominal (hemorrhage, chest injuries, joints) injuries.&#x0D; Injuries are divided into direct and indirect, depending on the point of application of force. They can be single (eg, transverse femoral fracture), multiple (multiple rib fracture), combined (pelvic fracture with rupture of the bladder) and combined (hip fracture and frostbite, etc.). Injuries are open with a violation of integrity and closed, when the replacement of tissues and organs occurs with intact skin and mucous membranes. According to the level of severity of injuries are divided into mild, moderate and severe. Injuries to the extremities are most often observed in the localization of injuries in athletes, among them injuries of the joints, especially the knee and ankle, predominate. Upper limb injuries (70.0% of all injuries) are more common during gymnastics. Most sports are characterized by injuries of the lower extremities, such as athletics and skiing (66,0 %). Head and face injuries are typical for boxers (65,0 %), fingers - for basketball players and volleyball players (80,0 %), elbow joint for tennis players (70,0 %), knee joint - for football players (48,0 %). etc. Among sports injuries, as a rule, a high percentage of injuries of medium severity.&#x0D; Conclusion: analysis of the causes of injuries in sports, allows us to conclude that injuries in sports can be prevented. A coach in a certain sport plays a crucial role in injury prevention. Its activities should take place in close contact with medical staff. It is the physician's responsibility to systematically record all injuries. Not only severe injuries, but also moderate injuries must be carefully studied, the causes of their occurrence must be identified and the necessary measures to eliminate them must be developed.

Treadmill and Running Speed Effects on Acceleration Impacts: Curved Non-Motorized Treadmill vs. Conventional Motorized Treadmill.

An increase in the popularity of running can be seen over the last decades, with a large number of injuries on it. Most of the running injuries are related to impact accelerations and are due to overuse. In order to reduce the risk of injury or to improve performance and health new treadmill designs have been created, as it can be the curved non-motorized treadmill. The aim of this study was to analyse impact accelerations, spatio-temporal parameters and perceptual differences while running on curved non-motorized treadmill (cNMT) compared to motorized treadmill (MT) at different speeds. Therefore, 27 recreational runners completed two tests consisting of 10 min warm-up and three bouts of 8 min running at 2.77 m/s, 3.33 m/s and self-selected speed on cNMT and MT, previously randomised. Although the surface did not influence spatio-temporal parameters, a reduction in impact accelerations, head acceleration rate (mean effect size [ES] = 0.86), tibia peak (mean ES = 0.45) and tibia magnitude (mean ES = 0.55), was observed while running on cNMT in comparison with running on MT. Moreover, higher heart rate (HR) (mean ES = 0.51) and rating of perceived effort (RPE) (mean ES = 0.34) were found while running on cNMT. These findings demonstrated that higher intensity training and lower impact accelerations are experimented on cNMT, what can be used by trainers and athletes while planning training sessions.

937 Is the Dog Still Man's Best Friend?

Abstract Introduction It is colloquially known that dogs are man’s best friend. However, animal attacks cause a large number of injuries and deaths worldwide, with 70% of injuries being caused by pets. This study highlights the impact of dog related injuries. Method Data was collected retrospectively over 1 year in a small district general hospital. The search term “dog” was used to find patients who had attended A&amp;E or fracture clinic. This data was analysed for patient demographics, injury type and severity, management, and cost to the NHS. Results The majority (77%) of patients were female and elderly, with the modal age group being 70-79. Of the 38% of patients requiring admission, average length of stay was 6.7 days. Fractures made up the majority of injuries (56%) and 17% of patients required operative management. A further 2% suffered from post-operative complications. The average cost to the NHS was £1,695 per patient. Conclusions Dog related injuries disproportionately affected women and the elderly, with a large portion requiring operative management. Some patients developed further complications. As well as health burden there was also a financial burden associated with these injuries. These health and financial detriments are not often considered when deciding on pet ownership.

Факторный анализ производственного травматизма в целях совершенствования процедур обучения работников безопасности труда при ведении работ по добыче угля

The article describes the concept of «zero injury», within the framework of which the current level of injury rate in the coal industry is analyzed, the causes of juries are given, and also, the problem of personnel qualification is raised. On the example of JSC «SUEK-Kuzbass», the analysis of industrial injury rate is presented. There are three key causes of injury: technical, systemic, and human factors. Qualitative dependence of the level of injury rate on time is given in the implementation of preventive measures — technical, systemic, and aimed at the formation of a safety culture, proposed by the International Labor Organization as a hypothesis confirmed at the number of enterprises in the mining industry, construction, and transport. Detailed analysis is conducted on such factors as profession, age and experience of the victims, the time elapsed after the start of the shift until the injury at work, as well as the competence of employees in safety matters. According to the analysis over the past three years, the most traumatic professions are: drifter, engineering and technical worker, underground miner, electrical fitter (locksmith), face miner, mining operator and driver. The most frequent injuries occurred with the employees with work experience of up to a year, from 5 to 10 years, and over 15 years. By age groups, the largest number of injuries was recorded for the employees aged from 31 to 35 years, which roughly corresponds to 5–10 years of work experience. Considering such a factor as the time from the beginning of a work shift to injury, it shall be noted that the greatest number of injuries occurs at the beginning of the shift and in the period 4–7 hours from the beginning of the shift. In accordance with GOST R ISO 45001—2020, the conducted analysis is an element of risk assessment and opportunities for further improvement of training programs for the employees in the field of occupational safety.

Acute Musculoskeletal Sports Injuries in School Age Children in Britain

ObjectivesTo determine the relative number of acute musculoskeletal injuries sustained by children due to different sports in a region of the UK, and assess the burden upon the NHS, through a cross sectional study. MethodsCollection of data for every child aged 6-18 seen at the Peterborough City Hospital fracture clinic, whose sports injury was from 1st September 2018 – 31st August 2019 (1 school year; n=689). Data was gathered throughout the year by three children's orthopaedic surgeons, who consulted the clinic records, notes and x-rays of all children who had attended clinic. ResultsBoys were 2.7 times more likely to sustain injury than girls. Children aged 6-9 had few injuries (mean 24 injuries each year group), 10-15 had a large number of injuries (mean 84), and 16-18 again had few injuries (mean 35). Football and rugby were responsible for the majority of injuries (61% between them), as well as the majority of physiotherapy appointments (72%). Sports with the highest likelihood that an injury will be sufficiently serious to require surgery were equestrian (42% of injuries required surgery), gymnastics (27%), ice skating (25%) and rugby (22%). Popular sports in which injuries were relatively rare include swimming, athletics, cricket, hockey, tennis and badminton. ConclusionThe sports that caused the most injuries were football and rugby. Considering relative participation in different sports, it is clear that rugby has a disproportionate number of musculoskeletal injuries in total, of severe injuries requiring surgery, and requiring rehab from physiotherapy.

Analysis of the Railway Accident-Related Damages in South Korea

Railway accidents are critical issues characterized by a large number of injuries and fatalities per accident due to massive public transport systems. This study proposes a new approach for evaluating the damages resulting from railway accidents using the two-part models (TPMs) such as the zero-inflated Poisson regression model (ZIP model) and the zero-inflated negative-binomial regression model (ZINB model) for the non-negative count measurements and the zero-inflated gamma regression model (ZIG model) and the zero-inflated log-normal regression model (ZILN model) for the semi-continuous measurements. The models are employed for the evaluation of the railway accidents on Korea Railroad, considering the accident damages, such as the train delay time, the number of trains delayed and the cost of considering the accident count responses, for the period 2008 to 2016. From the results obtained, we found that the human-related factors, the high-speed railway system or the Korea Train Express (KTX) and the number of casualties, are the main cost-escalating factors. The number of trains delayed and the amount of delay time tend to increase both the probability of incurring costs and the amount of cost. For better evaluation, the railway accident data should contain accurate information with less recurrence of zeros.

Diagnostic performance of the Strength and Pain Assessment (SPA) score for non-contact muscle injury screening in male soccer players

ABSTRACT Objectives The aims of this study were to develop a clinical-feature based scoring system for muscle injury screening and to assess its diagnostic accuracy when large number of injuries are suspected. Methods A prospective diagnostic accuracy study was performed according to the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) criteria. The diagnostic accuracy of the Strength and Pain Assessment (SPA) score (index test) was assessed in relation to muscle ultrasonography (reference standard). A large (n = 175) number of male soccer players met the inclusion/exclusion criteria: clinical assessment (i.e., evaluation of pain onset modality, location, distribution, impact on performance, and manual muscle strength testing) and ultrasonography were performed in all players after 48 hours from the sudden or progressive onset of muscle pain during or after a soccer competition. Results 91 of 175 cases (52%) were classified as functional muscle disorders, while signs of muscle tear were observed in the remaining 84 of 175 (48%) cases that were classified as structural muscle injuries. The median (1st – 3rd quartile) value of the SPA score was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the functional disorder group [9 (9–10)] compared to the structural injury group [12 (12–13)]. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for different cutoff points of the SPA score was 0.977 (95% confidence intervals: 0.957–0.998) and the optimal cutoff value of the SPA score providing the greatest sensitivity and specificity (respectively, 99% and 89%) was 11. Conclusion This study found that the SPA score has high diagnostic accuracy for structural muscle injuries and could be used as a valid screening tool in soccer players presenting with sudden or progressive onset of muscle pain during or after a competition.

Technical safety measures when performing works at heights on the stairs

Works at heights are a hazardous activity. The most common in industrial and economic activities works at heights are carried out on the stairs. Injury statistics in the Russian Federation indicate that when performing work at heights, the proportion of injuries is about 25 percent of their total number. A large number of injuries are recorded in everyday life from falling when performing work at heights from the stairs. Falling down the stairs is the second leading cause of industrial accidents in the US construction industry. A significant part of these incidents occurs at the construction sites and during operation when using extension ladders. Injuries from falling down the height, including down a ladder, are usually severe. About 70% of injuries are with serious consequences. When working with portable ladders, the most common cause of falls and injuries is the stairs’ sliding. The article presents the engineering solutions aimed at eliminating the sliding of the upper part of the stairs during works on the support. An assessment of these engineering solutions for various options for their application volumes has been performed.

Skateboarding Injuries in Spain: A Web-Based Survey Approach.

Background:The inclusion of skateboarding in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games reinforces this activity as a sport. As the number of skateboarders around the world and the difficulty of skateboarding maneuvers continue to increase, the number of skateboarding injuries may also rise. Thus, there is a need for more comprehensive investigations into the practice habits and injuries of skateboarders.Purpose:To describe the sports habits and skateboarding injuries of a sample of skateboarders in Spain.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:A web-based survey was shared among skateboarders in Spain. The survey collected data related to sports habits, skateboarding practice habits, and injury history. Comparisons between subgroups of sex, age, and experience were also conducted.Results:The survey was completed by 197 participants (89.3% male) with a mean age of 24.4 ± 7.1 years and a mean experience of 9.7 ± 7.2 years. Most respondents (87.8%) reported not participating in any type of skateboarding-specific physical training program. Only 27.4% took part in skateboarding competitions, with a larger number of respondents younger than 18 years participating in competitive events. The mean number of sessions per week was 3.3 ± 1.7, and the mean length of sessions was 3.3 ± 1.5 hours. The majority of participants (87.8%) reported having suffered injuries (n = 323) as a result of skateboarding, mainly affecting the lower limbs (69.7%). The most common injury type was a ligament sprain (39.6%), especially of the ankle (39.3%). This injury was also reported as the most likely to recur (70.1%). A large number of injuries (54.2%) were considered severe (ie, >21 days to recover). Most injuries occurred while skateboarding gaps or stairs, including any type of a jump that involved a difference in height between the take-off and landing surfaces (25.7%). Female participants accounted for a larger number of ligament sprains than expected, and experienced skateboarders were more likely to suffer more severe injuries and head/trunk injuries.Conclusion:Respondents to this survey were mainly young male adults who practiced skateboarding recreationally. Respondents of different sexes, ages, and experiences demonstrated different habits and injury patterns. The greater number of severe injuries highlights the need for injury surveillance in skateboarding to inform better prevention and rehabilitation practices.

The causes and structure of child injuries in khabarovsk

Injuries, poisoning and other effects of external causes in the structure of morbidity and mortality of children consistently occupy a leading position, the indicators in the Khabarovsk territory exceed the average, while the possibility of effective prevention is limited. Aims: to study the structure, causes and circumstances of injuries in children of Khabarovsk to create the possibility of effective primary prevention. Materials and methods: the analysis 21 081 case cases children in 2018 in hospital Khabarovsk, providing emergency medical care for children with injuries, poisoning, burns. Results: of the study allowed to establish that among children older than 3 years boys prevailed, there are two age peaks of trauma in 1-2 years and 11-14 years, but the largest number of injuries is characteristic of adolescents. According to the circumstances of injury, the children were divided into five groups: street injury – the most frequent type of injury (5 004 children, 40,34 % of cases), increased from 4-5 years of age, reaching a maximum of 10-11 years. Home accident (30,53 %, 3 231 case) had the maximum cases in 1-2 years. Injuries in General education institutions (school, kindergarten) amounted to 14,48 % of cases (1 786 children), there was a peak in 11-14 years, followed by a decrease. Sports injury was 10,90 % (1 497 cases). 143 children (1,65 % of all injuries) were victims of violence and/or hooliganism. Auto-injury was the most rare and amounted to 2,11 % of cases.

Incident analysis of various sections of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plant

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the hazards associated with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plant. Due to the release of LPG, different possible hazards, such as fireball, jet fire and vapour cloud explosion (VCE), may take place in the bottling plant. Each critical stages of bottling plants are briefly discussed and modelled in ALOHA and PHAST, and their simulated consequences of results are compared. In this article, the complete bottling plant has been divided into various risk zones which are expected accidental areas (like tank storage area, small domestic cylinder storage area, and LPG pump and compressor area). The risks during handling and the use of LPG have been analysed and modelled and their results are compared. Among all the accident scenarios, fireball was found to be the most dangerous condition in the bullet and small cylinder storage units. Overall, bullet storage unit was found to be the most hazardous section having the most destructive damage (with an overpressure of 0.41 bar), which causes complete destruction, large number of injuries and fatalities (within a distance of 215 m) in case of VCE and having a thermal intensity of 37.5 kW/m2 which causes deaths due to burn up to the largest distance (324 m) in the case of fireball.