Large Industrial Facilities Research Articles

Conceptual MINLP approach to the development of a CO2 supply chain network – Simultaneous consideration of capture and utilization process flowsheets

A large fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions comes from large point sources such as power plants, petroleum refineries, and large industrial facilities. A significant decrease of these CO2 emissions can be achieved with CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. This study proposes a conceptually simplified model for the optimization of combined CO2 supply networks and capture and utilization technologies by the mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) approach. The objective is to maximize the profit of CCUS technologies, considering chemisorption using methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA) as a capture technology and conversion of CO2 to CH3OH as a utilization technology. Additionally, avoided tax from reduced CO2 emissions is considered as a revenue. A hypothetical case study of five larger point sources of CO2 was investigated, namely coal power plants, biogas plant, aluminium production plant and two cement plants. Two scenarios were considered: i) Scenario A considering different values of the CO2 tax, and ii) Scenario B considering different flue gas flowrates at different values of the CO2 tax. The results show the potential of model-based optimization in reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by CCUS technology. Furthermore, the results in Scenario A show that CCUS technology is only profitable if the price of CO2 emissions is higher than 110 €/t emitted CO2. Moreover, the results in Scenario B show that both the profit and the production of CH3OH depend to a large extent on the flue gas flow.

Chromosomal anomalies of the fetus of pregnant women from settlements prone to technogenic pollution

The article presents the analysis results of the spectrum and frequency of distribution of the fetus chromosomal set of 590 pregnant women living in the city of Aktobe and various districts of the Aktobe region in Kazakhstan. Biological material was obtained by biopsy of the chorion and placenta, amniocentesis and cordocentesis. For the preparation of chromosome formations, the conventional “direct” method and the classical method of cell cultivation were used. Metaphase cells were stained with GTG and FISH methods. In total, 64 (10.9%) cases of fetal karyotype abnormalities were detected. Of these, genomic abnormalities accounted for 59 (10.0%), and structural – 5 (8.5%). Among the genomic abnormalities in 39 (66.1%) cases, the fetus had a Down syndrome karyotype. The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus of pregnant women in Aktobe, where industrial facilities of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy are located, was 7.9%. The frequency of fetal chromosomal abnormalities in 3 districts of Aktobe region (fetal karyotypes of 39 pregnant women were studied) without large industrial facilities was 12.8%, and with the presence of large industrial complexes in 5 districts (fetal karyotypes of 131 pregnant women were studied) – 19,8%, which is 1.5 times more. Thus, it can be assumed that technogenic pollution by large industrial complexes (mining, cement, chemical, oil and gas processing industries) of places of residence contributes to the appearance of genomic and structural disorders of the genetic apparatus of human cells. Key words: prenatal diagnosis, fetal karyotype, chromosomal abnormalities, technogenic factor.  

Structural Health Monitoring of Walking Dragline Excavator Using Acoustic Emission

The article is devoted to the organization of the structural health monitoring of a walking dragline excavator using the acoustic emission (AE) method. Since the dragline excavator under study is a large and noisy industrial facility, preliminary prospecting researches were carried out to conduct effective control by the AE method, including the study of AE sources, AE waveguide, and noise parameters analysis. In addition, AE filtering methods were improved. It is shown that application of the developed filtering algorithms allows to detect AE impulses from cracks and defects against a background noise exceeding the useful signal in amplitude and intensity. Using the proposed solutions in the monitoring of a real dragline excavator during its operation made it possible to identify a crack in one of its elements (weld joint in a dragline back leg).

Stimuli contributing to local property taxation – with the focus on spatial effects of industry and functional urban areas

Abstract In this study, we argue that a historical background of the region matters in tax mimicking and yardstick competition as a matter of principle. We seek to determine factors supporting the policy of the high local property tax in the Czech Republic. Based on the statistical and spatial data of 6,258 municipalities between 2009 and 2019, the results show that the municipalities burdened by large industrial facilities, as well as municipalities in the functional urban areas (FUAs), apply the policy of higher property taxation twice frequently than the rest. On the other hand, the industrial stimuli keep enfeebling after 2010, and the number of local governments preferring high property taxation is variegated across different FUAs. The causal analysis based on Granger's approach concludes an existence of cumulative effects of both industry and the FUAs, which push the municipalities with large industrial facilities located within an FUA to increase the property taxes. From the mimicking point of view, we found that mimicking policy is an important phenomenon among the municipalities of Czech Republic; however, it has different impacts on both stimuli (Industry and FUA). The analysis suggests that it rather incites the municipalities within the FUA to increase the local property taxes.

Research of fungal diseases of herbaceous plants exposed from Aksu Ferroalloy Plant

Main problem: Technogenic "metamorphosis" of vegetation near such large industrial facilities as Pavlodar is considered to be the result of various active chemical and mechanical factors provoked by economic activities associated with the influence of emissions from industrial companies. The effect of anthropogenic impacts on vegetation in all regions of Kazakhstan varies and is largely dependent on the economic development of the territory, but in any case, the end result of this impact is the change in the vegetation, causing violations of with structure, reduced vodorazdelnaya flora and productivity of communities. This, in turn, can cause infection of herbaceous plants with pathogenic fungi, which then carry with them: a decrease in the intensity of plant growth, a deterioration in their decorative qualities, a decrease in the survival of the biological species. Purpose: to study the types of fungi-pathogens of phytopathogenic diseases and to determine the degree of modification of the plant component, which is under intense negative technogenic influence from the Aksu Ferroalloy Plant (AFР). Мethods: For the experimental study, species of plants such as: Artemisia dracunculus L; Artemesia vulgaris L; Atriplex fera L; Atriplex patula L; Artemisia annua L were selected for the content of fungi- pathogens of phytopathogenic diseases. Results and their significance: This experimental study was aimed at the presence of fungi-pathogens of herbaceous plants as a result of human impact, occurring near the industrial zone "AFР". The composition of fungi-pathogens of herbaceous plants collected in this industrial zone was considered and studied. According to the results of an experimental laboratory study, phytopathogenic fungi of herbaceous plants belonging to 1 ordo, 1 familia, and 4 species were found.

Ambient air quality data reported at Sasol Secunda monitoring stations during COVID-19 lockdown – Mpumalanga, South Africa

Various local and international research has been published on the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient air quality. In most cases, a reduction in ambient NOx and PM concentrations have been observed with varying changes in ambient SO2 levels. Secunda, located in the Highveld Priority Area in Mpumalanga, South Africa is known for its large industrial facilities utilising coal as primary feedstock. The towns of Secunda and eMbalenhle provide the majority of the workforce to Sasol and has therefore been the focus of this study. The ambient air quality in the Secunda region was assessed due to the changes in human behaviour during lockdown, familiarity with the Sasol facility and the strategic locations of ambient air quality stations.Results show a clear decrease in ambient CO, NO2 and PM concentrations, especially during the first two weeks of lockdown. Only subtle changes were observed for ambient H2S and SO2 pollutant concentrations at the ambient monitoring stations. An increasing trend in all ambient species was observed towards the end and post lockdown, in contrast to declining ambient temperatures with the onset of winter. This is also contrary to the reduction in emissions from the factory that conducted annual maintenance in the month following lockdown (phase shutdown). This article concludes that human behaviour has a material local ambient impact on CO, NO2 and PM pollutant species, while H2S concentration profiles are more directly related to the industrial complex’s levels of activity. Ambient SO2 trends did not show a similar correlation with the facility’s activities (as H2S), but a stronger correlation was observed with the diverse local and regional sources in close proximity to Secunda and eMbalenhle. The influence of better dispersion especially on a local scale, brought about by more effective emission heights, is considered material. Moreover, meteorological factors, on local air quality, has been shown to be a material contributor to observed ambient air quality levels in the study domain

Milk Components by In-Line Fiber Optic Probe-Based FT-NIR: Commercial Scale Evaluation of a Potential Alternative Measurement Approach for Milk Payment.

Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy has traditionally been used to determine the macronutrients in bovine milk, as the basis of milk payment. Recent studies have demonstrated that NIR/FT-NIR spectroscopic systems can not only achieve MIR measurement performance, but are also generally simpler, more robust, and thus much more amenable to actual industrial process applications. The goal of this unique study was to investigate the feasibility of in-line FT-NIR spectroscopy for milk fat, protein, and total solids (TS) determination in a large industrial dairy processing facility, as an alternative basis for milk payment. Multivariant chemometric models using partial least squares (PLS) regression were built to predict the milk components. Over 1000 composite FT-NIR results gathered from the milk unloading process were compared directly to independent third-party FT-IR results. Accuracy, precision, and linearity of the method were shown by Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) and Range/SEP of individual components. The SEP for fat, protein, and TS models were 0.09, 0.11, and 0.52, respectively. Range/SEP were 25.10, 12.60, and 6.40 for fat, protein, and TS, respectively. Accuracy and precision for the three components were further evaluated by the mean differences (0.01, 0.05, and 0.51) from dairy FT-IR results and the standard deviations of the mean difference (0.09, 0.09, and 0.13). Robustness was demonstrated by evaluating milk with natural variation over 6 months and using multiple instrumentation setups. The repeatability was also evaluated. Overall, the in-line FT-NIR technology was found to have accurate, reliable, consistent performance similar to dairy FT-IR technology.

Geology, Tectonics and Stratigraphy of the Construction Site of the New Bushehr NPP Units in the Islamic Republic of Iran as Part of Recent Geotechnical Studies

Southern Iran in the area of Zagros and the borders of the Arabian and Eurasian plates is a seismically active territory in which large industrial facilities are located, including Bushehr NPP. In this regard the relevance of studying modern geodynamics and geology of the region is understandable. The geological structure of the territory after engineering surveys of 1974-2001 no longer seemed questionable. However, after completion of engineering surveys for new NPP units in 2015, new views on some positions on seismotectonics, and later on the geology of the area, appeared. The article provides information about the geology, tectonics and stratigraphy of the region and the research area, including not covered earlier in domestic reporting materials and scientific articles, and also considered the possible reasons for the appearance of other interpretations regarding seismotectonics and geology of the area where the NPP site is located. A brief analysis of the research results, both previously completed and completed relatively recently, is presented. An additional argument is considered in favor of the presence of fault zones within the Bushehr anticline proposed by Iranian researchers. In particular, the Khark-Mish fault supposed by them may be part of the buried ancient anticlinal fold before the position of its axis changes in the modern period as a result of neotectonic processes common to the region as a whole. The geology and tectonics of the Bushehr anticline are compared with similar structures on Fr. Hark and the nearest islands. Updated information on the stratigraphy of individual geological formations of the region and the research area is also provided. In spite of the reasoned justification of various positions on the geology and tectonics of the region, it seems necessary to conduct a number of additional special direct and indirect studies aimed at ensuring the safety of the Bushehr NPPs under construction and operating.

SO2 and HCHO over the major cities of Kazakhstan from 2005 to 2016: influence of political, economic and industrial changes

Satellite observations of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for tropospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) column mass densities (CMD) are analyzed for the period 2005–2016 over the atmosphere of Kazakhstan. Regarding SO2 the major hot spots relate to regions with high population and large industrial facilities. Such an example is the city of Ekibastuz that hosts the biggest thermal power plants in the country and exhibits the higher SO2 CMD at national level. The annual average CMD in Ekibastuz reaches 2.5 × 10−5 kg/m2, whereas for the rest of the country respective values are 6 times lower. Other hotspots, mostly urban conglomerates such as Almaty and Nur-Sultan, experience high CMDs of SO2 in particular years, such as 2008. One of the main reasons for this behavior is the financial crisis of 2008, forcing the application of alternate heating sources based on cheap low-quality coal. Regarding HCHO, an oxygenated Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), the main hot spot is noticed over the city Atyrau, the oil capital of the country where two massive oil fields are located. The highest HCHO CMD (9 × 1015 molecules/cm2) appears in the summertime due to secondary production as a result of the photo-oxidation of VOCs emitted by industrial sectors, oil refinery plants and vehicles. Strongly elevated HCHO amounts are also observed in Nur-Sultan in 2012 that could be due to the residential coal combustion and vehicle exhaust under poor winter dispersion conditions. Significant reductions in HCHO observed between 2012 and 2015 can be attributed to two significant measures implemented in the country in 2013 that aimed at the improvement of air quality: the introduction of the emission trading system (ETS) for greenhouse gases and Euro-4 standards for new vehicles entering the national vehicle fleet.

Factors in the Relationship between Maintenance Engineering and Knowledge Management

The mechanisms of transmission and management of knowledge are mostly created by maintenance and exploitation activities of large buildings and industrial facilities, but they are poorly studied due to the difficulty capturing themas they belong to tacit knowledge gained by the experience of the maintenance staff. These professionals are highly qualified and are accostumed to solving technical problems even under pressure. The loss of these professionals means losing also an important asset of the company. This article will tackle the importance of the factors that influence knowledge management (KM) in maintenance engineering and its barriers and facilitators. The research is carried out by qualitative investigation on maintenance staff of an industrial company.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЕКТАМИ И ПРОГРАММАМИ С ОПТИМИЗАЦИЕЙ ИХ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ

The article examines the problems of project management related to their development and subsequent construction of large industrial facilities, optimization of processes and evaluation of efficiency in the process of selecting and searching for the best alternatives for the construction of facilities or enterprises in the region.

The Tatary district as the first modern multidwelling residential estate in Lublin

The Tatary district is located in the central-east part of Lublin. It includes the first Lublin’s multi-dwelling residential estate neighbouring buzzing streets and large industrial facilities, built according to modern architectural and urban concepts. The residential estate, erected starting in the 1950’, served as a model for subsequent large residential estates of Lublin. The technical solutions introduced in the Tatary buildings translated into a new standard of living and functional solutions that were unique within the traditional city tissue, shaping it permanently. After almost 60 years, the estate is facing a number of problems due to political, planning and architectural decisions. This article aims at describing and evaluating these past solutions.

Возможности технологии «цифровой двойник» для подземной исследовательской лаборатории в Нижнеканском массиве

The paper highlights key aspects associated with the introduction of advanced digital technologies under the development of large complex industrial facilities. It considers the applicability of a "digital twin" technology in the development of an underground research facility in the Niznekanskiy massif (Krasnoyarsk territory) (URF NKM).

The CMEA and the Third World in the Second Half of the 1950s. Based on Documents from the Archive of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

For the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), the second half of the 1950s was the time of gradual transition to specialization of production, harmonization of economic development plans, complication of the structure of the organization. At the same time, the active penetration of the people's democracies into the market of third world states began. The article, based on documents from the archive of the French Foreign Ministry, shows the view of Western Europe at the beginning of the external expansion of the CMEA. The figures given in the article on cooperation between Moscow and its allies with several dozen developing states allow us to draw a conclusion about the real scale of the CMEA assistance to the third world. The issuance of loans at very low interest rates, assistance in the construction of large industrial facilities, the dispatch of highly qualified personnel — all these played an important role in the industrialization of a number of third world countries. Compared to the United States, the countries of the socialist camp spent less funds and provided support to a smaller number of states, but even with more limited capabilities, the CMEA was able to win competition with the West in some countries, primarily in the United Arab Republic and India. Moreover, the French documents show that the CMEA acted like a real bloc, in which not only Moscow, but also its allies in the socialist camp actively participated in the development of cooperation with developing countries (for example, Eastern Europe countries granted 40 % of the CMEA loans to third world countries). On the whole, even despite the lack of an integrated approach in the CMEA to the development of cooperation with third world countries, France took the external expansion of the CMEA very seriously and believed that real rivalry between East and West would unfold exactly in the third world.

Разработка системы анализа состояния окружающей среды в зонах расположения крупных промышленных объектов, хвостохранилищ и отвалов

Разработка системы анализа состояния окружающей среды в зонах расположения крупных промышленных объектов, хвостохранилищ и отвалов

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВЕЧНОЙ МЕРЗЛОТЫ НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКОМ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКЕ РОССИИ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XX в.

On the basis of a wide range of sources, the research analyzes the history of the study of permafrost in the territory of the European Northeast of Russia in the first half of the 20th century. The documentary sources revealed in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), the National Archive of the Komi Republic (Syktyvkar), the Scientific Archive of the Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Syktyvkar), the Vorkuta Museum and Exhibition Center (Vorkuta) are introduced into the scientific use for the first time. The 1920s became the period of the birth of a new scientific direction – permafrostology. This science gave an impetus to the systematic study and development of the North and the Arctic. The beginning of systematic geocryologic studies was connected with the development of the European Northeast in the 1920s–1930s. It has been determined that the USSR Academy of Sciences played the leading role in carrying out these studies: it organized special scientific expeditions for studying the cryolithozone of this region. The main results of the studies and their motives interconnected with the government’s interests in the development of valuable northern mineral resources are shown. The results of the expeditions were conclusions about the possibility of constructing large industrial facilities in the regions of the explored reserves of natural raw material resources. Following scientists’ recommendation, the industrial development of the Pechora coal basin and the colonization of the polar region began. The climatic and natural features of the region demanded stationary scientific research in the field of design and construction. The Vorkuta Research Permafrost Station (VRPS) (1936–1958), created under the supervision of the USSR Academy of Sciences, began to carry out this research. Today, the history of this station’s activities is poorly studied. The article presents the main directions of VRPS research: engineering permafrostology and general issues of permafrost studies. The staff of the station were researchers of the Committee on Permafrost Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences and scientists from among prisoners of GULAG. The role of the staff who made a great contribution to permafrost studies is shown. Under the leadership of the scientists of the station, on the basis of their techniques, large industrial structures of Vorkuta District and Vorkuta, among them the first railroad in the conditions of permafrost, were designed. The conclusion is drawn on the leading role of scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences in carrying out studies of permafrost soil in the European Northeast in the first half of the 20th century which became the basis in the successful solution of construction problems in the Arctic territory.

Küçük Hidrolik Santrallerde Kapasite Faktör Analizi Ve Giresun Özelinde Bir Uygulama

Energy is the fundamental element of social and economic sustainability in every aspect of life, from the smallest living body to large scale industrial facilities. In Turkey rapidly increasing industrial development process lead to extensive energy demand, which is met largely from imported fossil sources. Especially in recent years, as a result of increasing environmental awareness and economic and strategic reasons, a portion of the energy deficit is fed from, clean and reliable hydroelectric power plants with great importance. In our country, a total of 295511 GWh electricity was produced in 2017. About 41368 GWh (14%) of the total amount was generated by large hydraulic plants and 17082 GWh (5.78%) by small hydraulic plants. In this study, small hydroelectric power (SHP) stations are considered to reduce the increasing energy cost and for this purpose SHP in Giresun are analyzed leading to private additives in the capacity factor analysis. According to the results it is possible to conclude that thetime of power plant investment is shortened as the capacity factor increases in hydroelectric power plants.

Цифровое общество: новые возможности — новые угрозы

<p>Формирование цифрового общества является стратегической целью развития России, экономическая устойчивость и национальная безопасность которой напрямую зависят от степени ее конкурентоспособности. Сегодня одним из приоритетов информационного развития является такая цифровая технология, как технология Интернета вещей, способствующая созданию «интеллектуальной окружающей среды». Актуальность этой технологии определяется не только ее применимостью в потребительских бытовых условиях («умный дом», «умный город»), но главным образом — возможностью создания систем, в которых интеллектуальные устройства, объединенные в сети, совместно с людьми-операторами осуществляют работу в средах, опасных или недоступных для человека, — в космосе, на больших глубинах, в ядерных установках, трубопроводах и т. п. Однако применение этой технологии имеет и «побочные эффекты» — нанесение физического ущерба человеку через вживленные в его тело чипы, внедрение в систему управления домом и городским хозяйством в целях выведения из строя объектов и коммунальных систем. Наиболее тяжелые последствия имеют проникновения в системы крупных промышленных объектов, управление которыми осуществляется в автоматическом режиме через Интернет. Именно поэтому внедрение цифровых технологий требует анализа рисков и угроз как экономике, так и человеку и обществу.</p>

Assessing the Geoecological Status of the Floodplain-Terrace Complex of the Tuul River Within Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)

The paper gives characteristics of natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for the geoecological situation inside the boundaries of the floodplain-terrace complex of the Tuul river within Ulaanbaatar. Among them, the geological structure and orography (occurrence in the intermontane depression), the specific character of climate-forming (frequent temperature inversions) and hydrological (mainly summer feed by rain water) characteristics, the degree of economic development (high pressure on the central city zone) and population density in administrative districts, etc. have been distinguished. Results obtained from hydro- and geochemical analyses of the territory and published previously (during 2009–2013) were used in the typification of the areas of the floodplain-terrace complex of the Tuul river according to the intensity of anthropogenic impact. An analysis was made of the sources of pollution, primarily of large industrial enterprises and facilities of housing and communal services: combined heat and power plants, industrial, meat-packing and biological plants, the poultry farm, sewage treatment plants, etc. Based on a comparative analysis of average concentrations of the component composition of the river waters and floodplain soils, maximum exceedances of maximum and approximate permissible concentrations of pollutants were determined. Categories of the intensity of anthropogenic impact were identified to vary from decreased to very high. It is shown that, in spite of a high degree of geochemical understanding of the urban territory of Ulaanbaatar, no detailed investigations have been made within the floodplain-terrace complex of the Tuul river. The first-time assessment of the geoecological status of the sites across the study territory determined the migration routes of chemical substances and correlated their occurrence in natural environment with the sources of pollution. According to the intensity of anthropogenic impact, for each site of the floodplain-terrace complex we have suggested environmental and water protection measures. Results of the assessment are presented in the form of cartographic material.

Detection of Strong NOX Emissions from Fine-scale Reconstruction of the OMI Tropospheric NO2 Product

Satellite-retrieved atmospheric NO2 column products have been widely used in assessing bottom-up NOX inventory emissions emitted from large cities, industrial facilities, and power plants. However, the satellite products fail to quantify strong NOX emissions emitted from the sources less than the satellite’s pixel size, with significantly underestimating their emission intensities (smoothing effect). The poor monitoring of the emissions makes it difficult to enforce pollution restriction regulations. This study reconstructs the tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Aura (13 × 24 km2 pixel resolution at nadir) over South Korea to a fine-scale product (grid resolution of 3 × 3 km2) using a conservative spatial downscaling method, and investigates the methodological fidelity in quantifying the major Korean area and point sources that are smaller than the satellite’s pixel size. Multiple high-fidelity air quality models of the Weather Research and Forecast-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and the Weather Research and Forecast/Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (WRF/CMAQ) were used to investigate the downscaling uncertainty in a spatial-weight kernel estimate. The analysis results showed that the fine-scale reconstructed OMI NO2 VCD revealed the strong NOX emission sources with increasing the atmospheric NO2 column concentration and enhanced their spatial concentration gradients near the sources, which was accomplished by applying high-resolution modeled spatial-weight kernels to the original OMI NO2 product. The downscaling uncertainty of the reconstructed OMI NO2 product was inherent and estimated by 11.1% ± 10.6% at the whole grid cells over South Korea. The smoothing effect of the original OMI NO2 product was estimated by 31.7% ± 13.1% for the 6 urbanized area sources and 32.2% ± 17.1% for the 13 isolated point sources on an effective spatial resolution that is defined to reduce the downscaling uncertainty. Finally, it was found that the new reconstructed OMI NO2 product had a potential capability in quantifying NOX emission intensities of the isolated strong point sources with a good correlation of R = 0.87, whereas the original OMI NO2 product failed not only to identify the point sources, but also to quantify their emission intensities (R = 0.30). Our findings highlight a potential capability of the fine-scale reconstructed OMI NO2 product in detecting directly strong NOX emissions, and emphasize the inherent methodological uncertainty in interpreting the reconstructed satellite product at a high-resolution grid scale.