Large Dogs Research Articles

Plasma Concentration of Advanced Glycation End-Products From Wild Canids and Domestic Dogs Does Not Change With Age or Across Body Masses.

Dogs provide a physiological paradox: In domestic dogs, small breeds live longer lives than large breed dogs. Comparatively, a wild canid can be a similar size than many large breed dogs and outlive their domestic cousin. We have previously shown that oxidative stress patterns between domestic and wild canids differ, so that wild canids invest in a robust antioxidant system across their lives; whereas domestic dogs tend to accumulate lipid damage with age. There is a close association between oxidative stress and the production of a carbohydrate based-damage, Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs). AGEs can bind to their receptor (RAGE), which can lead to increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and decreases in antioxidant capacity. Here, I used plasma from wild and domestic canids to address whether blood plasma AGE-BSA concentration associated with body mass and age in domestic dogs; And whether AGE-BSA concentration patterns in blood plasma from wild canids are similar to those found in domestic dogs. I found no correlation between circulating AGE-BSA concentration and body size or age in either domestic dogs and wild canids. These data suggest that AGEs formation may be a conserved trait across the evolution of domesticated dogs from wild ancestors, in opposition to oxidative stress patterns between these two groups. And, that, in domestic dogs, lipid metabolism, rather than carbohydrate metabolism, may be upregulated to yield the previously found differences in circulating lipid damage across lifespan and body sizes.

Prevalence of mineralisation of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle in non-lame dogs.

Mineralisation of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle has been reported as a common finding in dogs with thoracic limb lameness. It is not clear if the mineralisation is a clinically significant cause, or a secondary effect, of lameness. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of mineralisation of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle in dogs presented to the clinic for reasons other than lameness and where lameness was not evident at the time of presentation. Dogs undergoing CT of the thorax were identified from the clinical records. The dogs selected were those presented for clinical issues other than lameness and with no history of lameness. The CT scans were screened to identify the presence or otherwise of supraspinatus mineralisation. Signalment was recorded on all the cases. Supraspinatus mineralisation was detected in four out of 99 dogs (4%) with all four cases found in male dogs. Medium to large breed dogs were most frequently affected, with a mean age of 9 years. Unilateral mineralisation of the left thoracic limb only was identified. The prevalence of supraspinatus mineralisation was low in this population of non-lame dogs. This low level when compared to the higher prevalence level found in lame dogs, suggests that supraspinatus mineralisation could be associated with lameness in dogs either as an indirect result of lameness or as a primary cause.

Efficiency of 3D Implants with Bioactive Properties for Treatment of Extensive Bone Defects: Experimental Study

Background. The problem of replacing extensive bone defects remains relevant. The use of implant structures with bioactive properties can stimulate osteogenesis, which will improve the final treatment result.The aim of the study. In an in vivo experiment, to study the possibility of replacing an extensive defect in the bone diaphysis with a personal bioactive cellular 3D implant and evaluate the long-term results of its use.Materials and Methods. In an in vivo experiment, adult large mongrel dogs (n = 8) were modeled with an extensive segmental defect of the tibial diaphysis measuring 4 cm. The defect was replaced with a cellular bioactive 3D implant made of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, manufactured using the additive technology. The diameter of the cells was 1.5 mm on average. The walls of the implant had pores of 100– 300 μm in size. The inner and outer surfaces were coated with a calcium phosphate layer formed by micro-arc oxidation. The primary fixation was provided with the Ilizarov apparatus. In the early postoperative period, antibiotic prophylaxis with broad-spectrum drugs was performed. Clinical, X-ray, histological and statistical methods were used to analyze the results. The main control points were considered: the end of external fixation with the Ilizarov apparatus, after 180 days and 1 year after the termination of external fixation.Results. During the experiment, the death of animals and complications were not observed. The spatial location of the implant was preserved. The formation of a strong bone-implantation block occurred 37.2±6.3 days after the operation. During this period, the external fixation apparatus was dismantled. Osseointegration was provided under conditions of sufficient primary mechanical stability, due to the cellular structure of the implant, the presence of pores on its walls, and the osteoinductive properties of the applied calcium phosphate coating. The achieved degree of osseointegration persisted in long-term periods (6 months and 1 year after the termination of external fixation). The osteoinductive properties of the calcium phosphate coating were confirmed by the expression of osteopontin cells at all stages of the experiment. Outflow of Ca and P from bone fragments was not observed. An elastic sheath was formed on the surface of the implant, similar in structure to the periosteum. The implant cells were filled with a well-vascularized bone substrate. In the projection of the intermediate zone, compact bone tissue was formed, and in the projection of the medullary canal — reticulofibrous bone marrow. This indicates the possibility of organotypic remodeling of bone structures inside the implant.Conclusion. The results of the study showed the effectiveness of using a bioactive cellular 3D implant to replace an extensive defect in the shaft of the bone. The architectonics and osteoinductive properties of the implant surface contributed to the formation of complete osseointegration in a short time, while maintaining the achieved result in long-term periods.

Effects of Two Commercial Diets on Several Reproductive Parameters in Bitches: Note Two-Lactation and Puppies' Performance.

Simple SummaryPregnancy dramatically changes the metabolic status of bitches. As a consequence, malnutrition negatively affects both reproductive parameters and survival rates of puppies. Therefore, before mating and conception, as well as during pregnancy and lactation, it is necessary to satisfy the bitches’ specific nutritional requirements. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two diets, Control (CTR) and Experimental (EX), which differ mainly as regards ingredients, energy, and protein contents, and which were administered to bitches of medium and large size from two months before the expected onset of proestrus up to 30 days after delivery. Bitches’ weight, body condition score, litter size, milk yield and quality, and puppies’ growth were evaluated. Considering the performance of the bitches and the puppies, it would seem that both the diets are adequate for bitches at these stages of their life cycle. In fact, after 30 days of lactation, all tested bitches showed a healthy status. Moreover, both the percentage of newborns mortality and puppies’ growth kinetics fell within the normal physiological range for the species.The study aimed to compare two diets, Control (CTR) and Experimental (EX) (mainly differing as regards their ingredients, energy, and protein contents) administered to medium and large-sized bitches from two months before the expected proestrus and up to 30 days after delivery on mothers’ weight, body condition score, litter size, milk quality, and puppies’ growth. No differences were found for body weight during pregnancy, even if the BCS after delivery was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the EX group than in the CTR one. Concerning the size effect, the percentage of weight gain on the initial body weight was double in medium-sized dogs compared to large dogs (p < 0.01). The number of puppies per litter was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the EX group compared to the CTR one. Concerning puppies’ weight, the CTR group showed a significantly (p < 0.01) higher body weight from the 21st day of life due to the significant (p < 0.01) higher daily weight gain during the suckling period. Considering the performance of bitches and puppies, both diets seem useful for these stages of their lives. In fact, after 30 days of lactation, all tested bitches showed a healthy status and both the percentage of newborns mortality and puppies’ growth kinetics fell into the normal physiological range for the species.

Geometric modelling of CORA-based levelling osteotomy in the dog

Centre of rotation of angulation (CORA)-based levelling osteotomy (CBLO) is a recent addition to surgical procedures for stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient canine stifle joint. Careful identification of the CORA location preoperatively and use of this location intraoperatively are required to ensure accurate correction of the tibial plateau angle. Limited data are available regarding the magnitude and source of potential errors during planning and execution of CBLO. A geometric model enabling isolation of various error sources is described.Landmarks were derived from tibial radiographs (n = 50) by 5 observers and used to define proximal and distal anatomical axes for simulation of CBLO. Observer-specific CORA locations with mean landmark data were used to assess planning errors, and simulated malpositioning of the CORA at 10 mm from the ideal location was used to assess surgical errors.Planning errors result mainly from tibial plateau misidentification, with CORA locations dispersed up to ±10 mm proximodistally from ideal (95% confidence). Malpositioning of the CORA during surgery causes equal and opposite changes in tibial plateau angle (TPA) and anatomical-mechanical axis angles, and varying degrees of translation and limb length changes. The magnitude of these changes is dependent on initial TPA and limb length, with smaller dogs and steeper tibial plateaus resulting in larger errors.Optimal planning and execution are required to achieve the planned outcome of CBLO. The main source of error in our simulation is identification of the tibial plateau. While both pre- and intraoperative errors influenced TPA, based on our geometric model the effect in larger dogs may not be clinically significant. If distalisation of the CORA is required during surgery, compensation of the CORA angle to maintain the target TPA is possible.

Fluralaner as a novel treatment for sarcoptic mange in the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus): safety, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and practicable use

BackgroundSarcoptic mange causes significant animal welfare and occasional conservation concerns for bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) throughout their range. To date, in situ chemotherapeutic interventions have involved macrocytic lactones, but their short duration of action and need for frequent re-administration has limited treatment success. Fluralaner (Bravecto®; MSD Animal Health), a novel isoxazoline class ectoparasiticide, has several advantageous properties that may overcome such limitations.MethodsFluralaner was administered topically at 25 mg/kg (n = 5) and 85 mg/kg (n = 2) to healthy captive bare-nosed wombats. Safety was assessed over 12 weeks by clinical observation and monitoring of haematological and biochemical parameters. Fluralaner plasma pharmacokinetics were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Efficacy was evaluated through clinical assessment of response to treatment, including mange and body condition scoring, for 15 weeks after topical administration of 25 mg/kg fluralaner to sarcoptic mange-affected wild bare-nosed wombats (n = 3). Duration of action was determined through analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters and visual inspection of study subjects for ticks during the monitoring period. Methods for diluting fluralaner to enable ‘pour-on’ application were compared, and an economic and treatment effort analysis of fluralaner relative to moxidectin was undertaken.ResultsNo deleterious health impacts were detected following fluralaner administration. Fluralaner was absorbed and remained quantifiable in plasma throughout the monitoring period. For the 25 mg/kg and 85 mg/kg treatment groups, the respective means for maximum recorded plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 6.2 and 16.4 ng/ml; for maximum recorded times to Cmax, 3.0 and 37.5 days; and for plasma elimination half-lives, 40.1 and 166.5 days. Clinical resolution of sarcoptic mange was observed in all study animals within 3–4 weeks of treatment, and all wombats remained tick-free for 15 weeks. A suitable product for diluting fluralaner into a ‘pour-on’ was found. Treatment costs were competitive, and predicted treatment effort was substantially lower relative to moxidectin.ConclusionsFluralaner appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment for sarcoptic mange in the bare-nosed wombat, with a single dose lasting over 1–3 months. It has economic and treatment-effort-related advantages over moxidectin, the most commonly used alternative. We recommend a dose of 25 mg/kg fluralaner and, based on the conservative assumption that at least 50% of a dose makes dermal contact, Bravecto Spot-On for Large Dogs as the most appropriate formulation for adult bare-nosed wombats.Graphical abstract

Open-heart techniques and mitral valve plasty for mitral regurgitation in toy- and small-breed dogs: A review

In human medicine, in the past, open-heart techniques for low-bodyweight children and newborn babies with congenital heart disease were more difficult than high-bodyweight adults. In toy- and small-breed dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR), an acquired heart disease, these techniques are more difficult to perform than for congenital heart diseases in young medium-sized or large dogs because of old age and low body weight. Therefore, improved open-heart techniques and mitral valve surgery for severe MR in older toy- and small-breed dogs are essential. Through our surface-cooling hypothermia (sHT) studies, we designed a new, improved open-heart method, namely, “the low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) combined with deep sHT in toy- and small-breed dogs (Japan method)”; sHT was later replaced by blood-cooling hypothermia (bHT). At the same time, we devised a new, improved mitral valve plasty (MVP) applicable to severe MR, instead of mitral valve replacement, in toy- and small-breed dogs. This MVP technique was combined with artificial chordal reconstruction, semi-circular suture annuloplasty (AP), and direct scallop-suture valvuloplasty. These MVP techniques are simple, durable, and lead to good long-term quality of life in toy- and small-breed dogs. This review highlights the benefits of our improved CPB and MVP techniques (Japan method) for severe MR in toy-and small-breed dogs, which have led to a high success rate for MVP in severe clinical MR cases in Japan. It may further contribute to the development of more robust techniques for MR in toy- and small-breed dogs. This also represents the first comprehensive review of the history of open-heart surgery, CPB techniques, and MVP methods for MR in toy- and small-breed dogs.

Аборигенные собаки Байкальского региона с Иволгинского городища (Западное Забайкалье)

Archaeological sites of Baikal region have rich collections of canid remains. By the Iron Age dogs become abundant in some Transbaikalia archaeological sites, especially in Xiongnu complexes. Ivolginsk Fortress is one of Transbaikalia's most important Xiongnu sites, where a dog is the first (in faunal collections of 1955–1974 excavations) and the fourth (in faunal collection of 2017 excavation) numerous among domestic animals. However, the dog remains from the site are not extensively studied. To address parts of this lacuna, this paper describes ten dog skulls from Ivolginsk Fortress. The purpose of study is to determine the morphological type of dogs living in the fortress during the Iron Age. Their skulls are similar in size and shape to those of East Siberian Laikas. For this reason, we made a comparison of skulls from Ivolginsk Fortress to those of East Siberian Laika of the early twentieth century, which showed the general similarity in morphological characteristics of these skulls. Therefore, all dogs from Ivolginsk Fortress were identified as northern (Laika-like) type of dogs. Also, as a result of the morphological description of the Ivolginsk skulls, two size groups of Ivolginsk dogs were identified. However, a comparison of the size of the skulls to body mass made it possible to divide the Ivolginsk dogs into three size groups: small-, medium- and large-sized individuals. The Ivolginsk dog population consisted primarily of medium-sized dogs, small and large dogs were not abundant. Moreover, Ivolginsk dogs differed by some morphological characteristics: relative snout length (dogs with short and medium-length snouts) and relative skull width (dogs with narrow and wide skulls). The comparison of skulls from Ivolginsk Fortress to Holocene skulls from Far East and Baikal regions showed the similarity of Ivolginsk skulls to Early Holocene skulls from Cis- Baikal archaeological sites (Pad Kalashnikova, Ust-Belaia) and Early Medieval skulls from Amur archaeological sites. It could indicate that dogs of northern type were relatively widespread during most of the Holocene in the Baikal and Amur regions.

Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis associated with pectineus myectomy for treatment of hip dysplasia in dog

Background: Hip dysplasia (HD) is the most common non-traumatic orthopedic disease in large breed dogs. Treatment is chosen according to the severity of the condition, the age of the dog and the involvement of osteoarthritis (OA). For puppies up to 20-weeks-old, surgical treatment by the juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) technique can be performed. This procedure promotes the ventrolateral rotation of the acetabulum over the femoral head, which improves hip joint congruence and stability. The objective of this study is to report the case of a young dog with HD treated with JPS and pectineus myectomy. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed for up to one year after surgery.Case: A 17-week-old Saint Bernard puppy was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital showing abnormal weight bearing and lameness in pelvic limbs, without history of previous trauma. On orthopedic examination, there was a marked hypotrophy of the pelvic limb muscles, severe pain and laxity in the hip joints, and positive feature in the Ortolani test. The hip joint subluxation angle (SA) and reduction angle (RA) were measured. A radiographic study was carried out to evaluate the hip joints and measure the Norberg angle (NA), distraction index (DI), acetabular angle (AA) and dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA). The 20-week-old dog underwent surgical treatment by JPS technique. A ventral surgical approach to the pubis was performed and the pubic symphysis was cauterized with electrocautery. Partial pectineus myectomy technique was also performed. Drug therapy and restriction of physical activities were indicated in the early postoperative. The dog was evaluated by clinical and radiographic examinations at 4 months and 1 year after the surgical procedure. In the reassessment after 4 months of surgical treatment, the patient showed improvement in clinical signs, with mild lameness and absence of painful sensitivity in the movement of the hip joints. Radiographically, hip joint incongruity was observed, but with progressive improvement in the values of the measured variables. In the clinical examination 1 year after the procedure, the dog showed satisfactory weight bearing with slight lameness in pelvic limbs in the running gait. There was improvement in the thigh muscles and no painful signs were observed in the hip joints, but a positive result was detected in the Ortolani test. In the radiographic examination, bilateral articular incongruity was still observed, however, there was a mild improvement in the coverage of the acetabulum over the femoral head. The measured angles and indices showed favorable results regarding the recovery of hip joint stability and proper development.Discussion: Studies evaluating the JPS technique for the treatment of HD have shown to be a relatively simple and effective procedure, which allows altering the acetabular coverage, reducing the development of HD and the progression of OA. The need for an early diagnosis of this condition is essential, so that the JPS technique can be used in young dogs and offer effective results. In the present report, in the late postoperative period, the dog showed improvement in clinical signs, with favorable weight bearing and ambulation in pelvic limbs, recovery of limb muscles, absence of pain in the hip joints and decrease in RA and SA. Radiographically, the reduction in joint subluxation, improvement in acetabular coverage over femoral heads, increase in NA and AA, reduction in DI and DARA are evidence of the favorable outcome of ventrolateral rotation of the acetabulum after surgical treatment. The surgical technique used was effective, which enabled the dog to recover the functional use of the pelvic limbs and improve the quality of life.Keywords: hip dysplasia, juvenile pubic symphysiodesis, hip joint, osteoarthritis, dog.Título: Sinfisiodese púbica juvenil associada à miectomia do pectíneopara tratamento de displasia coxofemoral em cãoDescritores: displasia coxofemoral, sinfisiodese púbica juvenil, coxofemoral, osteoartrite.

Canine Leproid Granuloma in Mineiros City Mid-West Region of Brazil

Background: Among the bacterial dermopathy the canine leproid granuloma (CLG) is a nodular pyogranulomatous disorder that affects the skin or subcutaneous tissue mainly in the dorsal face of ear pinna, head, and extremity of members caused by Mycobacterium spp. The pathogenicity is still not well clarified regarding the causative agent, which has not yet been completely typified, but phylogenetically, it is related to Mycobacterium tilburgii, M. simiae, and M. genavense, in Brazil, by the species M. murphy. The objective of this study is to report a case of canine leproid granuloma, through cytology and histopathology, and present the therapeutic procedures until the regression of cutaneous lesion.Case: A 5-year-old Boxer breed, intac male weighing 32 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Clinic of UNIFIMES, in Mineiros City, Mid-West Region of Brazil, GO, Brazil. The animal had 4 nodules in the ears with evolution of 30 days, with no pruritus and without previous treatment. During the physical exam, the animal had normal physiological parameters. The cutaneous lesions were characterised by papules and alopecic nodules of firm to fibroelastic consistency, with progressive increase, located in the convex face of the ears. The fine needle aspiration puncture technique (FNAP) and histopathology for a definitive diagnosis was used, allowing the differentiation between inflammatory processes, infectious and neoplastic. Furthermore, blood was collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis for the assessment of renal and hepatic functions. In cytology, the stained blades by the Diff-quick stain in the microscopic exam had elevated cellularity, with several macrophages, and bacilliform structures in the negative image. Staining was also conducted by the Ziehl-Neelsen technique, which showed the presence of alcohol-acid-resistant bacilli (AARB) inside macrophages and in the centre of granuloma. In the animal’s follow up, a punch biopsy for histopathologic was conducted. A predominance of macrophages of epithelioid appearance, which were localised in the centre of nodulations, variable quantities de-agglomerates of degenerated neutrophils, was observed. In the periphery of the lesion intense infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasmocytes was found. Based on the clinical history, in the physical exam and laboratory findings, a treatment for mycobacteriosis with oral enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg every 24 h associated to doxycycline 10 mg/kg every 24 h and rifampicin topical twice a day in the cutaneous lesions was initiated. After three months of treatment, the animal did not have collateral effects with the association of antibiotics and had a complete clinical resolution, without recurrence.Discussion: Despite that the CLG etiopathogeny is not well clarified, it is important to highlight the involvement of insects, such as flies and mosquitoes, inoculating the mycobacteria. Despite the fact that large size dogs, of breeds with short hair that are raised outdoors, have greater susceptibility to CLG and the lesions can be located specially in the face and ears, it is recommended to use complementary exams, such as cytology and histopathology, to obtain a definitive diagnosis. The CLG is a disease already reported in some regions of the Brazilian territory; however, it is believed that it is underdiagnosed, making it difficult to effectively use the therapeutic protocol.

Metastatic Pelvic Osteosarcoma in a Dog

Background: Osteosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of bone tissue, with a high prevalence in dogs, especially in large and giant breeds. More commonly, such alterations affect the appendicular skeleton and, to a lesser extent, the axial skeleton. In order to obtain an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to combine cytological and histopathological findings with clinical parameters, imaging exams and macroscopic findings. In the present study, we report a rare case of combined-type pelvic osteosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a dog.Case: A 5-year-old intact large male dog of mixed breed, was submitted to clinical care because of an increase in volume of the left perineal region. The cytological evaluation, performed without imaging exams, indicated that it was an undifferentiated sarcoma. An incisional biopsy defined the diagnosis as telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and with progressive clinical worsening, the patient died. Necroscopic examination revealed multiple nodules in the lungs and an irregular mass with a hard to friable consistency. The mass was intensely vascularised and extended craniodorsally from the left ischial tuberosity to the base of the renal fossa. Microscopically, the neoplasm was diagnosed as combined osteosarcoma, consisting of the osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and telangiectatic subtypes. Metastases with a predominance of the chondroblastic subtype were observed in the lungs.Discussion: This is the first report of combined-type canine osteosarcoma in the ischium. The case reported here is unusual, as there are few reports of canine osteosarcoma in the pelvic bones, and there is no concrete information regarding its histological appearance. Osteosarcoma is the most common bone neoplasm in dogs, representing up to 80% of the tumours found in such organs. In the present case, the dog was a large young adult with a higher probability of neoplasm development. A cytopathological examination is a diagnostic method with good sensitivity and specificity that can confirm osteosarcomas. However, in this case, the cytological diagnosis, performed without the information from the imaging exam, indicated that it was an undifferentiated sarcoma, given the impossibility of the architectural assessment of the lesion. Biopsy samples sent for histology may not be representative of the entire tumour, leading to misclassification of the histological type. Therefore, the evaluation of fragments from various sites of the lesions is recommended. Regarding the morphology of osteosarcomas, such neoplasms have the osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic, large cell, and poorly differentiated subtypes. With regard to tumours located in the axial skeleton, no studies have assessed the predominance of a particular morphological type, as well as the incidence of combined-type masses in dogs in this particular location. Such neoplasms are locally aggressive and have a high metastatic potential, with the lungs being the main location for implantation of neoplastic cells. There is no proven evidence of the correlation between morphological presentations and the presence of metastases from osteosarcomas in dogs. The histological type is not a predictive factor for the behaviour of the neoplasm. However, the anatomical location is considered as one of the factors with the greatest influence on the prognosis and metastatic potential. Rib masses are associated with a higher rate of metastases compared to others. The definitive diagnosis of osteosarcomas and its correct subclassification are of great importance in the prognosis of affected patients. These require an approach that considers the clinical findings, imaging examinations, and macroscopic and microscopic alterations. Keywords: bone, canine, cytopathology, histopathology, neoplasm.Título: Osteossarcoma pélvico metastático em cão Descritores: canino, citopatologia, histopatologia, neoplasia, osso.

Lumbar Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in a Young Dog

Background: The most common location of malignant tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath in the spinal cord is the intradural-extramedullary region, and is rare in the spinal nerve roots in the lumbar region. They mainly affect large female dogs over six years of age. Imaging tests assist in the presumptive diagnosis, but confirmation requires histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. The prognosis is guarded. Diagnostic imaging, anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings of a malignant tumor of the intradural-extramedullary peripheral nerve sheath with medullary infiltration in the lumbar region in a young dog are reported.Case: A body of a 6-year-old Poodle dog was donated for necropsy and diagnostic clarification. In the history, there was a suspicion of lumbar intramedullary neoplasia, detected by computed tomography (CT), with a 4 years progressive chronic evolution. Additionally, the dog had hidden spina bifida (L7 to S3), as detected by radiography and CT. On post mortem radiographic examination (X-ray), there was an enlargement of the vertebral canal (T10 to S2), intense osteolysis (L1 to S2), spinous processes (L5 to L7), and ankylosis (L3 to L7). Necropsy revealed ankylosis (L3 to L7) and intradural-extramedullary mass (9.5 × 2.6 × 2.3 cm) (L2 to L6). No metastases were identified. On microscopy, there was neoplastic proliferation of cells with intense pleomorphism, arranged in bundles interlaced in palisades and sometimes solid mantles. The mitotic index was high, ranging from 10 to 12 mitoses per field. There was also necrosis, hemorrhage, edema, and focal axonal demyelination of the adjacent white matter in the spinal cord. Masson Trichrome staining highlighted an intense diffuse conjunctive stroma. There was a suspicion of a malignant tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath and an immunohistochemical panel was performed for confirmation. There was strong and diffuse positivity for vimentin and S-100 and partial positivity for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), negative for anti-factor VIII, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), α-actin for smooth muscle, cytokeratin, neurofilament, and desmin. Thus, the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of the peripheral nerve sheath was confirmed.Discussion: Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are classified as benign or malignant. In dogs, they are frequent in elderly, females, and large breeds. In this case report, the animal was young, female, and small breed. The location of the spinal nerve roots is uncommon, and is more commonly found in the brachial plexus. In the animal reported, the tumor was observed as lumbar swelling. Clinical signs vary with the affected region, however, neurogenic claudication and muscle atrophy are more frequent, as observed in this report. Imaging examinations such as X-rays and CT assist in the presumptive diagnosis. In this case report, spina bifida was identified on radiography, and CT suggested the presence of intramedullary neoplasia and allowed to monitor tumor growth. Post mortem X-ray imaging revealed intense osteolysis and ankylosis, which were confirmed at necropsy, which also elucidated its intradural-extramedullary location with infiltration into the spinal cord. The confirmation of the neoplasm was made by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination; the latter should be made a panel, not restricted to the use of antibodies S-100 and vimentin only. The prognosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) of the spinal cord is poor, and although there are palliative methods, there is no curative treatment, as complications can interfere with the quality of life of the animal. MPNST should be included in the differential diagnosis of spinal disorders, even in young dogs and small breeds. CT helps in early diagnosis to make decisions aimed at the animal's well-being.

Radiographic measurement of canine stifle joint angles using four different landmark methods

This study was conducted to compare angles physically set on the stifle joints of cadaveric limbs of dogs with the results by four different radiographic methods for stifle angle measurement. Thirteen pelvic limbs from various large breeds and skeletally-mature dogs were used. The stifles were fixed at four angles: 125°, 130°, 135° and 140°. Altogether 52 radiographs were done. Each stifle angle set on the cadaver limbs was radiographically measured using four sets of landmarks (the goniometric, long axis, eminence and kinematic methods). We found similarity between angles physically set on cadaver limbs and radiographically measured using the long axis method (P &gt; 0.05). The goniometric method showed similarity in group of limbs with the stifle fixed at 140° (P &gt; 0.05), and other measurements differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Eminence and kinematic method measurements were different compared to the angle of fixation of the stifle on the cadaver (P &lt; 0.05) but similar compared to each other (P &gt; 0.05). The method of stifle joint angle measurement should be considered when comparing similar studies, and also in pre-operative measurements for some tibial osteotomies aimed at stabilizing the joint after cranial cruciate ligament rupture.

The nerve supply of the mammary gland

Proper development and functioning of the mammary gland depends not only on hormones, but also on the nervous system. The aim of this paper was to summarize the existing knowledge on the innervation of the mammary gland in various mammalian species, including domestic animals. In general, the pattern of innervation of this gland is similar in all studied species, i.e. large farm animals, rodents, dogs and beavers, as well as humans. Using the pan-neuronal marker of neural structures PGP-9.5, it was found that the mammary gland is well supplied with nerve fibres. Very rich innervation was discovered in the nipple, and less numerous nerve endings were found in the parenchyma. Nerve fibres supply the skin, especially the nipple, and many nerve terminals are associated with blood vessels and smooth muscles throughout the organ. Immunohistochemical investigations have made it possible to distinguish two major subpopulations of nerve fibres supplying the mammary gland. One of them consists of putative sensory fibres expressing CGRP, SP, GAL and/or PACAP, and the other is presumably composed of adrenergic axons containing TH, DBH, SOM and/or VIP. Studies on the sources of innervation of the mammary gland have confirmed assumptions about the nature of the nerve fibres and have revealed that they derive from the spinal ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic trunk ganglia (SChG). In the rat, mammary gland-projecting (MGP) neurons were also found in the nodose ganglion. So far, the rat and the pig have been tested most comprehensively for the sources of the mammary gland innervation. The MGP sensory neurons were observed ipsilaterally in several consecutive DRG, suggesting that the same neurons supply several successive glands. In the case of the SChG, it was found that MGP neurons are located, among others, in the L1-L4 ganglia, which constitute a specific „mammary gland nerve centre”. Previous studies on the sources of nerve supply to female reproductive organs have revealed that the SChG L1-L4 ganglia also contain nerve cells that project to the ovary, fallopian tube and uterus. Some clinical implications of the mammary gland innervation are also discussed.

Evaluation of Biomechanical Traction of Incisional Gastropexy and Scarification Gastropexy Techniques in Dogs

Background: Gastropexy is used to correct gastric dilation, a disease that usually affects large and giant dogs and leads to death in 23.4 - 43% of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical traction of 2 gastropexy techniques, incisional gastropexy and scarified gastropexy, in 10 dog cadavers. Incisional gastropexy comprises a single incision in the abdominal wall and another incision in the stomach wall in the pyloric region followed by simple continuous sutures. The scarification technique creates scarification along the stomach borders of the pexy. Thereby, knowing that both techniques are successful, the biomechanical traction of each technique was compared.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: A total of 10 animals without defined breed weighing from 6.4-43.0 kg were allocated into 2 equal groups (GE [scarified gastropexy] and GI [incisional gastropexy]). Incisional gastropexy was performed with a simple continuous suture pattern in the GI group and scarified gastropexy with an interrupted simple suture pattern was performed in the GE group. Absorbable 2-0 monofilament yarn (polygllecaprone 25) was used for sutures in both groups. Rectangular segments of the gastric antrum were collected from the right abdominal wall and from the bottom of the stomach at the left abdominal wall, which were subjected to a traction test. The scarification technique was easier, faster, and used less surgical sutures than the incisional technique. Both techniques were effective regardless of the site applied, with no significant differences. There was a difference in stretching depending on location.Discussion: The pathogenesis of gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) is unknown. However, gas accumulation inside the gastric chamber may lead to organ dilation and consequently cause torsion of the cardia region and pyloric antrum, resulting in strangulation of blood vessels and nerves. This torsion could cause stomach ischemia followed by organ necrosis if early emergency care is not provided. In addition, vessel strangulation my lead to a systemic syndrome resulting in shock. The disease presents acute and non-specific clinical signs such as weight loss, vomiting, and abdominal intumescence. Patients with risk factors such as reduced gastric motility, delayed stomach replenishment, lower weight, advanced age, or presence of a foreign body may present with poor prognosis. Once GDV becomes an emergency, surgical correction with the most efficient surgical techniques and procedures is necessary to guarantee patient survival. Based on the results obtained, both the scarified and incisional gastropexy techniques are more efficient than other techniques. In addition, the scarified technique with interrupted simple stitches stood out when compared to the incisional technique with a continuous simple suture pattern as it was faster and used less suture thread. The incisional technique, on the other hand, provides good juxtaposition of the edges of the wounds, avoiding the exposure of muscle tissue, as well as adhesions from other organs. The knowledge of those factors promotes positive effects on the effectiveness of an emergency surgical approach for patients with GDV, since it allows less surgical time, as well as less anesthetic time. Based on the results obtained during the biomechanical traction tests of the study, it was concluded that both scarified gastropexy with interrupted single stitches and incisional gastropexy with a continuous single stitch may be efficient. The scarified technique stood out when compared to the incisional technique as it required less time and used less sutures.

Eversion of the Third Eyelid Cartilage in a Cat

Background: Eversion of the cartilage of the third eyelid is a rare congenital disease in cats. It is caused by the anterior eversion of the cartilage edge of the third eyelid. Clinical signs may be associated with secondary keratoconjunctivitis, third eyelid gland protrusion, and ocular surface irritation. The diagnosis is made by ophthalmic examination, and treatment consists of surgical resection of the everted cartilage portion. The goal of the present study was to report a case of eversion of third eyelid cartilage in a cat, given that it is an unusual abnormality in this animal species, and an important differential diagnosis to be considered in the disorders of the third eyelid.Case: A 6-year-old neutered female Persian cat was presented with a presumptive diagnosis of protrusion of the third eyelid gland, history of ocular irritation, and epiphora in the left eye. The disorder had been intermittently present since the animal was 1-year-old, with spontaneous disappearance after approximately 15 days. The owner related the reappearance of the disorder to stressful situations, with no previous history of trauma or other ocular alteration. During the ophthalmic examination, suspended solute was observed through biomiscroscopic examination in both eyes, as well as an increase in volume of the third eyelid in the left eye, without other changes. A thorough examination, under general anesthesia, indicated the protruding volume of the cartilage of the everted third eyelid. The third eyelid was pleated in its upper portion, demonstrating that the cartilage of the third eyelid was folded instead of following the curvature of the ocular surface. Under general anesthesia, the cartilage was partially removed through two parallel incisions on the bulbar conjunctival surface, divulsioning 5 mm in length in the vertical portion of the cartilage in a ‘T’ shape, and separating the conjunctiva from the underlying cartilage. The everted portion of cartilage, once removed, was in fact considered curved in its most dorsal portion, in a manner similar to what was reported in dogs. The third eyelid returned to its anatomically correct position after removing the deformed portion of the cartilage. The patient was treated postoperatively with topical drops of tobramycin and dexamethasone 3 mg/mL + 1 mg/mL (Tobradex®), and lubricant based on sodium hyaluronate 2 mg/mL (Hylo®-Gel). No complications were observed in the postoperative consultations during a 8 month follow-up.Discussion: It is suspected that the eversion of the third eyelid cartilage occurs due to a differential growth rate between the posterior and anterior portions of the cartilage; even though other theories have been proposed. The cartilage of the third eyelid can commonly be everted in large dog breeds, being classified as a disease of hereditary character. However, it has rarely been reported in cats, which can be explained by the more elastic histological constitution when compared to that of dogs. The surgical procedure performed in the present case of eversion of the third eyelid cartilage in a cat was in accordance with that described in the literature. Complete recovery of the third eyelid function was achieved, and the patient's ocular health was preserved. The reported case showed a favorable prognosis after diagnosis, associated with correct treatment and postoperative management. Although there was an effective recovery of the third eyelid, the issues related to the pathophysiology of cartilage eversion are unknown. This way, further studies are necessary to elucidate its etiology.

Heupproblemen bij kleine hondenrassen

Wanneer er gesproken wordt over afwijkingen van de heupen bij honden zal menig dierenarts nog steeds automatisch aan heupdysplasie denken en vaak voegt men er ook aan toe dat dit een probleem is dat vooral de grotere rassen treft. Dit is niet geheel onterecht, maar uiteraard omvatten caniene heupafwijkingen meer dan de typische dysplasie bij grote tot reuzenrassen. In dit artikel wordt een samenvatting gegeven van mogelijke aandoeningen die voornamelijk bij de kleinere hondenrassen worden aangetroffen. Er wordt dieper ingegaan op de anatomie rondom het heupgewricht, de mogelijke diagnoses en de verschillende behandelmogelijkheden, zowel conservatief als chirurgisch.

CANINE BREEDS PREDISPOSED TO DEVELOP DISKOSPONDYLITIS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 181 CASES (2009-2018)

A study to determine the prevalence and predisposition of dog breeds to develop diskospondylitis (DS) was carried out on a population of 5,497 animals submitted to computed tomography or digital radiography of the spine between 2009 and 2018. Variables such as breed, gender, age, vertebral segment and total number of vertebrae affected were collected and submitted to the prevalence tests, chi-square and odds ratio . A total of 181 dogs presented DS, a prevalence of 3.4%. Of these, 65% were males with a probability 1.6x greater than females (CI 1.17-2.17). Dogs more than 10 years old have a 1.5x higher probability (CI 1.10-2.05), while those between 2-5 years the probability decreases 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Large dogs (&gt;30 kg; 45%) showed a 3.8x greater chance to develop DS (CI 2.56-5.33) than small dogs (&lt;15 kg; 28%), although the small dogs showed a 34% lower probability (CI 0.24-0.47). The Labrador Retriever breed was 3.7x more likely to develop DS than all the other breeds studied (CI 2.56-5.33) and the French Bulldog, among the small breeds, was 2.8x more susceptible (CI 1.51-5.06). In conclusion older dogs, large dogs, especially Labrador Retrievers, are more likely to develop DS. The French bulldog should be studied further.

Comparative Kinematic Analysis of Hurdle Clearance Technique in Dogs: A Preliminary Report

Simple SummaryHurdle jumping is part of the increasingly popular canine agility competition. Although the jumping characteristics of agility dogs have been examined in recent years, there is currently a lack of data related to the suspension phase. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biomechanics of the suspension phase of the agility jump and to analyze the kinematic differences in dogs with different jumping abilities. Two groups of dogs competing at different skill levels and assessed as excellent jumpers and less-skilled jumpers, respectively, were analyzed and compared. Excellent jumpers showed longer and faster jumps with flatter jump trajectories than less-skilled jumpers. In less-skilled jumpers, the distance in front of the hurdle was notably greater than the distance behind it, while the difference between these two distances was less in excellent jumpers. Length and duration of the jump, maximal height of the jumping trajectory, take-off and landing distances to the hurdle, time of occurrence of maximal jump height, and time of change in back orientation essentially defines the suspension phase of the agility jump. This study presents preliminary evidence that the kinematic characteristics of hurdle clearance are different in excellent jumper dogs and in less-skilled jumper dogs.Although the jumping characteristics of agility dogs have been examined in recent years, there is currently a lack of data related to the suspension phase. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biomechanics of the suspension phase of the agility jump and to analyze the kinematic differences in dogs with different jumping abilities. Two groups of dogs of the same height category (large dogs) competing at different skill levels and assessed as excellent jumpers (n = 4) and less-skilled jumpers (n = 3), respectively, were analyzed and statistically compared. Excellent jumpers showed longer and faster jumps with flatter jump trajectories than less-skilled jumpers. In less-skilled jumpers, the distance in front of the hurdle was notably greater than the distance behind it, while the difference between these two distances was less in excellent jumpers. Length and duration of the jump, maximal height of the jumping trajectory, take-off and landing distances to the hurdle, time of occurrence of maximal jump height, and time of change in back orientation essentially defines the suspension phase of the agility jump. This study presents preliminary evidence that the kinematic characteristics of hurdle clearance are different in excellent jumper dogs and in less-skilled jumper dogs.

Altered muscle activation in agility dogs performing warm-up exercises: an acoustic myography study

Agility is physically demanding and dogs encounter a considerable risk of injury during training and competition. Pre-performance warm-up is used routinely among human athletes to prepare the tissues for these physical demands, but in canine sports evidence for effects of warm-up is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of warm-up in dogs on two major muscles involved in locomotion. It was hypothesised that, after warm-up, the muscles would be used more efficiently (more fibre resting time/total time), recruit fewer fibres (reduced spatial summation) and/or activated with a lower firing frequency (reduced temporal summation). The following factors ‘sex, age, weight, height, training level and agility experience’ were evaluated for their potential impact on muscle function parameters. Fourteen large (≥46 cm at the withers) agility dogs of different breeds and training levels performed a 5 min warm-up program three times, with a 2 min break between the programs for recording purposes. Acoustic myography sensors were attached on the skin over the muscles m. triceps brachii (TB) and m. gluteus superficialis (GS). Recordings of muscle activity were made, while the dogs trotted before warm-up and after each 5 min warm-up program. The dogs used TB more efficiently after 5 min (P&lt;0.05), 10 min (P&lt;0.05) and 15 min (P&lt;0.001) of exercise compared to pre-warm-up values. No changes were found in the activity of GS. For well-trained dogs, TB recruited fewer muscle fibres after 10 and 15 min of warm-up compared to dogs that trained less than 1 h weekly (P&lt;0.03). For dogs with more than 2 years of experience, GS had a lower firing frequency before and after 10 min warm-up compared to dogs with less experience. The results indicate that warm-up alters muscle activation by an increased muscular efficiency. Training level and experience have an influence on muscle function parameters.