Large Device Research Articles

Anticipative measurements in hybrid quantum-classical computation

Before the availability of large scale fault-tolerant quantum devices, one has to find ways to make the most of current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. One possibility is to seek smaller repetitive hybrid quantum-classical tasks with higher fidelity, rather than directly pursuing large complex tasks. We present an approach in this direction where the quantum computation is supplemented by a classical result. While the presence of the supplementary classical information helps alone, taking advantage of its anticipation also leads to a new type of quantum measurements, which we call anticipative. Anticipative quantum measurements lead to improved success rate over cases where we would use quantum measurements optimized without assuming the later arriving supplementing information. Importantly, in an anticipative quantum measurement the combination of the results from classical and quantum computations happens only in the end, without the need for feedback from the one to the other computation, a feature which hence allows for running both computations in parallel. We demonstrate the method with an experiment using an IBMQ device and show that it leads to an improved success rate even in a real noisy setting.

Hemostasis using a large spherical electrode device for bleeding due to endoscopic sphincterotomy.

Endoscopic hemostasis is the first choice for bleeding due to endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Various methods are available, including local injection, clipping, balloon compression, and coagulation, each with its advantages and disadvantages [1]. Hemostatic forceps interfere with the forceps erecting mechanism, and there is currently no absolute device for coagulation hemostasis.

Hybrid small-signal model parameter extraction for GaN HEMT based on QGA

ABSTRACT A novel algorithm is proposed for optimal extraction of GaN HEMT small-signal model parameters. The proposed Quantum Genetic Algorithm (QGA) exploits the superposition, entanglement and interference of quantum states, which solves the problems of high number of iterations and slow convergence when obtaining optimal solutions using Genetic Algorithms (GA). Meanwhile, it is solved that the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) algorithm produces premature convergence and easily falls into the local optimum solution. In order to avoid the influence of distributed parasitic effects in large size devices under high-frequency conditions, a suitable frequency range is determined and combined with direct extraction techniques to determine the range of parameter values. The model parameter values are optimised step by step using QGA. In order to verify the superiority of QGA, QGA and PSO algorithms are both used to optimise GaN HEMT small-signal model parameters. By comparing the modelled S-parameter effects of the QGA and the PSO algorithm, it can be found that the QGA has better consistency with the measured data.

A comparison of the influence of plasmoid-drift mechanisms on plasma fuelling by cryogenic pellets in ITER and Wendelstein 7-X

Pellet injection is the most promising technique to achieve efficient plasma core fuelling, key for attaining stationary scenarios in large magnetic confinement fusion devices. In this paper, the injection of pellets with different volumes and speeds into standard plasma scenarios in ITER (tokamak) and Wendelstein 7-X (stellarator) is studied by modeling the pellet ablation and particle deposition, focusing on the evaluation of the expected differences in pellet plasmoid drifts in tokamaks and stellarators. Since the efficiency of the damping-drift mechanisms is predicted to depend on the magnetic configuration, device-specific characteristics are expected for the temporal evolution of the plasmoid drift acceleration. For instance, plasmoid-internal Pfirsch–Schlüter currents dominate the drift damping process for stellarators, while plasmoid-external currents are more relevant for tokamaks. Also, relatively larger drifts are in principle expected for W7-X due to higher field gradients in relation to machine dimensions. However, shorter plasmoid-internal charge reconnection lengths result in the drift damping due to internal Pfirsch–Schlüter currents being more effective than in a tokamak. Therefore, the average relative drift displacement during the whole plasmoid homogenization may a priori be comparable in both magnetic configurations. Moreover, High Field Side (HFS) injection is expected to be highly advantageous to maximize pellet particle deposition in ITER, whereas it may only be beneficial in medium to high β environments in W7-X. Finally, there may be means for the optimization of pellet injection configurations in both ITER and W7-X for the considered plasma scenarios despite the sizeable differences in the relative importance of the mechanisms of plasmoid drift acceleration and deceleration in play.

New Polymerized Small Molecular Acceptors with Non‐Aromatic π‐Conjugated Linkers for Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells

AbstractDeveloping new polymerized small molecular acceptor (PSMA) is pivotal for improving the performance of all‐polymer solar cells. On the basis of this newly developed CH‐series small molecule acceptors, two PSMAs are reported herein (namely PZC16 and PZC17, respectively). To reduce the molecular torsion caused by the traditional aromatic π‐bridges, non‐aromatic conjugated units (ethynyl for PZC16 and vinylene for PZC17) are adopted as the linkers and their effect on the photo‐physical properties as well as the device performance are systematically investigated. Both polymer acceptors exhibit co‐planar molecular conformation, along with broad absorption ranges and suitable energy levels. In comparison with the PM6:PZC16 film, the PM6:PZC17 film exhibits more uniform phase separation in morphology with a distinct bi‐continuous network and better crystallinity. The PM6:PZC17‐binary‐based devices exhibit a satisfactory PCE of 16.33%, significantly higher than 9.22% of the PZC16‐based devices. Impressively, PM6:PZC17‐based large area device (ca. 1 cm2) achieves an excellent PCE of 15.14%, which is among the top performance for reported all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs).

Abstract Number ‐ 165: Are Smaller Stentrievers the Answer for Achieving Procedural Success in Distal Vessel Occlusions (DiVO)?

Introduction Distal vessel occlusions (DiVO) represent the next frontier of interventional stroke care. Although many experts agree the current generation of stentrievers appear to be ill‐suited to address challenges presented by DiVO, some practitioners advocate utilizing smaller devices.We sought to examine whether smaller diameter devices (3,4 or 5 mm) had any edge over standard sized 6 mm device. Methods A prospectively maintained neuro‐endovascular database was queried for patients between January 2013 to August 2022. Patients included in the analysis had undergone mechanical thrombectomy of distal circulation defined as M2, M3, P2, P3, A2 and A3 segments of the MCA, PCA, and ACA respectively.Primary outcomes measured were TICI post procedure, mRS at discharge and mRS at 90 days. Results A total of 33 patients with DiVO were identified out of a database containing 826 mechanical thrombectomies. There were no other differences in baseline characteristics such as presentation NIHSS (p = 0.58) or comorbid medical conditions. We found no differences in post procedure recanalization TICI between large device and small devices cohorts (p = 1.00), symptomatic ICH (p = 0.52), mRS at discharge (p = 0.154) and mRS at 90 days (p = 0.22). Conclusions There do not appear to be any clinical or radiographic difference in utilizing smaller diameter stentrievers in setting of DiVO.

The New HELLRIDE at the Vacuum Tower Telescope

A better understanding of the processes involved in the energy transport across the solar atmosphere (e.g., jets, waves) demands more effort towards the observations. Hence, existing instruments may need to be upgraded to gain additional capabilities. To this effect, we conceive an upgrade for the HELioseismic Large Regions Interferometric DEvice (HELLRIDE) instrument at Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT) to enable the recording of the magnetograms. We present the instrumentation aspects of this development consisting of integrating a liquid crystal-based dual-beam polarimeter with the existing instrument, compatible new hardware and software with the improved operating scheme, and the first observations to verify its functionality. The new HELLRIDE now observes a field of view of 90^{prime prime } times 90^{prime prime } in four spectral lines, two chromospheric spectral lines in spectroscopy mode and two photospheric spectral lines in spectropolarimetry mode, with a cadence of 40 seconds. The increased complexity of the system, as well as the data, calls for the creation of a rigorous data processing pipeline, which is currently under development.

Real-time imaging of traumatic brain injury using magnetic induction tomography

Objective. Early diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is crucial for its prognosis; however, traditional computed tomography diagnostic methods rely on large medical devices with an associated lag time to receive results. Therefore, an imaging modality is needed that provides real-time monitoring, can easily be carried out to assess the extent of TBI damage, and thus guides treatment. Approach. In the present study, an improved magnetic induction tomography (MIT) data acquisition system was used to monitor TBI in an animal model and distinguish the injury level. A pneumatically controlled cortical impactor was used to strike the parietal lobe of anesthetized rabbits two or three times under the same parameter mode to establish two different rabbit models of TBI. The MIT data acquisition system was used to record data and continuously monitor the brain for one hour without intervention. Main results. A target with increased conductivity was clearly observed in the reconstructed image. The position was relatively fixed and accurate, and the average positioning error of the image was 0.013 72 m. The normalized mean reconstruction value of all images increased with time. The slope of the regression line of the normalized mean reconstruction value differed significantly between the two models (p < 0.0001). Significance. This indicates that in the animal model, the unique features of MIT may facilitate the early monitoring of TBI and distinguish different degrees of injuries, thereby reducing the risk and mortality of associated complications.

Carbon capture and utilization: More than hiding CO2 for some time

Carbon capture and utilization: More than hiding CO2 for some time

Analysis of Multiple Fin-type Vertical GaN Power Transistors based on Bulk GaN Substrates

In this study, the multiple fin-type vertical GaN power transistor based on the GaN-on-GaN were analyzed using the two-dimensional technical computer-aided design (2-D TCAD) simulations. In the field of the electric vehicle systems requiring a high operation voltage of 1,000 V or more, the power devices have a large device area because of the long distance between the gate region and the drain region. This problem can be addressed by using the fin-type vertical GaN power transistor, which can reduce the device area due to its vertical channel. For the high current performance, the multiple fin-type structure was required. Thus, we investigated characteristics depending on the number of fin (NSUBfin/SUB). By comparing the on-state drain currents (ISUBon/SUB), the breakdown voltages (BV), and the on-resistances (RSUBon/SUB) with different NSUBfin/SUB, this study provides an understanding of the electrical properties of the multiple fin-type vertical GaN power transistor affected by NSUBfin/SUB.

Customized gaming system engages young children in reaching and balance training.

Trunk stability, an important prerequisite for many activities of daily living, can be impaired in children with movement disorders. Current treatment options can be costly and fail to fully engage young participants. We developed an affordable, smart screen-based intervention and tested if it engages young children in physical therapy goal driven exercises. Here we describe the ADAPT system, Aiding Distanced and Accessible Physical Therapy, which is a large touch-interactive device with customizable games. One such game, "Bubble Popper," encourages high repetitions of weight shifts, reaching, and balance training as the participant pops bubbles in sitting, kneeling, or standing positions. Sixteen participants aged 2-18years were tested during physical therapy sessions. The number of screen touches and length of game play indicate high participant engagement. In trials lasting less than 3min, on average, older participants (12-18years) made 159 screen touches per trial while the younger participants (2-7years) made 97. In a 30-min session, on average, older participants actively played the game for 12.49min while younger participants played for 11.22min. The ADAPT system is a feasible means to engage young participants in reaching and balance training during physical therapy.

A 3D-Printed Large Holding Capacity Device for Minimum Volume Cooling Vitrification of Embryos in Prolific Livestock Species

Although many devices have been developed to reduce sample volume, with an explosion of methods appearing in the literature over the last decade, commercially available devices with simultaneous vitrification of a larger number of embryos are scarce, with the apparent gap for their use in prolific livestock species. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a new three-dimensional (3D)-printed device that combines minimum volume cooling vitrification with simultaneous vitrification of a larger number of rabbit embryos. Late morulae/early blastocysts were vitrified with the open Cryoeyelet® device (n = 175; 25 embryos per device), the open Cryotop® device (n = 175; 10 embryos per device), and the traditional closed French mini-straw device (n = 125; 25 embryos per straw) and compared in terms of in vitro development and reproductive performance after transfer to adoptive mothers. Fresh embryos constituted the control group (n = 125). In experiment 1, there was no difference in the development rate to the blastocyst hatching stage between the CryoEyelet® and the other devices. In experiment 2, the CryoEyelet® device showed a higher implantation rate compared with the Cryotop® (6.3% unit of SD, p = 0.87) and French mini-straw® (16.8% unit of SD, p = 1.00) devices. In terms of offspring rate, the CryoEyelet® device was similar to the Cryotop® device but superior to the French straw device. Regarding embryonic and fetal losses, the CryoEyelet® showed lower embryonic losses compared to other vitrification devices. The analysis of bodyweight showed that all devices showed a similar outcomes-a higher birthweight but a lower body weight at puberty than those in the fresh transfer embryos group. In summary, the CryoEyelet® device can be used for the vitrification of many late morulae or early blastocyst stage rabbit embryos per device. Further studies should be performed to evaluate the CryoEyelet® device in other polytocous species for the simultaneous vitrification of a large number of embryos.

Optimization of Lightly Calcined MgO Fluidized-Bed Roaster Jet Feed Structure Parameters

This work aims to improve the material segregation, bottom-of-furnace aggregation, and uneven particle distribution in the feeding area of a lightly calcined MgO airflow hearth roaster. A feeding structure type based on the jet is proposed, and a large cold experimental device with an 85 mm inner diameter and 3500 mm height is established based on the jet. Then the effects of different parameters on the flow characteristics of magnesite particles in the jet-feeding device of the lightly calcined MgO furnace are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the feeding structure based on the jet could not only improve the fluidization gas velocity and material segregation in the feeding area but also completely solve the bottom of furnace aggregation, enhancing the gas–solid mixing efficiency and improving the particle distribution uniformity. The optimized key structural parameters reveal that the best scheme for the jet feeding device is as follows: the nozzle distance is 225 mm, the nozzle diameter is 16 mm, and the length–diameter ratio is <2.

100 kA/10 kV thyristor stack design for the quench protection system in CRAFT

Thyristors have longer lifetimes, higher reliability, and very high voltage and current ratings and they require less maintenance than other high-power semiconductor devices. As a result, they are particularly suitable for quench protection systems (QPSs), which protect the superconducting magnets in large fusion devices from damage. In this paper, we propose a design for a 100 kA/10 kV thyristor stack supported by both theoretical and simulation-based analyses as well as experimental verification. Due to the ultrahigh electrical performance requirements imposed on the QPS by the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT), three main issues must be considered: the voltage-balancing problem caused by multiple thyristors in a series structure, the increased junction temperature problem caused by extremely high currents, and the reverse recovery phenomenon that arises from the thyristor’s physical structure. Hence, a series of detailed theoretical analyses, simulations, and experiments, including a thyristor junction temperature prediction method and reverse recovery process modeling, were carried out to optimize the design. Finally, the reliability and stability of the thyristor stack were verified by a series of prototype experiments. The results confirmed the correctness and accuracy of the proposed thyristor stack design method and also indicated that the proposed thyristor stack can meet the application conditions of a 100 kA QPS in the CRAFT project.

On-chip manipulation of Bloch Surface Wave

Manipulation of optical surface wave is essential for diverse applications such as optical circuits, integrated optics, on-chip signal processing. One of the commonly used optical surface waves is the surface plasmon polariton (SPP), the intrinsic Ohmic loss introduced by the metal limits its potential for real applications especially for large scale on-chip devices. Bloch surface wave (BSW) is an alternative of SPP which propagates on multiple layers of dielectrics. Different from SPP, as dielectrics show nearly no Ohmic loss, the BSW is an excellent candidate for large scale optical circuits. In this paper, we propose a strategy to realize phase modulation of Bloch surface wave by adding additional dielectric boxes on top of the substrate. By carefully designing the positions as well as dimensions of these boxes, it is proved that beaming, focusing, specific beams generation such as Bessel beams or Airy beams is possible with this method, which shows great potential in on-chip electromagnetic field modulation and signal processing.

Chronic Kidney Diseases Detection Using machine Learning

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and chronic renal disease (CRD) (CKD). Chronic renal disease refers to illnesses that affect your kidneys and reduce their ability to keep you healthy. Consequences include nerve damage, high blood pressure, anaemia, weak bones, and a lack of nourishment. Early detection and treatment can frequently stop chronic renal disease from getting worse. Data mining is the technique of obtaining knowledge from huge datasets. Utilizing previous data to find trends and guide decisions going forward is the aim of data mining. This task is the result of the convergence of a number of recent trends, including the declining cost of large data storage devices, the increasing simplicity of data collection over networks, the expansion of dependable and efficient machine learning algorithms, and the declining cost of computational power, which enables the use of computationally intensive techniques for decision-making. Machine learning has already produced useful applications in fields like assessing results from medical research, spotting fraud, spotting bogus users, etc.For the purpose of predicting chronic diseases, various data mining categorization methodologies and machine learning algorithms are used. The goal of this study is to develop a new decision-support system for forecasting chronic renal disease. This study compares the accuracy, precision, and execution time of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifiers for the prediction of CKD.

Research on the Method of Near-Field Measurement and Modeling of Powerful Electromagnetic Equipment Radiation Based on Field Distribution Characteristics

With the wide application of power equipment consisting of high switching frequencies and large current switching devices in the integrated power system on ships, the low-frequency radiation interference caused by the powerful electromagnetic equipment becomes more and more serious. Establishing an equivalent model of radiation interference based on the near-field measurement data is the key to subsequent electromagnetic compatibility design. Due to the large size of the equipment, there will be many measurement points in the near-field measurement area, which leads to long testing times and low modeling efficiency. To solve the above problems, this article first proposes a method of near-field measurement and a modeling method of powerful electromagnetic equipment radiation based on field distribution characteristics. Firstly, the near-field measurement data are obtained by the sparse and uniform sampling of the near-field measurement plane at large sampling intervals. Then, the near-field measuring plane is separated into several regions by the magnetic field’s distribution characteristics. The near-field measurement data required for modeling are obtained by further sampling in the region with a large magnetic field amplitude. Finally, the equivalent radiation model is obtained by the equivalent dipole method. Simulations and experiments show that the method can significantly reduce the amount of measurement data and testing time while improving the efficiency of equivalent radiation modeling and maintaining the accuracy of the modeling.

Development and evaluation of a facile mesh-to-surface tool for customised wheelchair cushions

BackgroundCustom orthoses are becoming more commonly prescribed for upper and lower limbs. They require some form of shape-capture of the body parts they will be in contact with, which generates an STL file that designers prepare for manufacturing. For larger devices such as custom-contoured wheelchair cushions, the STL created during shape-capture can contain hundreds of thousands of tessellations, making them difficult to alter and prepare for manufacturing using mesh-editing software. This study covers the development and testing of a mesh-to-surface workflow in a parametric computer-aided design software using its visual programming language such that STL files of custom wheelchair cushions can be efficiently converted into a parametric single surface.MethodsA volunteer in the clinical space with expertise in computer-aided design aided was interviewed to understand and document the current workflow for creating a single surface from an STL file of a custom wheelchair cushion. To understand the user needs of typical clinical workers with little computer-aided design experience, potential end-users of the process were tasked with completing the workflow and providing feedback during the experience. This feedback was used to automate part of the computer-aided design process using a visual programming tool, creating a new semi-automated workflow for mesh-to-surface translation. Both the original and semi-automated process were then evaluated by nine volunteers with varying levels of computer-aided design experience.ResultsThe semi-automated process showed a 37% reduction in the total number of steps required to convert an STL model to a parametric surface. Regardless of previous computer-aided design experience, volunteers completed the semi-automated workflow 31% faster on average than the manual workflow.ConclusionsThe creation of a semi-automated process for creating a single parametric surface of a custom wheelchair cushion from an STL mesh makes mesh-to-surface conversion more efficient and more user-friendly to all, regardless of computer-aided design experience levels. The steps followed in this study may guide others in the development of their own mesh-to-surface tools in the wheelchair sector, as well as those creating other large custom prosthetic devices.

An adversarial domain adaptation approach combining dual domain pairing strategy for IoT intrusion detection under few-shot samples

The security of the Internet of Things (IoT) is an integral research topic to support its applicability. With the rapid development of IoT technology, security threats have become increasingly serious. Attackers turn their attention to large IoT devices with many security vulnerabilities, and many infected IoT devices are used to form botnets to launch intrusions. Furthermore, IoT communication networks poses security risks. Therefore, it is necessary to design a model for the IoT intrusion detection. However, the current models are trained using big data samples. Moreover, IoT devices can only intercept a few-shot samples in special scenarios, resulting in lower efficiency and accuracy. In this study, we propose an adversarial domain adaptation (ADDA) approach with dual domain pairing strategy for IoT intrusion detection under few-shot samples. First, we design two data augmentation algorithms to construct a sample transfer model that conforms to the joint dual domain distribution. We then combine the dual domain pairing strategy and ADDA model to perform supervised domain adaptation. In addition, a lightweight network is designed to extract features. Finally, a new loss function and domain discriminator model are constructed to achieve IoT intrusion detection under few-shot samples. Different results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.

Making the undetectable detectable: Pushing limits of biomolecular recognition by ultra-sensitive multiplexed single-particle liposome readouts.

Biomolecular recognition is fundamental for all biological and chemical processes. However, current screening methods are often reliant on large robotic devices, require long running times and much manpower as well as excessive materials cost. Here I will present our recent work implementing multiple miniaturized screening assays for ultra-sensitive and high-throughput readout at the single-particle level of DNA-DNA recognition, sub-attoliter cargo delivery, transporter function and label-free DNA biosensing. I will focus on the single-particle combinatorial multiplexed liposome fusion mediated by DNA for parallelized multistep and non-deterministic fusion of individual sub-attoliter nanocontainers (SPARCLD). Our new toolbox allowed us to attain efficient (>93%) and leakage free stochastic fusion sequences for arrays of surface-tethered target liposomes with six freely diffusing populations of cargo liposomes, each functionalized with individual lipidated single-stranded DNA and fluorescently barcoded by a distinct ratio of chromophores. Because each lipid nanoparticle is an autonomous nanocontainer the stochastic fusion sequence resulted in massive number of distinct permutations of cargo delivery loadings and sequences. Real-time recordings and machine learning analysis allowed the rapid classification of >16,000 fusions and 566 distinct fusion sequences within hours. The high-density arrays of surface-tethered target nanocontainers (∼42,000 containers per mm2) offers entire combinatorial multiplex screens using only picograms of material and is implanted for screening transporter function and label free DNA biosensing.