Large Bottles Research Articles

Do emptying bottles show self-induced liquid rotation?

An inverted liquid bottle with a small neck diameter empties through periodic admission of air bubbles at the neck, followed by liquid discharge, a process termed ‘glugging’. In contrast, a large Taylor bubble rises to the air–water interface in the bottle for large neck diameters, followed by an instant interface collapse and a chaotic liquid discharge. We numerically find that a spiral large-scale rotating structure due to churning motion develops in the liquid during time evolution in an emptying bottle, though an initial swirl is not imposed. The induced structure is strong for a large neck bottle, and the circulation strength is maximum near the neck region. The spiral structure’s strength decreases for small neck diameters, and a pure oscillatory ‘glugging’ mode is preserved. The high circulation strength near the neck region for the large neck bottle causes liquid to accelerate and is the reason for the existing empirical models on liquid discharge to deviate from experimental observations.

Foreign Body in Rectum: A Rare Case Report

Rectal foreign body is a rare clinical entity. Approach includes a careful history and examination to rule out peritonitis and removal by conservative or operative approach. Most commonly bottles and glasses found. Other objects include toothbrushes, deodorant bottles, food articles, knives, cell phones, flash lights, ornaments, etc. Reasons for insertion include autoeroticism, concealment, attention seeking behaviour, accidental, assault and to alleviate constipation.
 Case Report: A 41 years old male came to emergency with complaint of pain per rectum from a bottle he had inserted in his rectum 10 hours prior to presentation. Multiple attempts to remove it at home failed. On examination abdomen was soft, non-tender, non-distended. An abdomen xray showed a large bottle shaped object in pelvis. The foreign body was palpable in the rectum but due to it’s shape, size and smooth surface it was impossible to retrieve it with simple manoeuvring even with simultaneous suprapubic pressure. All relevant investigations were done and patient was prepared for surgery. Exploratory laparotomy was done under spinal anaesthesia. Lower midline incision was given and bottle was pushed from above and taken out of anal canal. A glass bottle of size 11*5 cm was retrieved. Antibiotics and painkillers started. Patient recovered well and discharged on post op day 2.
 Conclusion: Management of patients with rectal foreign bodies can be challenging. Even though the majority of cases can be successfully managed conservatively, the operative techniques might also be needed.

Discarded bottles entrap endemic small mammals species in a large Mediterranean island.

We examined the entrapment effect of discarded bottles on small mammals, along a road network located in North-Western Sardinia (Italy). On 162 bottles, 49 (> 30%) contained at least one animal specimen (invertebrate or vertebrate) and 26 (16%) entrapped 151 small mammals: insectivorous shrews (Soricomorpha) were more frequently recorded. Larger bottles (66cl.) showed a higher number of entrapped mammals, but difference was not significant when compared to smaller bottles (33cl.). Our data highlighted as abandoned bottles represent a threatening factor for small mammals on a large Mediterranean island with over-represented endemic shrews (predators of high trophic level) attracted by insects entrapped in bottles. Correspondence analysis suggest a weak segregation between bottles of different size, related to the abundance of the most entrapped species, the Mediterranean shrew (Crocidura pachyura). This still neglected type of litter, reducing number and biomass of insectivorous mammals of high trophic level and high ecological value may affect the food web in terrestrial insular communities, yet impoverished for biogeographical reasons. However, discarded bottles may represent as low-cost surrogate pitfall traps useful to improve knowledge in poor studied areas. Following the DPSIR (Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response) approach as a framework to select indicator, we suggest as the effectiveness of removal clean-ups could be monitored using both the density of discarded bottles (as indicator of threat pressure) and the abundance of entrapped animals (as indicator of impact on small mammals).

Visual inspection intelligent robot technology for large infusion industry

Abstract The application of intelligent technology has realized the transformation of people’s production and lifestyle, and it has also promoted the development of the field of medicine. At present, the intensity of intelligence in the field of medicine is increasing. By using its cash methods and techniques combined with the mechanical field, this article proposes to use visual inspection technology to understand the fusion of the medical field and the mechanical field. It is helpful to analyze and solve objective problems such as low efficiency in current infusion and insufficient rigidity of large infusion plastic bottles. Drawing on the principles and laws of deep learning algorithms and neural networks, the technical research of intelligent robots for visual inspection is carried out to realize the intelligence of infusion robots. In the research accuracy of detection, the detection rate of standard particles higher than 85 µM has reached almost 100%, and the rate of 50 µM standard particles is lower and unstable. The detection effect of the control light bulb control was different, and the detection rate was between 50 and 80%, which was obviously worse than the detection robot effect. Therefore, the current research on the technology of intelligent robots is very important.

Higher ingestion rates and importance of ciliates in the diet of a large, subarctic copepod revealed by larger volume incubations

AbstractDespite ecological importance, the feeding ecology of the large calanoid copepod, Neocalanus cristatus is little known, as its ingestion rate under experimental conditions consistently falls short of its metabolic demand. The conventional incubation bottle size (~ 2 liters) used in previous studies may have affected its feeding behavior. Here, we examined the effect of bottle size (2.4 vs. 13liters) and copepod density on the feeding of N. cristatus Stage C5. Under similar copepod density (0.4 ind. L−1) ingestion rates decreased significantly for tests conducted in small bottles and thus, small bottles inhibited copepod feeding. In experiments with large bottles, ingestion rates were highest in the single‐individual treatments (1 ind. 13 L−1), decreasing exponentially to < 1% of the maximum ingestion rate with increasing copepod densities (up to 20 ind. 13 L−1). Considerable food limitation occurred in the higher copepod density treatments with lower initial prey allocation per individual. Moreover, in the single‐individual treatments, clearance rates on naked ciliates (11–20 L ind.−1 d−1) were remarkably higher than in multiple‐individual treatments. Grazer–grazer interaction, thus, interfered with copepod feeding on microzooplankton in multiple‐individual treatments. The ingestion rate in the single‐individual treatments (62–102 μgC ind.−1 d−1) exceeded the daily metabolic requirement; feeding rates noted in previous studies were, thus, underestimations, affected by bottle size and copepod mutual interference. Efficient feeding by N. cristatus on naked ciliates emphasizes the importance of the ciliate‐copepod link in the grazing food chain in the subarctic Pacific.

Potential of Good’s buffers to inhibit denaturation of myofibrillar protein upon freezing

The current systematic study sought to examine the potential use of three Good’s buffers (MES, MOPS and HEPES) in inhibiting myofibrillar protein (MFP) denaturation induced by acidity changes. The highest degree of acidity variation was found in the center and bottom of large bottles due to the freeze-concentration effect. Good’s buffer tended to basify during freezing, and it could prevent the crystallization of sodium phosphate (Na-P) buffer. Acidification upon freezing Na-P disrupted the natural conformation of MFP and induced the formation of large proteins aggregates with tight packing. The 15 mM MES, 20 mM MOPS, and 30 mM HEPES were respectively added to neutralize the strong acidity drop induced by freezing 20 mM Na-P, and all of them significantly improved the stability of the MFP conformation (P < 0.05). This work is not only critical to meet the growing demand for protein, but also groundbreaking for broadening the applicability of Good’s buffers in the food industry.

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES AND CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY BEVERAGE PACKAGING: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION PROVISION AND IDENTITY LABELING IN INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

<List> <ListItem> <ItemContent> ● Consumer preference for environmentally-friendly beverage packaging was investigated. </ItemContent> </ListItem> <ListItem> <ItemContent> ● Consumers are willing to pay a premium for post-consumer recycled materials. </ItemContent> </ListItem> <ListItem> <ItemContent> ● Environmental information and green identity labels have synergistic effect on consumer willingness to pay. </ItemContent> </ListItem> <ListItem> <ItemContent> ● Product unit size seems irrelevant in most consumer decisions. </ItemContent> </ListItem> </List> This study examined whether urban Chinese consumers with stronger environmental values have higher valuations for plastic beverage bottles that are made of post-consumer recycled material (rPET) or that come in large sizes that use plastic more efficiently. It also assesses the effectiveness of environmental information provision and green identity labeling in increasing consumer willingness to pay for environmentally-friendly packaging. The results suggest that urban Chinese consumers are willing to pay a premium for rPET bottles, indicating that there is a potential market for rPET food and beverage packaging in China that calls for manufacturing guidelines, safety standards, or regulations. Providing environmental information and attaching green identity labels increases consumer valuations of rPET bottles, with their joint use exerting the largest effect. Pro-environmental consumers are more responsive to environmental information and green identity labeling and thus are willing to pay a higher premium for rPET bottles. However, in terms of choosing large bottles as a means to reduce plastic use in product packaging, consumers were found to be indifferent about plastic bottle sizes even after receiving environmental information. It is suggested that the inconvenience of carrying or storing large bottles might have offset their perceived environmental benefits.

Nursing the Patient With an Artificial Pacemaker.

Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times. In this article from AJN's April 1964 issue, author Anne F. Heller discusses the science of "transistorized" artificial cardiac pacemakers and the care of patients who received these implants. Standard care included a pre-op soap-and-water enema and 10 days of post-op antibiotics. Readers were cautioned about the breakability of the large glass bottle attached to post-op chest tubes. The pacemaker itself cost $400. (To read the full article, go to https://links.lww.com/AJN/A229.) In this month's issue, Mary Ann Leavitt offers an update on the use of today's implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and ventricular assist devices. Newer "pacemakers" can now be used in primary prevention therapy for patients who are at greater risk for arrhythmias, and patient data can be transmitted wirelessly to the clinician's office. The latest devices can cost upward of $30,000.-Betsy Todd, MPH, RN.

Developing the Dead: Spirit Photography, Mormonism, and Noise

Developing the Dead: Spirit Photography, Mormonism, and Noise

Noninvasive, Wearable, Pulsed Shortwave (Radiofrequency) Therapy for Analgesia following Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Series

Background: Minimizing pain and opioid requirements following major orthopedic surgery can be challenging. Nonthermal, pulsed, shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy is a noninvasive treatment described previously as a possible analgesic modality following minor surgical procedures. The devices may be applied in a few minutes or less, are simply taped in place over the area of pain, are less expensive than a large bottle of acetaminophen, function for 30 days without any required intervention, may be applied to any part of the body, and produce no side effects-patients cannot detect any sensations from the devices-or substantial risks. Here we present a case series to explore the use of pulsed shortwave therapy for major joint arthroplasty.

Sosialisasi Pembuatan Kerajinan Tangan Motif Bunga dari Limbah Botol Plastik

Making crafts with floral motifs from plastic bottle waste by Apikes Iris students for residents around Mount Panggilun. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. The research subjects are students. The results of the research show that making crafts with floral motifs from waste plastic bottles uses materials and tools, where the materials are large and small plastic bottles of various shapes, paint and water, while the tools used are scissors, cutting knives, brushes. , pot, bucket. The process of making crafts from plastic bottle waste goes through several stages, namely obtaining materials, processing materials, the process of making stems and the final stage (finishing). Crafts with flower motifs from plastic bottle waste by Apikes Iris students for the residents of Mount Panggiun are an example of a plastic recycling process which aims to change the use of plastic items so that they remain useful. The manufacturing process is done by hand using simple tools and carrying out productive efforts with the principle of togetherness. The results of handicrafts with floral motifs from waste plastic bottles are creative decorative objects. Visually, this product has a basic flower shape with various patterns and different sizes. The colors used are bright and attract attention, such as red, yellow, blue, pink and golden yellow, some of the patterns are wavy like leaves and also sharp. The motifs are in the form of small circles, leaves, flower petals and lines. This craft work, apart from having aesthetic value, also has economic value.&#x0D;

Analisis Sistem Kelistrikan pada Beban Motor Mesin Pencacah Sampah Plastik

In this modern era, the activities of almost all humans depend on machines they make, such as single-phase induction electric motors, which are used to chop plastic waste. This chopping machine aims to help plastic collectors process plastic waste into small pieces, making it easier to pack and ship plastic out of the area for reprocessing. The plastic waste shredding machine is made using a crushing system with a fan-shaped blade construction consisting of 39 blades divided by two rotating rows opposite the cover box using a chain motor gear transmission element. Most of the chopper machines on the market use engines with diesel or diesel fuel, therefore a chopper machine using an electric motor is designed to compare the motor power without the addition of capacitors and capacitors. The waste load used for motors without additional capacitors, medium and large bottles measuring 375 ml to 1500 ml, the machine can chop as much as 800 grams with the highest measurement of power 578.0 Watt, current 4.192 A, the lowest motor speed measurement is 1414 rpm and the reducer speed is 22.9 rpm . The waste load used for motors with additional capacitors, medium and large bottles measuring 375 ml to 1500 ml, the machine can chop 1000 grams with the highest measurement of power 732.7 Watt, current 4.149 A, the lowest motor speed measurement is 1464 rpm and the reducer speed is 22.9 rpm.

Beverage Bottle Capacity, Packaging Efficiency, and the Potential for Plastic Waste Reduction

Plastic pollution is a pressing issue because authorities struggle to contain and process the enormous amount of waste produced. We study the potential for reducing plastic waste by examining the efficiency with which different Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles deliver beverages. We find that 80% of the variation in bottle weight is explained by bottle capacity, 16% by product category, and 1% by brand. Bottle weight is quadratic and convex function of capacity, which implies that medium capacity bottles are most efficient at delivering consumable product. Local data on PET bottle sales and municipal waste recovery validate the findings. A 20% shift in consumption from smaller to larger bottles could reduce the production of PET waste by over 10,000 tons annually in the U.S. alone.

Charging for the use of hydromineral and geothermal resources in Brazil as an instrument of rational use of groundwater

Mineral groundwaters in Brazil are managed centrally by the Federal Union, while other water resources are managed regionally by hydrographic basin. The charging method varies according to the usage and the management system, generating an unbalanced charge on mineral water for bottled water. This study presents a comparison of the charging systems for groundwaters using data for a period of 8 years. The analysis evaluates the efficiency of royalty-based charging of mineral groundwaters against charging over consumption volume for non-mineral groundwaters, taking into account the scale of the producers and their locations. The findings show that the royalty-based system depends on market conditions such as demand, supply and the willingness of the user to pay for bottled water, whilst the volume-based charging system depends mostly on the resource availability and the capacity of the producers to save water. The results demonstrated that the royalty-based charging system favors the production of returnable bottles, with lower environmental impact, as the charge for large returnable bottles is approximately 7 times lower than for disposable bottles. The conclusion is that an integrated management system is required, so proper priorities can be established in the use of groundwaters to benefit the population and to minimize environmental impacts. The successful implementation of integrated management and charging systems are likely to require monitoring and control measures such as automated remote systems for monitoring water consumption, official inspections on consumption and audits on water-saving systems.

Real-Time Quality Control of Heat Sealed Bottles Using Thermal Images and Artificial Neural Network

Quality control of heat sealed bottles is very important to minimize waste and in some cases protect people’s health. The present paper describes a case study where an automated non invasive and non destructive quality control system was designed to assess the quality of the seals of bottles containing pesticide. In this case study, the integrity of the seals is evaluated using an artificial neural network based on images of the seals processed with computer vision techniques. Because the seals are not directly visible from the bottle exterior, the images are infrared pictures obtained using a thermal camera. The method is non invasive, automated, and can be applied to common conveyor belts currently used in industrial plants. The results show that the inspection process is effective in identifying defective seals with a precision of 98.6% and a recall of 100% and because it is automated it can be scaled up to large bottle processing plants.

Effect of reactor characteristics on the seasonal effectiveness of solar disinfection: a factorial study

Solar disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water stored in transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers to the sun for about 6 h of strong sunlight, after which the water is rendered safe for consumption. This study investigated the seasonal effect of reactor characteristics on the inactivation kinetics/constant of faecal coliforms by conducting a 23 factorial experiment, involving two levels of PET bottle size, PET bottle thickness, and PET bottle rear surface, uniquely combined to form 8 SODIS reactors/experimental units. The faecal coliform population of hourly samples taken from the 8 SODIS reactors showed that the inactivation kinetics/constant depends on the irradiation energy and maximum water temperature as dictated by the reactor characteristics. The average rate constant of the reflective reactors (1.37 ± 0.43 h-1) was significantly better (p &lt; 0.001) than the absorptive reactors (1.17 ± 0.59 h-1) between June and October. The average rate constant of the small PET bottles (1.73 ± 0.65 h-1) is significantly higher (p &lt; 0.002) than the large PET bottles (1.46 ± 0.51 h-1) from December to May; while the average rate constant of the light PET bottles (1.58 ± 0.64 h-1) is significantly better (p &lt; 0.001) than the thick PET bottles (1.41 ± 0.52 h-1) year-round. Analyses of results confirmed a two-way interaction effect between PET bottle size and PET bottle thickness and between PET bottle rear surface and PET bottle thickness for periods with average radiation intensity of 450–500 W∙m−2. Although container size and thickness were the most significant factors, combining light PET bottles with absorptive rear-surface could extend the applicability of SODIS to regions that fall short of the recommended radiation intensity threshold of 500 W∙m−2 for 5 h.

Pancreatic Islet Purification from Large Mammals and Humans Using a COBE 2991 Cell Processor versus Large Plastic Bottles.

The islet purification step in clinical islet isolation is important for minimizing the risks associated with intraportal infusion. Continuous density gradient with a COBE 2991 cell processor is commonly used for clinical islet purification. However, the high shear force involved in the purification method using the COBE 2991 cell processor causes mechanical damage to the islets. We and other groups have shown human/porcine islet purification using large cylindrical plastic bottles. Shear stress can be minimized or eliminated using large cylindrical plastic bottles because the bottles do not have a narrow segment and no centrifugation is required during tissue loading and the collection processes of islet purification. This review describes current advances in islet purification from large mammals and humans using a COBE 2991 cell processor versus large cylindrical plastic bottles.

Structural behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles wastes bars

This paper examines the effect of using PET bottle waste as a reinforcement bar in concrete beams. Waste of PET bottles has been cut by a special tool to long strips with width of 6 mm and thickness of 0.5 mm and lengths ranging between 6000 mm for small bottles and 11000 for large bottles. Then, straps areused in the formation of PET bars in three different forms, two braids are formed and twisted bundles form.Each PET bar consists of 36 straps. PET bars are arranged in the same location of rebar as an alternative to the steel bars in the tensile area. Also, it are pre-tightened before casting with a special tool is designedfor this purpose in order to give it a straight texture and reduce the expected elongation. Five concrete beams with dimensions (150*200*1400)mm are used in this study.Two of themare controlledbeams with and witout tension steel reinforcement.The other three beams are reinforced withthree different forms of PET bottle waste bars. The achieved results are encouraged and unprecedented as the models containing rods achieved a maximum failure load of up to 25% of the failure load for specimens containing reinforcing steel bars.This technique enhancesits ability to be used as reinforcing bars in secondary structural members.

Enhancing solar disinfection (SODIS) with the photo-Fenton or the Fe2+/peroxymonosulfate-activation process in large-scale plastic bottles leads to toxicologically safe drinking water

Solar disinfection (SODIS) in 2-L bottles is a well-established drinking water treatment technique, suitable for rural, peri‑urban, or isolated communities in tropical or sub-tropical climates. In this work, we assess the enlargement of the treatment volume by using cheap, large scale plastic vessels. The bactericidal performance of SODIS and two solar-Fe2+ based enhancements, namely photo-Fenton (light/H2O2/Fe2+) and peroxymonosulfate activation (light/PMS/Fe2+) were assessed in 19-L polycarbonate (PC) and 25-L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, in ultrapure and real water matrices (tap water, lake Geneva water). Although SODIS always reached total (5-logU) inactivation, under solar light, enhancement by or both Fe2+/H2O2 or Fe2+/PMS was always beneficial and led to an increase in bacterial elimination kinetics, as high as 2-fold in PC and PET bottles with tap water for light/H2O2/Fe2+, and 8-fold in PET bottles with Lake Geneva water. The toxicological safety of the enhancements and their effects on the plastic container materials was assessed using the E-screen assay and the Ames test, after 1-day or 1-week exposure to SODIS, photo-Fenton and persulfate activation. Although the production of estrogenic compounds was observed, we report that no treatment method, duration of exposure or material resulted in estrogenicity risk for humans, and similarly, no mutagenicity risk was measured. In summary, we suggest that SODIS enhancement by either HO•- or SO4•−-based advanced oxidation process is a suitable enhancement of bacterial inactivation in large scale plastic bottles, without any associated toxicity risks.

The Absorption Characteristics of Empty Water Bottles

This work examines experimentally the absorption characteristics of empty plastic water bottles. It focuses on the three common sizes of bottles widely available in the Saudi market (1500, 600 and 330 ml). Measurements were performed according to ISO 354 and ISO 9613-1 standards in the reverberation chamber. Three systematic groups of measurements were performed, each of which examined only one of the three categories. Each group included four tests with a predetermined density (number of bottles per square meter) and alignment. The impact of combining the three sizes of the bottles in one configuration was tested as well. Then, the impact of filling the best absorptive bottle with sand and the impact of the bottles’ position and alignment were investigated. Results demonstrated that water bottles are not a true Helmholtz resonator, as there is more than one resonance frequency for each category. Nevertheless, their fundamental frequencies can be predicted with a certain degree of accuracy, by applying the equation for true Helmholtz resonators. Results showed that the absorption is directly proportionate to the density and the bottle volume. Using either medium or small water bottles alone does not yield a remarkable absorption, unlike large or mixed bottles, which give the best results. Sand has almost no effect on the absorption of sound. Finally, results demonstrate that a remarkably higher level of absorption is achieved in the mid- and high-frequency ranges by placing the 1500-ml bottles onto the floor of the room at random. Although the values of the different measures of absorption are not too high, results of the combined volumes seem promising. Further investigation to improve this absorption is required.