Large Areas Of Land Research Articles

Quantifying and Mapping the Impact of Construction Land Expansion on Cultivated Land Fragmentation—A Case Study of Fuqing City, China

To ensure the sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources, it is essential to quantify and map the characteristics of construction land and cultivated land and analyze the mechanisms by which construction land expansion affects cultivated land. However, few studies have been conducted focusing on this issue. This study integrated morphological spatial pattern analysis, spillover effect analysis, landscape pattern analysis, and a land use transition monitoring method to investigate the characteristics of construction land expansion and cultivated land fragmentation. Fuqing City of China was selected as the case study area for demonstration. The results demonstrated that the expansion of construction land resulted in fragmented patterns within the cultivated land landscape: (1) The large core area of cultivated land was subdivided into smaller core areas during 2000–2020, while the construction land exhibited a tendency towards aggregation and a spillover effect; (2) The expansion rate of the construction land in the study area accelerated, while the extent of the cultivated land decreased; (3) Cultivated land fragmentation intensified as landscape aggregation weakened, leading to an expansion in the agglomeration of construction land. The highlights of this study are: (1) examining the characteristics of construction land expansion and cultivated land fragmentation from morphological and geospatial perspectives; (2) categorizing the core areas of cultivated land based on their size to facilitate the analysis of factors contributing to cultivated land fragmentation. The findings in this study can be used to develop models to predict future patterns of cultivated and construction land to provide suggestions for landscape planning.

A continental approach to estimate the area required for proposed wind-power parks and their overlap with protected areas in Africa

Abstract Wind energy is one of the key renewable energy technologies required to transform the energy sector to reduce climate change. In the global expansion of wind energy, one main concern is that wind-power parks (WPPs) take up large areas of land, causing conflicts with other uses such as nature conservation. Existing impact analyses for WPPs are mostly restricted to case studies, and it lacks studies that investigate potential impacts at a larger scale because no scientific consensus on the area associated to a WPP exists. This study proposes a continental, GIS-based approach to estimate the area required for proposed onshore WPPs and to estimate their potential overlap with protected areas on the African continent. The results of the spatial analysis show that, in total, the currently proposed 149 WPPs would require 852 km2 of land on the African continent, thereof 11 would overlap with protected areas. The overlaps sum up to an area of 42 km2, which corresponds to an affected nominal power of 834 MW (5% of the total projected wind power capacity). These findings reveal the need for further purposefully local in-depth analyses to investigate if the WPP can be operated in accordance with the conservation of the protected area. This work provides new data and a transferable methodological approach on the expansion of wind energy and its potential space requirement and contributes to the investigation of potential land-use conflicts of proposed onshore WPPs on a broader scale.

A continental approach to estimate the area required for proposed wind-power parks and their overlap with protected areas in Africa

Abstract Wind energy is one of the key renewable energy technologies required to transform the energy sector to reduce climate change. In the global expansion of wind energy, one main concern is that wind-power parks (WPPs) take up large areas of land, causing conflicts with other uses such as nature conservation. Existing impact analyses for WPPs are mostly restricted to case studies, and it lacks studies that investigate potential impacts at a larger scale because no scientific consensus on the area associated to a WPP exists. This study proposes a continental, GIS-based approach to estimate the area required for proposed onshore WPPs and to estimate their potential overlap with protected areas on the African continent. The results of the spatial analysis show that, in total, the currently proposed 149 WPPs would require 852 km2 of land on the African continent, thereof 11 would overlap with protected areas. The overlaps sum up to an area of 42 km2, which corresponds to an affected nominal power of 834 MW (5% of the total projected wind power capacity). These findings reveal the need for further purposefully local in-depth analyses to investigate if the WPP can be operated in accordance with the conservation of the protected area. This work provides new data and a transferable methodological approach on the expansion of wind energy and its potential space requirement and contributes to the investigation of potential land-use conflicts of proposed onshore WPPs on a broader scale.

Palm Oil Plantations in West and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: Sustainability Analysis Using a Hierarchy Process Method

There are quite significant differences in the management of palm oil businesses in West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan Provinces. In fact, West Kalimantan has a very large area of oil palm land, but its production output is smaller compared to Central Kalimantan province. Based on these facts, this research aims to determine the policy strategy for sustainable palm oil management, which includes economic, social, environmental and legal aspects to be implemented in the provinces of West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. This research applies the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with a pairwise comparison matrix approach to calculate the weight of each index and create sustainable palm oil based on primary data collection through questionnaires. The research results show that in developing sustainable oil palm plantations, environmental aspects can be considered first, with a primary focus on oil palm land conservation. Conservation of oil palm land is an important part because it is a form of protection, restoration, improvement and maintenance of land functions in accordance with land capabilities and use. The results obtained from calculations carried out using the AHP model show that there are 3 policy alternatives, namely Agribusiness Public Partnership, Agribusiness Private Partnership, and Agribusiness Public - Private Partnership. This can provide benefits for economic growth through increasing agricultural productivity. Agribusiness Public-Private Partnerships have a very important role as a benchmark for sustainable palm oil plantation policies in Central and West Kalimantan.

Pengaruh IAA dan Urutan Daun Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tunas Tanaman Anggrek Cattleya sp.

Orchids are ornamental plants that have high aesthetic value and beauty. Many human activities use this plant, including weddings, Christmas, New Year and birthdays. Orchid propagation can be done conventionally, but it requires a large area of land and takes a long time to grow. However, it can also be multiplied using tissue culture. Plant tissue culture techniques have better prospects than conventional propagation because tissue culture can produce large numbers of new plants without being influenced by time or season. This research aims to determine the effect of IAA and leaf order on shoot growth of Cattleya sp orchid plants. This type of research is experimental research with a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 12 treatments and 3 replications. There are 2 factors in this study, namely factor I PGR IAA (0, 0.5 mg/l, 1 mg/l, and 1.5 mg/l) and factor II Leaf order (1st leaf, 2nd leaf, and 3rd leaf). This research is a quantitative descriptive study with the parameters of the time of shoot emergence and using 2-way Statistics with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the parameters of number of shoots, number of leaves (strands), and plantlet height. From the research results, it was found that the administration of IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) and the order of the leaves did not have a real effect on the number of shoots, number of leaves (strands) and plantlet height. However, the best treatment is the I0.5D2 treatment (IAA 0.5 mg/l and 2nd leaf).

Mapping of Soil Salinity in Absheron Soil Based on SENTINEL-2 Using LightGBM

This paper reflects the results of assessing the degree of salinity of Absheron soils based on remote sensing technologies. The research was conducted in Sumgayit, Guzdek down station, and Yashma districts located in Absheron region of Azerbaijan. Certain areas of the Absheron region are ecologically clean areas with high tourism potential in the future. Classification of soils by salinity degree was performed using indices calculated from data in Sentinel-2 spectral channels. Previously obtained field measurements and ground observations using LightGBM machine learning algorithm were used to confirm the degree of soil salinization in the areas identified on satellite images. Based on a comparative analysis of machine learning and remote sensing methods, it was found that they provide similar results for soil salinity assessment when the study area does not cover a large area of land. This work has important implications for understanding soil salinity dynamics and could be used in further research on land and agricultural management at the regional level. For a country like Azerbaijan, the result obtained by the staff of the Soil Institute is of a local nature.

Strategies to Improve Welfare: Independent Oil Palm Smallholders in Muaro Jambi Regency, Indonesia

The present study aim to formulating a model strategy to improve the welfare of independent oil palm smallholders in Muaro Jambi Regency. Research materials was sourced from primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques include observation, in-person interviews, and in-depth interviews. The object of this research is the owner farmers who directly cultivate oil palm commodities and have harvested at the time the research was conducted. The location of the research was carried out in Muaro Jambi Regency. The selection of this location was carried out deliberately (purposive), taking into account that the district is known to have a fairly large production and area of oil palm land compared to other districts. Data analyses was followed in a descriptive method and SWOT analyses. The results showed that the strategic position of oil palm farming in Muaro Jambi Regency is in quadrant I (0.74; 0.52) so that it is included in the aggressive strategy (S-O). The strategy that must be applied to quadrant I is to support aggressive growth policies (growth oriented strategy). Local governments need to consider policies in order to improve the welfare of independent oil palm farmers.

Adoption of a sustainable land management practice for invasive Prosopis juliflora in East Africa

BackgroundWoody invasive alien species are among the world’s worst invaders, significantly affecting ecosystem services, increasing the cost of farming and reducing access to land. Prosopis juliflora (“prosopis”), a spiny shrub or tree, was introduced from its native Latin America into Eastern Africa to reduce dust and sandstorms and provide wood and fodder for livestock, but it has spread from the original areas of introduction and invaded large areas of land, thereby replacing grazing and arable land with impenetrable thickets. Stakeholders in two invaded regions of Kenya and Tanzania selected and tested, through an inclusive and participatory process guided by the Woody Weeds project, one sustainable land management (SLM) practice to manage prosopis through uprooting and subsequent use of the cleared land for continuous crop and fodder production. The practice was successful and was adopted by stakeholders in the communities where it was tested.MethodsWe assessed reasons why people adopted the practice or not, as well as whether there was an effect of the Woody Weeds project on the adoption, through in-person interviews with 154 household heads in Baringo, Kenya, and 148 in Kahe, Tanzania.ResultsAbout 75% of the respondents implemented the practice, 76 didn’t implement the practice and ten respondents no longer implemented the practice. We found that the likelihood of people adopting was higher for male than female respondents and was positively related to farm size. Results of a choice experiment revealed that almost all respondents prefer the SLM over a situation where their land is invaded by prosopis, even if the investment is high, which confirms that people prefer farming over prosopis, and that their perception of the SLM became more positive over time. Altogether, our results illustrate the beneficial effects of the SLM practice, despite high initial investment and risk of injury while uprooting prosopis. The results further indicate the value of communal meetings for dissemination, as many people learn about new practices through observation of their neighbours’ activities and during public barazas and village meetings.ConclusionsWe recommend awareness raising about these SLM practices and their benefits and upscaling of the practices to other areas infested by prosopis.

Expert panel opinions on carbon sequestration through bamboo utilisation in Malaysia: Rehabilitation of tin mines

Abstract Tin mining was once crucial to Malaysia’s economy, but its decline left large areas of land severely degraded with poor soils and minimal vegetation. Bamboo has become a promising alternative for ecological restoration in these areas, but the understanding of carbon sequestration using bamboo remains limited. The study has two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the existing practices of carbon sequestration using bamboo in Malaysia, and (2) to assess the benefits of bamboo cultivation for its ecological functions and economic viability. This study investigates the perspectives of experts on the use of bamboo for carbon sequestration, particularly in the rehabilitation of tin mines in Malaysia, through panel expert interviews. The results showed that carbon sequestration in Malaysia is still in its early stages. Understanding of bamboo’s capacity to absorb CO2 and release oxygen varies among stakeholders. The experts recommended two bamboo-based benefit models: (1) using bamboo for carbon sequestration on degraded tin mining land, and (2) producing high-value downstream bamboo products such as bamboo biochar, bamboo panels, bamboo-based food, and handicrafts. The panel identified major challenges to bamboo utilisation in Malaysia, including land use competition, the need for specialised knowledge in bamboo cultivation, effective regulations, funding, and the willingness of the industry to engage with relevant stakeholders. Bamboo’s key characteristics include rapid growth, high carbon absorption capacity, and its ability to stabilise soil. Recommendations for improving the use of bamboo in tin mine rehabilitation include enhanced training programs for local farmers, revisions to government incentives and policies, and further research into suitable bamboo species for rehabilitating tin mines or degraded land.

Proposal for a Quick Method for Choosing Plant Species to Accelerate Pedogenesis on Waste Dumps

Abstract Mining is one of the activities that require large areas of land for the storage of sterile rocks resulting from the extraction of useful mineral substances. Waste dumps are wide-spread, are unpleasant components of the landscape causing a negative visual impact, the modification of ecosystems and their functions, environmental pollution (depending on their content, it can result atmospheric pollution by entrainment of dust particles and powders by winds, generation of acid waters, land and soil pollution with trace elements, etc.), and may present risks for the objectives in the area as a result of the sliding potential. The waste dumps consisting of inert rocks like sands, clays, and dust in different mixtures, which present various degrees of aeration and permeability and which lack the fertility given by organic matter, need proper interventions and works to support the development of more valuable plants and to reintegrate them into the natural landscape. The research presented in this paper aims to identify the necessary steps in order to accelerate the pedogenesis process on mining dumps and, as a result, a logical scheme type method was developed that could be easily applied to any type of mining dump. Also, the logical scheme was applied and verified through an experimental study carried out at the level of the interior dump of North Pesteana open-pit from Rovinari mining basin, Romania.

Family Husbandry in the Tropical Island of Mayotte: Struggling for Autonomy from Production to Sanitary Problems.

Mayotte is a small tropical island in the Comoros archipelago. It became recently a French department and much of its food, especially meat, is imported from abroad. The development of livestock farming is therefore a necessity. To understand the problems faced by Mahoran farmers, we organised semi-directive interviews with 15 farmers who reared cattle, sheep, goats or poultry. The first difficulty of farmers was limited access to land, especially for ruminants. This led to feed shortages. Another difficulty was the limited access to water and the poor quality of the roads to reach the farms. Poultry farmers were too dependent on importations of feed and laying hen or broiler genotypes from metropolitan France. The lack of organization for independent food productions (absence of abattoirs, cooperatives or organised markets) is also an obstacle to the development of the sector. Animal health, although not considered a major problem, has been a nuisance in the past (anthrax in cattle or salmonella in poultry). Mahoran farmers trust veterinarians or their assistants to manage health, although they complain about the high cost. Surprisingly, farmers use traditional medicine for many of their ailments, mostly based on local plants, but rarely for animals. Overall, our study reveals that larger land areas, better availability of money for investment and access to water and fodder are urgently required to improve livestock production and economic viability of farmers in Mayotte.

Environmental and Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium(I) Carbonate Production from Lithium(I) Containing Brines

Lithium(I) consumption is predicted to continue growing exponentially to support the rapidly expanding lithium-ion battery (LIB) market. Extracting Li(I) from lithium(I)-containing brine is commonly used for production of battery-grade Li2CO3, an essential component in LIB production. Lithium(I)-containing brine resources are abundant in a specific region in South America, often referred to as the Lithium Triangle, including the Chilean Atacama Desert.This study aims to establish a detailed and up-to-date life cycle inventory (LCI) of battery-grade Li2CO3 production from brine in Chile’s Atacama Desert based on parameter modelling, literature, technical reports, and Ecoinvent database. The comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts conducted includes brine production and modelling evaporation through three scenarios: engineering calculations, Penman equation and measured data. Rates of evaporation of brine are influenced by weather and salinity changes, so corrections to data are necessary. Process modelling was conducted in Aspen Plus and the modelling method was set as ELECNRTL. The northern Chile electricity grid was modelled, as was the water footprint (WF) of the production process. Once emissions are estimated, the LCA modelling software Sphera is used, according to ISO 14040, with the functional unit set to the production of 1 kg of battery-grade Li2CO3. Based on the ReCiPe 2016 v1.1 midpoint characterisation method and AWARE method, the environmental impacts and water scarcity footprint (WSF) have been analysed and will be presented.The results showed that most of the environmental impacts arose from sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), water and electrical energy consumption for the entire Li2CO3 production process. Solvent extraction is used to remove borates from the brines, requiring aqueous NaOH for re-extraction from the organic solvent. The major contribution is from the chlor-alkali electrolytic process for NaOH production. Na2CO3 is required for removal of MgII and CaII aqueous species as corresponding carbonate precipitates, and for Li2CO3 formation. The required process water was used as a solvent and as wash water. The northern Chile electricity grid is powered by 48.46 % natural gas and 34.8 % hard coal, as well as 8.7 % photovoltaic energy. The overall global warming potential (GWP) of the process was 5.82 kg CO2 (kg Li2CO3)-1. 75.84 % of the GWP was incurred by NaOH production, 14.01 % by Na2CO3 production and 8.30 % by electrical energy generation; other components contributed < 5 %. The environmental impacts of the mining and evaporation processes were caused primarily by electricityconsumption, whereas the GWP of the Li2CO3 chemical production process was determined mainly by the chemicals used.The results also showed that in waste management, the infiltration caused by waste piles accumulated near the production site and surface impoundments has an insignificant impact, although large areas of land are occupied. For WF and WSF, the blue WF, which is the consumption of surface and ground water, was 0.16 m3 (kg Li2CO3)-1 and the chemical production process blue WF accounted for 87.50 %. NaOH production in chlor-alkali processes consumes water by the reaction 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH-, accounting for 74.8 % of the blue WF of the chemical production process. Hence, oxygen diffusion cathodes are advocated to decrease specific electrical energy consumptions by ca. a third by substituting the above cathode reaction by: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH-, so decreasing CO2 emissions and enabling GWP savings of 24.1 %. Additionally, comparison of H2O to OH- ratios between conventional membrane chlor-alkali processes (H2O : OH- = 1) and those utilizing oxygen reduction cathodes (H2O : OH- = 0.5) indicates water consumption could be decreased.Despite the small amount of WF, the impact on water scarcity was 13.1 m3 world equivalent per kg Li2CO3 in this arid desert, so it is essential to decrease water consumption and increase its recycling. The comparative performance of different modelling approaches for the LCI parameters, combined with the borate re-extraction overlooked in previous such LCA studies, has enabled a more detailed LCI and environmental assessment which can identify hotspots and decrease water consumption and environmental impacts. However, further work is needed to simulate and compare the environmental impacts, water consumption, and economic benefits of selective lithium(I) recovery from brines by electrochemical processes and by conventional evaporation methods.

Main technical requirements for radiometric system for remote soil moisture meter

A dual-polarization L-band microwave radiometer was developed and tested for remote soil moisture measurement. The tests were conducted to study the possible integration of soil moisture and temperature data obtained by the radiometer into the precision farming system. The purpose of this work is to clarify and substantiate the main technical parameters of a new microwave radiometer for determining moisture content portraits of large areas of agricultural land, based on the analysis of the results of flight tests of dual-polarization microwave radiometric remote soil moisture indicator, which were conducted using a quadrocopter in different regions of the Russian Federation. Crop yields are determined by moisture content in the productive layer of soil. To obtain data on soil moisture at different depths it is necessary to use multi-frequency radiometers. So, the use of a multi-frequency microwave radiometer with wavelengths of 21, 11 and 5.5 cm was justified. The mass of such radiometer should not exceed 5 kg. and dimensions not more than 360x360x60 mm. so that it could be used as a carrier of small class UAV with payload not more than 5 kg. The second sensitivity should be no worse than 0.5 degrees. Continuous operation time from the built-in battery is not less than 3 hours.

Scaling models for Regreening Africa: enhancing agroecological integration through smallholders’ assets and agency in Kenya

Urgent action is needed to address climate change, land degradation, and biodiversity loss. The Regreening Africa project (2017–2023), recently recognized as a UN World Restoration Flagship, aimed to reverse land degradation over large areas of land for the triple benefit of people, biodiversity, and climate in eight African countries. Based on projections and early lessons learned, the project sought to identify sustainable scaling models to achieve its ambitious targets. The so-called “Asset-Based Community-driven Development (ABCD) in Regreening” project aimed to demonstrate the positive contribution of deliberate community engagement and co-design. The project introduced ABCD sessions to 30 purposively selected community groups in the Regreening intensification sites in western Kenya. ABCD combines a unique set of framings, methods, and processes that focus on people’s assets and agency, and emphasizes the importance of their attitudes toward self and others for sustainable behavior change. To evidence that ABCD intrinsically contributes to sustainable adoption and scaling of Regreening practices, the project developed the F-ACT+ tool to assess the alignment between ABCD and agroecological practices, and collected baseline and endline data from 300 project and 300 non-project participants. Results showed accelerated agroecological integration among ABCD project participants. ABCD participants showed significant improvements in nine agroecological principles and eight system components, particularly in the economic diversification, social values and diets, and knowledge co-creation principles, as well as in the pest and disease, household, and value chain system components. Summary ATT between ABCD and non-ABCD respondents was positive and significant in 10 principles and eight system components. The results support the synergistic contribution of ABCD to projects targeting sustainable behavior change at the individual and collective levels. Due to its focus on outcomes, this study provided limited insight into the specific mechanisms of ABCD, which are the subject of a separate publication on parallel theory-based contribution analysis work.

Dewatering and Transport in Sustainable Sediment Management: A Review

This paper deals with the dewatering and handling of dredged sediments in the context of sustainability and renewability of natural resources. Dewatering is a critical part of sediment management, as the high water content of dredged sediments becomes a challenge for transportation, final storage and/or recycling. This is why it is necessary to reduce their water content before transportation. Conventional methods suggest using land-based drained basins, which is a sustainable solution. However, this solution has certain drawbacks: dewatering the sediment is time-consuming and involves the use of large land areas. The main problem with this method of dewatering can be solved by proposing mechanical dewatering in the vicinity of the dredging operation. Once the sediment has been sufficiently dewatered, it should be shoveled and transported again. The proposed paper covers the study of the dewatering and shoveling ability of sediments. After introducing why dewatering is a critical phase in the recycling process of sediment, some techniques for dewatering large volumes of high-water sediments are briefly reported. Typical dewatering laboratory tests are detailed, demonstrating their usefulness for understanding the mechanisms of natural dewatering. A laboratory dewatering press machine is reported and the procedure used for a sediment sludge. The last section concerns a recent innovative test implemented for the study of the shoveling ability and adhesion of sediments. This study improves our understanding of the phenomenon of sediment dewatering, for both natural and mechanical dewatering. It also provides the protocols for typical laboratory tests on sediment dewatering and shoveling ability.

Soil Physical Properties of Oil Palm Plantations in Tidal Areas of Peatland

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is a plant with a higher vegetable oil content than other oil-producing plants, so palm oil is widely used as the main raw material for processed vegetable oil. The increasingly limited land area and the larger land area in Indonesia so that the space for plantation companies to expand the land is increasingly limited, so that the expansion of oil palm plantations began to change from optimal land to suboptimal land. Soil physical properties are properties related to the shape or original condition of the soil. This study aims to determine the physical properties of soil (texture, porosity, moisture content, soil color, particle density, and bulk density) on peatlands in the tidal area of PT Sinar Gunung Sawit Raya. This research used survey method with descriptive analysis. The soil samples taken were peat soil in the tidal area with purposive random sampling method at a depth of 30 cm. This research was conducted in November 2023 and continued in the laboratory for testing each soil physical properties. The results of the research on soil physical properties at PT Sinar Gunung Sawit Raya on peatlands in tidal areas show that the soil texture is loamy sand, soil porosity is good, moisture content is relatively normal, soil color looks relatively dark, particle density is still low and bulk density value shows low. Keywords: Loamy sand, Oil palm, Peat soil, Soil color, Soil texture.

Construction of landslide warning by combining rainfall threshold and landslide susceptibility in the gully region of the Loess Plateau: A case of Lanzhou City, China

Regional forecasting of the landslide rainfall threshold is complex, and the empirical prediction of the rainfall threshold relies on historical statistical data. To obtain the intensity (I) ∼ duration (D) rainfall threshold, Lanzhou City was selected as the research object, and a field investigation, 3S technology, mathematical statistics and a Python language environment were employed to develop a set of automatic rainfall threshold calculation programs. Factor elimination, the information value method, weight of evidence, the frequency ratio, the density method and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were applied to obtain landslide susceptibility, and the I ∼ D rainfall threshold (temporal probability) and landslide susceptibility (spatial probability) were combined to construct regional landslide rainfall threshold warning levels (red, orange, yellow and blue). The results showed the rainfall duration of historical landslides ranged from 0.99 to 216 h, thereinto, it was accounted for 92.78 % with that of between 6 and 96 h, and the rainfall intensity was between 0.11 and 23.6 mm/h, and the α and β of rainfall threshold curve was gradually increased with an increase in the rainfall threshold probability. Additionally, when the rainfall condition probability was the same, landslides occurrence was more frequent in Chenguan District, where there are large areas of bare land, and slope and annual rainfall are less than 10 °and 300 mm, respectively. Fifteen, nine, and six factors were used to obtain landslide susceptibility, and the accuracy of the ROC ranged from 0.78 to 0.80 under different methods and different factor combinations. The spatial distribution of landslide susceptibility was very similar. There were 35, 12, 25 and 108 landslides associated with red, orange, yellow and blue levels, respectively, under the spatial–temporal probability, but 30, 26, 54 and 70, respectively, under temporal probability. Under the different conditions, there were 89, 69 and 22 landslide points with unchanged, increased and decreased warning levels, respectively. The ability and accuracy of rainfall threshold warning and prediction were effectively improved by integrating the temporal and spatial probabilities of the rainfall threshold.

Research Progress of Desertification Control in China

Desertification is a change in soil properties, vegetation, or climate that leads to the ongoing loss of ecosystem services essential for sustaining life. Desertification affects large areas of dry land around the world and is a major cause of stress in human societies. Desertification is a serious ecological problem in China. Desertification has seriously affected vegetation growth, food security, and human economy, and has caused certain adverse effects on the natural environment and social environment. Based on the causes of desertification and the present situation of desertification, this paper analyzes various measures to prevent and control desertification and puts forward some useful ideas on desertification in China, which will provide a reference for the research of desertification control in China.

The potential of silvopasture in California: producer perspectives

ABSTRACT Silvopasture is a form of agroforestry that has been practiced around the globe for millennia and involves integrating trees, livestock, and forage within the same area. Recent increased attention and research on this practice has provided greater evidence that it can deliver both economic and environmental benefits, including climate mitigation and adaptation. However, it is not widely used in the United States. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the current state of silvopasture and opportunities for expansion of this practice in California, one of the primary agricultural regions in the United States. California is geographically suited to silvopasture and already has large land areas dedicated to both orchards and grazing though these two types of agriculture are typically managed and documented separately. We report the results of our statewide survey of silvopasture producers, including benefits, motivations, and challenges associated with this practice. Finally, we recommend ways in which the barriers to silvopasture adoption could be reduced.

IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM MONITORING AIR DENGANSENSOR ULTRASONIK HC-SR04 DAN WATER FLOW DI ASONE HIDROPONIK BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) MENGGUNAKAN ENERGI PANEL SURYA(PLTS)

The cultivation system using hydroponics is now widely popular among the community because it does not require large areas of land. Using the hydroponic system results in faster and optimal harvests. However, the busy activities of urban communities often cause them to fail in implementing it due to constraints in controlling and monitoring hydroponic plants. Additionally, PLN electricity is essential for operating the water pump, and the electricity load and tariff increases, along with sudden blackouts, significantly impact business actors. To address this problem, this research creates an Internet of Things (IoT)-based water monitoring system for ACONE Hydroponics partners with solar panel (PLTS) energy sources as an alternative energy in the event of a sudden PLN power outage. The sensors used in this system include the HCR-04 ultrasonic sensor to monitor water availability and the water flow sensor to measure water flow (discharge). Sensor data is processed by the ESP32 microcontroller and sent to the Blynk cloud platform via an internet connection and displayed on an LCD. System testing shows that the system can send sensor data to the cloud platform stably and in real-time. Data visualization on the cloud platform is easy to understand and helps hydroponic owners monitor water conditions in hydroponic systems. This water monitoring system can help users optimize water use in hydroponic systems.