Schema Language Research Articles

Contemporary Decolonial Temporalities: Generational and Transcontinental Kinship in Janet Campbell Hale’s Women on the Run and Jeannette Armstrong’s Whispering in Shadows

Contemporary Decolonial TemporalitiesGenerational and Transcontinental Kinship in Janet Campbell Hale’s Women on the Run and Jeannette Armstrong’s Whispering in Shadows Dominique Aurilla Vargas (bio) I was with those people, was part of them. I felt the presence of my grandmother there as though two parts of her met each other that day: the ghost of the girl she was in 1877 (and that part of her will remain forever in this place) and the part of her that lives on in me, in inherited memories of her, in my blood and in my spirit. —Janet Campbell Hale, Bloodlines: Odyssey of a Native Daughter In the mid 1980s, Okanagan Syilx writer Jeannette Armstrong met with Métis architect Douglas Cardinal to discuss development of the En’owkin Centre, an Okanagan cultural and arts institution. Their conversation grew into a longer collaborative discourse through which they came to define art as an expression of a particular Indigenous philosophy where a collective human past and consciousness are preserved through the creative work of the individual. Armstrong defines these “creative acts” as “continuance links” where consciousness and “knowledge continues unfolding from one generation to the next” (Native Creative Process 82). The individual, in dynamic relation with the collective but not subsumed by it, is both receiver and creator. Armstrong explains that in the Okanagan framework, total humanity must couple “the experience of synchronizing . . . all-time and all things” with the maintenance of creative individual abilities (86). This imperative takes place across generations and beyond the boundaries of linear time. Within this account, intergenerational knowledge actively disrupts settler-colonial time. Beyond shaping ordinary perception, this is a dynamic experience of what Mark Rifkin calls being-in-time, which refuses settler norms of present and historicity (Settler Time 26). The [End Page 76] ability to move among past, present, and future through ancestral consciousness marks a transtemporal, and thus, a decolonial process. Transtemporality challenges the taken-for-grantedness of epistemic concepts like rationality, individuality, and linearity, providing a background for many of the creative acts Armstrong describes in her conversation with Cardinal, including art, literature, ceremony, and history (Native Creative Process 82). These forms are further linked through the “orality conscious language schema” of the Okanagan language Nsyilxcen (Armstrong, Constructing Indigeneity 23). Much of Pre-Columbian Nsyilxcen, like many other Indigenous languages, was nearly extinguished by residential schools through “severe, intimidating, and . . . life threatening” English-only policies. However, these conditions did not indicate a total devaluation of “ancestral language proficiency” (Leap 158). In fact, Armstrong claims that Nsyilxcen and other languages were partially preserved through orality, storytelling, and “certain kinds of sounds, rhythms, that permeate, and that have their roots in, the original language.” In this way, language and storytelling carry unfolding knowledge from generation to generation, even in written and spoken English (Isernhagen 171). I suggest that this must be understood as a translinguistic, transtemporal continuance link. Building on Armstrong’s account of “Indigenous construction of meanings accumulated as knowledge through [a] millennium of judicious human interaction with one place” (Constructing Indigeneity 38), I read Armstrong’s novel Whispering in Shadows (2000) and Janet Campbell Hale’s (Coeur d’Alene) short story collection Women on the Run (1999) as creative acts, which practice discursive decolonial temporality through relationality, movement, and untranslated Nsyilxcen and Snchitsu’umshtsn kinship terms, specifically “Tupa” and “Tupiya.” Though these narrative and linguistic characteristics do not necessarily constitute a refusal to translate, Hale and Armstrong are engaging in an explicitly non-Western discourse. Settler discourses understand humanity only through a single spatial-temporal framework with no accommodation of worldviews beyond itself. By contrast, Hale and Armstrong provide an aesthetic and ethical refusal of colonial representation and certainty. Countering the temporal schemas of settler-colonialism and neoliberalism in the contemporary, these texts forge decolonial temporality through kinship and language. [End Page 77] Grouped together by geography and cognate similarities, Snchitsu’umshtsn and Nsyilxcen are part of the Southern Interior Salishan language family (Doak and Mattina 334). Colville Okanagan (Nsyilxcen) uses the appellative (address term) “t’aʔtúpaʔ” with the hypocoristic appellative (diminutive address term) “túpa” for great-grandparent/child (Mattina and Jack 119). Similarly, the Coeur d’Alene...

Using XML schemas to structure information models of capital construction facilities

Introduction. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an auspicious approach that supports management and exchange of semantically rich 3D models across design disciplines. Recently, BIM has gained widespread acceptance in the AEC industry, and it improves the efficiency and quality of the process by facilitating the early exchange of 3D building models. At different stages of the life cycle, a building information model is gradually refined from rough conceptual design to detailed individual components. The task is to develop mechanisms for machine verification (authentication) of data transmitted to/from different systems (for example, from a customer to an expert evaluation authority, from a contractor to the urban planning management information system or any other state information system) in the form of an information model of capital construction facilities or certain components of an information model.
 Materials and methods. To substantiate the choice of the language employed to describe machine-readable documents, various use cases of XML schemas were analyzed, including the use of the Google Trends tool. Information systems, implemented in the Russian Federation, were also considered. Most of them use the W3C XML Schema language to describe XSD schemas.
 Results. A consolidated list of XML schemas, necessary and sufficient to maintain stages of the life cycle of a capital construction facility in terms of interaction with the Urban Planning Management Information System is presented. To ensure interaction between the life cycle participants and state information systems, it is necessary to have the list of XML schemas approved at the federal level. The paper presents matrixes of scenarios for the application of XML schemas in the following coordinates: participants, life cycle stages.
 Conclusions. XML schemas can be supplemented in respect of various stages of a life cycle of a capital construction faci-lity to be verified with due regard for further methodological approaches and changes in regulatory and technical acts; new approaches and the need for this supplementation must be substantiated.

The BIM2LCA Approach: An Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)-Based Interface to Integrate Life Cycle Assessment in Integral Planning

An increasing degree of digitalization in construction planning offers significant potential for building life cycle assessment (LCA) to reduce access barriers, as well as the assessment effort itself. To realize the widespread application of LCA tools and their potential to effectively minimize life cycle impacts, an open approach is required that allows for flexible application of comprehensive LCA studies and early integration in planning processes. The authors present an approach for LCA integration in all phases of digital planning which aims at a DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für nachhaltiges Bauen) certification based on the open Building Information Modeling (BIM) standard Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The approach takes into account varying levels of development and resulting data availability during integral planning phases, as well as resulting LCA application contexts. It goes beyond existing strategies and allows one to consider both BIM and LCA software through a workflow based on a single data format. The assessment framework is operationalized through standardized interface development and technical realization following the information delivery manual (IDM) process standardized for IFC interfaces. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema, as a specific implementation for certification, provides the target system for LCA data requirements and is generalized to a planning phase specific IDM base table. The technical realization based on respective model view definitions and distributed data suggests a pathway to the standardization of LCA-IFC integration based on an open approach. The overall approach exemplarily applies to the “LERNZENTRUM” at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) campus. We conclude that an open BIM approach for LCA integration in model-based planning is feasible, but requires several adjustments in IFC, LCA, and planning practice. Adding a lifecycle element to the IFC to connect BIM and LCA provides comprehensive feedback for informed decision making based on environmental impact.

Cognitive Schemas of Multicultural and Multilingual Employees

This study explores multicultural and multilingual individuals as two employee groups that gain increased importance for globally operating organizations. Companies have recognized the valuable resources these employees bring to their cross-cultural and cross-lingual ventures. As such, this study investigates their cognitive schemas as an important resource for outcomes in the workplace. Cognitive schemas are organized knowledge structures and influence individuals’ thinking, behaviour, emotions and how information is interpreted. Based on the analysis of 154 semi-structured interviews, we develop a framework of multicultural and multilingual schemas within individuals. Our inductive theory building concluded that their schemas are developed through external influences and internal dealings and consist of unique compositions of cultural and language elements. The schemas highlight the importance to consider varying degrees of knowledge in their multiple cultures and languages, specifically related to the professional and private contexts. In addition, they further our understanding about the individual agency in developing the schemas. We propose a shift toward acknowledging the existence of a multicultural schema and a multilingual schema within individuals as opposed to multiple cultural and language schemas.

The molecular entities in linked data dataset.

The Molecular Entities in Linked Data (MEiLD) dataset comprises data of distinct atoms, molecules, ions, ion pairs, radicals, radical ions, and others that can be identifiable as separately distinguishable chemical entities. The dataset is provided in a JSON-LD format and was generated by the SDFEater, a tool that allows parsing atoms, bonds, and other molecule data. MEiLD contains 349,960 of ‘small’ chemical entities. Our dataset is based on the SDF files and is enriched with additional ontologies and line notation data. As a basis, the Molecular Entities in Linked Data dataset uses the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model. Saving the data in such a model allows preserving the semantic relations, like hierarchical and associative, between them. To describe chemical molecules, vocabularies such as Chemical Vocabulary for Molecular Entities (CVME) and Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) are used. The dataset can be beneficial, among others, for people concerned with research and development tools for cheminformatics and bioinformatics. In this paper, we describe various methods of access to our dataset. In addition to the MEiLD dataset, we publish the Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) schema of our dataset and the CVME ontology. The data is available in Mendeley Data.

Multilingual two-digit number naming: The influence of composition rules on language switching.

The aim of this study was to examine language switching in a two-digit number naming task. In contrast to single digits, two-digit numbers have a composition rule (i.e., morphological configuration) that may differ between languages. For example, the Arabic number 21 is read with an inverted composition rule in German (unit before decade) and a non-inverted composition rule in English (decade before unit). In the present experiment, one group of German native speakers and one group of Spanish native speakers had to name two-digit numbers in German, English, or Spanish. The results demonstrate a language-switch cost, revealing better performance in language repetition than in language-switch trials. This switch cost was further modulated by repeating or switching the composition rule, since the language repetition benefit (i.e., the switch cost) was reduced in trials with composition-rule switches compared with trials with composition-rule repetitions. This finding indicates that the language in which the number word has to be produced and its composition rule are not switched independently but rather may be integrated into one language schema.

Comparative Analysis of XML Schema Languages for Improved Entropy Metric

The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a data set to represent data in a format that is both human readable and machine readable. For XML documents to provide understanding about data exchange between applications, XML schema documents should be validated against the schema language. Most existing schema metrics were implemented differently in Document Type Definition (DTD), XML Schema Definition (XSD) and Regular Language for Next Generation (RNG) but never compare XML schema languages on any metric. Hence this paper compared three different schema languages on Improved Entropy Metric (IEM) using the Number of Attributes (NA), Number of Equivalence Class (NEC), Frequency Occurrence of Class (FOCi) and Number of Elements (NE). The proposed metric was applied on real schemas documents data are acquired from Web Service Description Language (WSDL) and implemented in DTD, XSD and RNG. The result showed that RNG reduce complexity of class elements, reflect strong support for class elements to appear in any order which showed more reusability and flexibility traits and overall understanding of the schema documents becomes much easier because RNG can be algorithmically converted and partner with other schema languages therefore this reduces maintenance effort. Keywords— XML Schema Language, Schema Documents, Schema Metrics

Integrating IFC and CityGML Model at Schema Level by Using Linguistic and Text Mining Techniques

There is a growing interest in the interoperability between building information models (BIM) and geographic information systems (GIS). BIM can provide rich information for the generation of a GIS model, while the analysis tools in GIS can be used by BIM applications, such as the management of material supply chains and site selection. A comprehensive integration of the BIM and GIS is critical for interoperability between the two domains. However, many integration methods including manual inspection of complex and heterogeneous model files are time-consuming and have weak generalisation capability. This paper proposes a new linguistic-based semantic mapping method that uses the letter trigram-based word hashing method (WHSMM) to construct the feature vector, and then maps the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) schemas through text mining techniques at schema level. The semantic mapping precision and recall obtained using WHSMM are compared with those of another linguistic-based method. The mapping result shows that performance of WHSMM is superior to that of another method in most cases. Therefore, the mapping candidates of WHSMM are used to transform the IFC datasets into CityGML models. The transformation results show that most of mapping candidates of the WHSMM can be used to practical data integration. The semantic mapping method presented in this paper can help map the IFC and CityGML schemas by effectively reducing the search space of the manual mapping method.

Review

Review

Proposed minimum information guideline for kidney disease—research and clinical data reporting: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis project aimed to develop and propose a standardised reporting guideline for kidney disease research and clinical data reporting, in order to improve kidney disease data quality and integrity, and...

Conversion of XML schema design styles with StyleVolution

PurposeAny XML schema definition can be organized according to one of the following design styles: “Russian Doll”, “Salami Slice”, “Venetian Blind” and “Garden of Eden” (with the additional “Bologna” style actually representing absence of style). Conversion from a design style to another can facilitate the reuse and exchange of schema specifications encoded using the XML schema language. Without any computer-aided engineering support, style conversions must be performed very carefully as they are difficult and error-prone operations. The purpose of this paper is to efficiently deal with such XML schema design style conversions.Design/methodology/approachA general approach, named StyleVolution, for automatic management of XML schema design style conversions, is proposed. StyleVolution is equipped with a suite of seven procedures: four for converting a valid XML schema from any other design style to the “Garden of Eden” style, which has been chosen as a normalized XML schema format, and three for converting from the “Garden of Eden” style to any of the other desired design styles.FindingsProcedures, algorithms and methods for XML schema design style conversions are presented. The feasibility of the approach has been shown through the encoding (using the XQuery language) and the testing (with the Altova XMLSpy 2019 tool) of a suite of seven ready-to-use procedures. Moreover, four test procedures are provided for checking the conformance of a given input XML schema to a schema design style.Originality/valueThe proposed approach implements a new technique for efficiently managing XML schema design style conversions, which can be used to make any given XML schema file to conform to a desired design style.

Beyond validation: Using programmed diagnostics to learn about, monitor, and successfully complete your DH project

Abstract Digital humanities projects have long relied on various schema languages—chiefly, RELAX NG and Schematron—for validating the XML documents in their data collections; however, these languages are limited in their ability to check for consistency, coherence, and completeness across the entire project. In our work as part of “Endings”, an umbrella project that comprises four diverse digital edition projects from different fields, we have developed a methodology for checking and enforcing correctness, completeness, and coherence across the entire document set. The following article describes the various stages (what we term “levels”) of our diagnostics process, all of which are driven by XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) stylesheets, and produce a human readable report. These levels include checks for referential integrity, correct entity tagging, and potential duplicates in the data set. Using examples from the Endings projects, we show how diagnostic processes not only ensure correctness in the data set, but can also aid in determining project milestones and completion dates. Diagnostics, we argue, are thus a crucial extension to schema-based validation for complex digital projects and can provide concrete ways for digital humanities projects to enforce coherence and consistency and track their progress toward completion.

A grammar-based approach for XML schema extraction and heterogeneous document integration

The availability of vast amounts of heterogeneous XML web data motivates finding efficient methods to search, integrate, query, and present this data. The structure of XML documents is useful for achieving these tasks; however, not every XML document on the web includes a schema. We discuss challenges and solutions in the area of generation and integration of XML schemas. We propose and implement a framework for efficient schema extraction and integration from heterogeneous XML document collections collected from the web. Our approach introduces the schema extended context-free grammar (SECFG) to model XML schemas, including detection of attributes, data types, and element occurrences. Unlike other implementations, our approach supports the generation of XML schemas in any XML schema language, e.g., DTD or XSD. We compare our approach with other proposed approaches and conclude that we offer the same or better functionality more efficiently and with greater flexibility. The approach we propose is flexible enough to facilitate integration of and translation to tabular (relational) data.

Validation of XML schema and extraction of human body description format parameters

Abstract In this paper, the development of Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema of newly proposed Human body description format (HBDF) is proposed and further, the software and hardware solution for processing and acquiring the anthropometric parameters of the human body is presented. The analysis covers information on the HBDF format and specific measurement procedures that are associated with the format and together form a coherent structure for the recording of such data. The structure of the format itself is implemented as XML schema, determining the content of XML outputs. Experimental software solution is designed and proves valid in the examination of HBDF structure. The experimental hardware is proposed to introduce new approach to measurement using the physical real-world device. Proposed hardware solution also implements HBDF structure. Schema ensures the data coherency and integrity,while the proposed solution ensures the import, operation, and export of data. The XML schema was experimentally tested as a part of multiple research projects.

SPARQL Query Containment Under Schema

Query containment is defined as the problem of determining if the result of a query is included in the result of another query for any dataset. It has major applications in query optimization and knowledge base verification. To date, testing query containment has been performed using different techniques: containment mapping, canonical databases, automata theory techniques and through a reduction to the validity problem in logic. Here, we use the latter technique to test containment of SPARQL queries using an expressive modal logic called $$\mu $$ -calculus. For that purpose, we define an RDF graph encoding as a transition system which preserves its characteristics. In addition, queries and schema axioms are encoded as $$\mu $$ -calculus formulae. Thereby, query containment can be reduced to testing validity in the logic. We identify various fragments of SPARQL and description logic schema languages for which containment is decidable. Additionally, we provide theoretically and experimentally proven procedures to check containment of these decidable fragments. Finally, we propose a benchmark for containment solvers which is used to test and compare the current state-of-the-art containment solvers.

Aircraft Geometry and Meshing with Common Language Schema CPACS for Variable-Fidelity MDO Applications

This paper discusses multi-fidelity aircraft geometry modeling and meshing with the common language schema CPACS. The CPACS interfaces are described, and examples of variable fidelity aerodynamic analysis results applied to the reference aircraft are presented. Finally, we discuss three control surface deflection models for Euler computation.

The Implementation of Spatial Planning Objects in a 3D Cadastral Model

The paper concerns spatial planning in Poland and its connection with the cadastre. The Polish spatial planning system defines the set of colours, lines, hatches, etc. destined for the preparations of spatial plans, though this has so far not been followed by a spatial planning model or application schema. The aim of this paper is to create a preliminary concept of the unified modelling language (UML) schema of database integrating 3D cadastre and 3D spatial planning. The authors initially define five unified modelling language classes representing spatial planning objects (four representing spatial objects and one a dictionary list). As spatial planning and cadastres are very strongly connected, these classes are implemented into a cadastral model that had been earlier enriched with 3D classes. The final results of this research are UML diagrams based on the Polish cadastral model as defined earlier in legal regulations. They comprise original cadastral model classes, 3D cadastral objects added in earlier research work, classes representing spatial planning objects and the relationships among them. Such a solution better connects cadastre and spatial planning on a structural level and introduces 3D elements into spatial planning which has basically been done in two dimensions.

A library of building occupant behaviour models represented in a standardised schema

Over the past four decades, a substantial body of literature has explored the impacts of occupant behaviour (OB) on building technologies, operation, and energy consumption. A large number of data-driven behavioural models have been developed based on field data. These models lack standardisation and consistency, leading to difficulties in applications and comparison. To address this problem, an ontology was developed using the drivers-needs-actions-systems (DNAS) framework. Recent work has been carried out to implement the theoretical DNAS framework into an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema, titled ‘occupant behaviour XML’ (obXML) which is a practical implementation of OB models that can be integrated into building performance simulation (BPS) programs. This paper presents a newly developed library of OB models represented in the standardised obXML schema format. This library provides ready-to-use examples for BPS users to employ more accurate occupant representation in their energy models. The library, which contains an initial effort of 52 OB models, was made publicly available for the BPS community. As part of the library development process, limitations of the obXML schema were identified and addressed, and future improvements were proposed. Authors hope that by compiling this library building, energy modellers from all over the world can enhance their BPS models by integrating more accurate and robust OB patterns.

Application of Schema Theory in High School English Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension accounts for a lot in English tests. As a key and difficult point in English teaching at high school, the traditional way which focuses on the infusion of vocabulary and grammar may lead to decline of students’ interest in English learning. It is important to find a suitable teaching method for high school students as soon as possible. The schema, which is also known as the background knowledge of students, plays a very essential role in their comprehension of reading materials. Therefore, this paper will concentrate on the exploration of schema theory to find out an English reading teaching method for high school English teachers, which can not only fundamentally improve the students’ English grades, but also effectively transmit useful reading strategies to them and help them form a complete and comprehensive framework of knowledge. Rumelhart proposes that schema is consisted of several variables that represent elements of concepts, and it is a kind of knowledge framework and categorizing system. Based on this definition, this paper attempts to explain the relationship between the schema and the students' reading comprehension process, summarize the concrete role and important influence of the content schema, formal schema and language schema in English reading teaching, and verify the feasibility of the application of schema theory. And a detailed teaching method, which includes the English teaching process before, in and after class will be proposed.

Standard Description of Common Element Model Data Type Based On XML Schema

AI-ESTATE standard uses EXPRESS language to describe its diagnostic knowledge, but EXPRESS is not a programming language, which makes it difficult to implement diagnostics using EXPRESS language description. This makes it difficult to share and reuse diagnostic knowledge; XML language with its good flexibility, readability and extensibility, it has brought great convenience to information exchange. Mapping the EXPRESS language to XML Schema is of great significance for the sharing of diagnostic knowledge. First, the data types of the EXPRESS language and XML Schema are analysed; then, mapping mechanism of the simple data types, aggregate data type, and structural data types to XML data types in EXPRESS are studied separately. Finally, based on the analysis of the AI-ESTATE standard common element model data type, the process of describing the diagnostic knowledge of the common element model using XML Schema standardization is studied, and the diagnostic knowledge can be portable and reused.