Language Education Research Articles

Navigating English Language Instruction in China: Insights from Chinese Students on Native English-Speaking Teachers’ Practices

ABSTRACT This study uses the instructional beliefs model to analyse Chinese students’ perceptions of classes taught by Native English-Speaking Teachers (NESTs). Forty-five Chinese students from 12 universities in southwestern China participated in the semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate pedagogical practices were perceived positively for practical language application but criticized for culturally incompatible pedagogical practices. Instructional outcomes exhibited positive affective and behavioural changes but posed challenges in cognitive learning. The study underscores the need for tailored teaching approaches and an understanding of students’ expectations to enhance the overall effectiveness of NEST-led instruction in Chinese classrooms.

“It's Just a Hot Mess”: Supporting Teacher Praxis to Challenge Barriers for Multilingual Learners

ABSTRACTThis paper examines a professional learning (PL) program for upper elementary teachers focused on developing instructional practices to support multilingual learners (MLLs) in science. The PL sought to support teachers' praxis, which we describe as their sense of agency to critically analyze and take action against barriers to MLLs’ opportunities to learn. We analyzed pre‐PL interviews with teachers to identify the ways that they framed MLLs from asset‐ and deficit‐based perspectives and the barriers that they identified that undermine MLLs' science learning. Then, we analyzed the extent to which the teachers' participation in the PL shifted their framing of MLLs and fostered their sense of agency to challenge the barriers faced by MLLs. We found that teachers shifted toward more asset‐based views of students' existing language resources and deepened their sense of agency to employ scaffolds that engage these resources in their own instructional practice. However, teachers continued to surface barriers in their organizational contexts, including the emphasis placed on standardized language assessments and the misalignment between English language instruction and science learning. Our analysis shows that the PL did not adequately support teachers in navigating these particular institutional barriers. Based on our analysis, we argue that teachers and science education researchers should expand their focus beyond teachers’ instructional practices and work together to remove barriers for MLLs in the larger organizational systems of schooling.

Fostering language awareness through Citizen Science: results and implications of a project with Polish teenagers doing language-related research

This article reports on the rationale, implementation, results and evaluation of four rounds of co-creative Citizen Science (CS) projects (2021–2024) conducted with 10 public secondary schools in Opole, Poland. These educational interventions consisted in facilitating 18 team research projects designed and executed by 55 teenagers (15–17-year-olds) on topics related to communication, linguistic diversity, multiculturalism and language learning. The article shows how such interventions are conducive to pupils’ increased language awareness, their reflectivity about the scientific methods in linguistics, and an inclination towards future citizen engagement regarding literacy-­related issues. The article also focuses on the potential of CS for allowing pupils themselves to enhance their language awareness and socio-linguistic competences while producing experiential and situated knowledge that is relevant to their communities. The project evaluation that was undertaken subsequently traces which learning outcomes are likely to be achieved during co-creative CS and recommends some adaptable tools for monitoring the increase in language awareness in secondary language education, also beyond the Polish context.

Inadequate foundational decoding skills constrain global literacy goals for pupils in low- and middle-income countries.

Learning to read is the most important outcome of primary education. However, despite substantial improvements in primary school enrolment, most students in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) fail to learn to read by age 10. We report reading assessment data from over half a million pupils from 48 LMICs tested primarily in a language of instruction and show that these pupils are failing to acquire the most basic skills that contribute to reading comprehension. Pupils in LMICs across the first three instructional years are not acquiring the ability to decode printed words fluently and, in most cases, are failing to master the names and sounds associated with letters. Moreover, performance gaps against benchmarks widen with each instructional year. Literacy goals in LMICs will be reached only by ensuring focus on decoding skills in early-grade readers. Effective literacy instruction will require rigorous systematic phonics programmes and assessments suitable for LMIC contexts.

Responsible and Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence in Language Education: A Systematic Review

Responsible and Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence in Language Education: A Systematic Review

Advancing language learning: The impact and challenges of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL)

Abstract. Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) represents a transformative approach in modern education, integrating technology to enhance language acquisition effectively. This comprehensive review examines the various dimensions of CALL, focusing on its deployment through interactive software, online courses, mobile applications, and the accompanying challenges. Quantitative analyses reveal significant improvements in learner engagement and cognitive load management due to multimedia and interactive content. Moreover, the adaptability of CALL to cater to individual learning needs through personalized and adaptive learning systems demonstrates a superior proficiency acquisition rate. Despite these advancements, CALL implementation faces substantial barriers including technological limitations, the need for extensive teacher training, and concerns regarding data privacy and security. This article assesses the statistical impact of these elements on language learning outcomes and suggests strategies for overcoming the associated challenges. Through mixed-methods research and longitudinal studies, the effectiveness of CALL platforms is substantiated, highlighting their pivotal role in reshaping language education across diverse demographic and geographic spectrums.

Language Learning Motivation in Post-Secondary Courses: English, German, Spanish, Japanese, and Multilingualism

This study explores the motivational profiles of students enrolled in language courses at the post-secondary level, emphasizing the role of the ideal multilingual self. A sample of 280 learners across English, German, Spanish, and Japanese courses participated in the research. Drawing from the L2 Motivational Self System framework and integrating the concept of the ideal multilingual self, the study utilized a questionnaire to investigate the sources of language learning motivation. The findings revealed English and German as the predominant language choices, primarily influenced by external factors such as academic requirements and societal expectations. In contrast, learners engaged in less commonly taught languages, particularly Japanese, demonstrated heightened intrinsic motivation and a more explicit ideal multilingual self-concept. This trend highlights the significance of multilingualism in shaping learners' motivational profiles, with learners of less commonly taught languages expressing a stronger inclination towards linguistic versatility and proficiency. Moreover, the study revealed a positive correlation between speaking multiple languages and the aspiration for multilingualism, suggesting that learners with multilingual backgrounds are more inclined toward embracing linguistic diversity. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamic relationship between language choice, motivational factors, and the ideal multilingual self-concept in the context of post-secondary language education.

Implementing of College English Course Based on a Production-Oriented Approach Combined with a Critical Thinking Process to Enhance the English Writing Ability of Non-English Major Students at Xi’an University

Background and Aims: University foreign language education is crucial in China’s higher education, holding a significant role in promoting the development of students’ knowledge, abilities, and comprehensive qualities. College English, a compulsory foundational course for the majority of non-English majors, plays an irreplaceable role in talent cultivation. The purpose of this research was: (1) to compare students’ English writing ability before and after implementing a College English Course based on a production-oriented approach combined with a critical thinking process. (2) to compare the students’ satisfaction after implementing the College English Course based on a production-oriented approach combined with a critical thinking process with the criterion set at 3.51. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 non-English major first-year students (one class) from Xi’an University were investigated. They were derived from the cluster random sampling method. The research instruments were (1) a College English Course based on a production-oriented approach combined with a critical thinking process and its six lesson plans, (2) an English writing ability test paper with a reliability of 0.931, and (3) a student’ satisfaction questionnaire with a reliability of 0.792. Data were collected and analyzed by means, standard deviation, t-test for dependent samples, and t-test for one sample. Results: After implementing College English Course based on a production-oriented approach combined with a critical thinking process in the classroom, the research results were as follows: (1), the student’s English writing ability post-test scores (M=41.08, SD=4.41) were higher than the pretest scores (M=37.08, SD=4.46) at a statistical significance level of 0.05 (t=45.61, p<.05). (2) The students’ satisfaction (M=4.44, SD=0.63) with the College English Course based on a production-oriented approach combined with a critical thinking process was high level. Conclusion: The College English Course based on a production-oriented approach combined with a critical thinking process has a significant effect on enhancing the English writing ability of non-English major students at Xi’an University. Students are satisfied with the developed College English Course based on a production-oriented approach combined with a critical thinking process.

Transactional development of science and mathematics knowledge and reading proficiency for multilingual students across languages of instruction.

This longitudinal study explored the reciprocal relations between students' domain-specific knowledge (science and mathematics) and reading proficiency from kindergarten to Grade 5. We compared these relational trajectories across both domains in the overall sample and examined the domain specificity of these relations within a multilingual subsample with varying language instruction backgrounds. Using latent curve modeling with structured residuals on a nationally representative data set, we identified two key patterns. In the overall sample, higher reading proficiency at kindergarten was associated with greater growth in science and mathematics knowledge, with a particularly pronounced effect in science. The predictive power of science knowledge on reading proficiency strengthened significantly from Grades 2 to 5, while reciprocal relations in mathematics intensified over time. For multilingual students, outcomes varied by the language of instruction. Those receiving English-only instruction showed early correlations between science and mathematics knowledge and reading proficiency; however, initial science and mathematics knowledge did not predict long-term growth in reading proficiency. Conversely, multilingual students who received instruction in their native language showed no immediate correlations at kindergarten. Nonetheless, their early science and mathematics knowledge significantly predicted later growth in reading proficiency. The findings underscore the critical role of native-language instruction in providing an accessible, vital cognitive and linguistic foundation that supports deeper domain knowledge building, highlighting the enduring benefits of native-language scaffolding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Concepts and Principles Of Teaching Foreign Languages In Primary Education: A Theoretical Approach

This article explores the fundamental concepts and principles of teaching foreign languages in primary education, emphasizing its role in fostering cognitive and social skills in young learners. Additionally, the article outlines essential teaching principles, such as age-appropriateness, maintaining motivation, and creating a natural learning environment, effectiveness of game-based learning and examines challenges in early language instruction, including resource limitations and lack of trained educators, offering practical recommendations to address these issues and improve foreign language education outcomes in primary education.

Autoethnography in language education: Tensions, characteristics, and methods

Autoethnography in language education: Tensions, characteristics, and methods

Approaches and Benefits of Teaching English through Literature Curriculum at Myanmar Universities: Insights from Stakeholders

The curriculum serves as a fundamental bridge between teachers and students, fostering an effective learning environment. This qualitative research investigates the pedagogical approaches employed by English literature teachers and evaluates the perceived benefits of using an English literature curriculum in EFL classrooms of Myanmar. The study involved 27 English literature teachers, six government officials, and three local business leaders through interviews, classroom observations, and focus group discussions. Four primary teaching approaches were identified: Paraphrastic, Information-Based, Language-Based, and Integrated Approaches. These methodologies are specifically designed to meet the diverse needs of students, thereby enriching their educational experiences. The research employed purposive sampling to select participants and conducted thematic analysis on the collected data through content and document analysis. The findings underscore the significance of integrating various literature genres, such as prose fiction, short stories, novels, poetry, and drama, into language education. This integration not only enhances language proficiency but also fosters critical thinking and cultural awareness among students. The study highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach to teaching literature, which can cater to different learning styles and preferences. To advance research in EFL education and pedagogy, future studies should focus on investigating specific pedagogical approaches, assessing the impact of digital technologies, and conducting longitudinal studies to deepen the understanding of literature’s role in language learning. The insights from this study provide valuable implications for curriculum developers, educators, and policymakers in enhancing the effectiveness of literature-based language education.

Primary school teachers’ views on language-responsive physical education

Language-responsive teaching aims to promote pupils’ participation opportunities by enabling them to acquire general academic language skills. It is assumed that the acquisition of academic language competencies must be accompanied and supported by the entire school and all school subjects. Yet, the idea of language-responsive Physical Education (PE) seems to be taken up only reluctantly in the current subject didactic and academic discourse. Thus, it is the aim of this article to contribute to bringing this topic into focus. The possibilities and limitations of language-responsive teaching in PE are examined from the teachers’ point of view. Special attention is paid to pupils facing language-barriers, as it is essential for this group to receive extra support to avoid educational disadvantages. Language education in PE has been a rather marginalized topic – much in contrast to the more recent discourse on general education and its crucial role for long-term academic and socio-economic success. It has been argued that the potential for language-building in PE has not been exploited satisfactorily. The observation that the idea of language-responsive PE has received little attention, despite its promising potential, begs the question of possible reasons. The following inquiry therefore investigates the perspectives of PE teachers on language-responsive teaching. The study consisted of 26 qualitative interviews with primary school teachers and aimed to generate insights into the importance attached to language teaching in PE in general (a), and its relevance for pupils’ participation in PE as well as for creating equal educational opportunities (b). Moreover, the study explores subject-specific potentials and challenges for language-responsive teaching faced by teachers with respect to pupils with special needs in language and communication or non-native speakers who have difficulties in understanding the language of instruction (c).

Applications and Research Gaps of LLM-based English-as-a-foreign-language Education

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education is crucial in today’s globalized world. With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) over the past few years, educators continuously investigate how to use them to improve EFL educational methods. This article reviews the studies on integrating LLMs with EFL speaking and writing education from 2020 to 2024. It separately summarizes current LLMs’ strengths and weaknesses in improving EFL learner’s skills and learning motivation. This research demonstrates a promising future of applying LLMs in EFL education because of their strong abilities of immediate feedback generation and no-stress communication environment creation. However, they also find their shortages like superficial incorrect feedback. The research gaps in these areas are also analyzed based on these articles, which include uneven participants, the lack of differentiated investigation on samples with different ages and education levels, and the lack of research on various LLMs.

Incorporating Cultural Sensitivity Into ESL Curricula To Foster Pragmalinguistic Competence

This study explores strategies for incorporating cultural sensitivity into English as a Second Language (ESL) curricula to enhance learners’ pragmalinguistic competence, the ability to use language pragmatically and appropriately within social contexts. By examining approaches such as culturally relevant content, cross-cultural pragmatics training, and practical language activities, this study analyzes how integrating cultural sensitivity into language instruction fosters learners’ ability to navigate linguistic nuances. Findings suggest that a culturally sensitive curriculum not only enriches linguistic knowledge but also significantly enhances learners’ competence in communicating appropriately across diverse cultural contexts.

Pathways to motivation and learning in English language education: a case of two youths engaging in multiliteracies

Purpose This study investigates the effect of digital multimodal composing (DMC) on student motivation and literacy in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. It explores how students engaged in creating digital animations to respond to literary texts and the implications for integrating DMC into traditional literacy practices. Grounded in social semiotic theory and Self-Determination Theory, this study aims to understand how digital composing influences student engagement, motivation and literacy development. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative data were gathered over a six-month period using a combination of student surveys, semi-structured interviews, reflection logs and student-produced scripts/animations. This study focused on two university students who engaged in multimodal projects as part of their extracurricular EFL activities, examining their processes and reflections. Findings Students demonstrated strong intrinsic motivation during DMC processes, largely due to the social affordances provided by digital multimodal composing. By combining traditional literacy skills with digital practices, students experienced enhanced creative expression, enhanced meaning-making and a deeper understanding of literary texts through the production and sharing of animated videos. This process promoted both emotional and cognitive engagement, emphasizing the importance of teacher guidance and digital tools in creating a more dynamic and supportive learning environment. Practical implications This study outlines a practical approach to DMC through a structured process: selecting and reading a book, proposing a change as if requesting it from the author, creating and sharing a video on YouTube to explain the change and reflecting on the experience. This approach can guide educators in designing activities that deepen student engagement, enhance critical thinking and integrate digital tools with traditional learning methods. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of how digital technologies can transform traditional literacy practices, offering insights into the benefits of multimodal composition for language learning and motivation in EFL contexts. It provides practical examples of how students and teachers can leverage digital tools to enhance literacy education and prepare students for 21st-century challenges.

English as a Medium of China’s National Storytelling

Foreign language education may serve many goals, but national storytelling would not be an obvious one. Due to the position of English as an international language, it has become an increasingly important tool for intercultural communication and international public relations for countries whose official language is not English. In this study, we will look into the case of China, where English has been seen as the most important medium of China’s national storytelling. Chinese youths are encouraged to learn English well and to equip themselves with the competence to tell China’s stories well in English. As a key theoretical underpinning in this study, national stories are taken as national identities to live by. To better understand this relationship, we have invited 100 undergraduate English Majors in a provincial Chinese university to each tell a China story in English. By subjecting the 100 China stories told by 100 Chinese youths in English to a rigorous thematic analysis, we hope to determine in this study what Chinese national identity is constructed through this national storytelling exercise. More importantly, by examining the Chinese case of English as a medium of national storytelling, this study aims to shed light on the specific purpose of English as a global medium for communicating a country’s national narratives and national discourses.

Exploring the Impact of ChatGPT on Chinese Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in Macau’s EMI Higher Education

In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into educational practices has gained significant attention, with AI-powered tools like ChatGPT being widely adopted for enhancing learning experiences. This study aims to fill in the knowledge gap by the acceptance and use of ChatGPT among Chinese students in English-medium instruction (EMI) higher education programs in Macau and its correlation with foreign language anxiety (FLA). The research found that students exhibit high acceptance and diverse usage patterns of ChatGPT, and students widely accept and use ChatGPT, leading to substantially lower FLA levels. Regression analysis shows that frequent use of ChatGPT is a predictor for reduced FLA alongside perceived usefulness, ease of use, and positive attitudes towards the tool. These results suggest that ChatGPT can be used to improve learning experiences and reduce language anxiety in the course content of EMI programs and offer reasonable lessons for educational practices. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of AI tools to transform language education and supports the integration of technology to foster better educational outcomes.

Analyzing The Problems of Chatgpt in Chinese International Education Based on The Classification of Educational Objectives

With the continuous development of generative artificial intelligence technology, ChatGPT has also had a significant impact on the education sector. ChatGPT can assist in the teaching practice of Chinese international education and has shown positive effects in empirical research. However, there is still insufficient research on the challenges and response measures of ChatGPT for the formation of international Chinese language education. Therefore, based on the teaching practice cases of ChatGPT in Chinese international education, this article selects qualitative research methods in methodology, summarizes the current application status and existing problems of ChatGPT in Chinese international education, and provides targeted suggestions in combination with Bloom's educational goal classification method. Research has found that, In the process of assisting Chinese international education, ChatGPT may lead to the subversion of ethical relationships between teachers and students, difficulty in ensuring the accuracy of generative artificial intelligence, or inability to meet the requirements of the artificial intelligence era. Teachers need to further improve their professional qualities, actively promote changes in educational concepts, and avoid technological dependence.

Evaluating Pragmatic Competence in Language Learners Through an Assessment of Current Measurement Tools

This study reviews and evaluates current tools used to measure pragmatic competence in language learners. Pragmatic competence—the ability to use language appropriately in social contexts—is essential for effective communication in a second language. This article assesses various measurement tools, including discourse completion tests (DCTs), role-plays, self-assessment surveys, and technology-assisted assessments, analyzing their effectiveness and limitations. Findings suggest that each tool offers unique benefits, though a combination of traditional and digital methods provides the most comprehensive evaluation. The study concludes that blending these approaches allows for a more accurate assessment of pragmatic competence, supporting language educators in creating balanced evaluations for language learners.