Language Movement Research Articles

An elusive quest for a region: Darbhanga Raj, caste and language in late colonial India

This essay is an exploration of the contingent nature of identity formation in late colonial India. In the wake of the 1912 separation of Bihar and Orissa from Bengal, two distinct conceptions of the region of Mithila and Maithila identity gained prominence. First, the Darbhanga Maharaja viewed Mithila as a bastion of brahmanical orthodoxy, and this underpinned the claims for Mithila to be converted to a native state with its own ruling chief. Second, by the 1930s we see the consolidation of a movement which proposed the Maithili language as the marker of a Maithila people, one that did not make brahmanical orthodoxy or Hinduism a prerequisite to belonging. Both these discourses accepted the mythic conception of Mithila, and its traditional puranic geography, yet the Darbhanga Maharaja embraced all-India markers of belonging by emphasising Hinduism and presenting himself as the leader of brahmanical orthodoxy in India. The local, in this discourse, found validation by embracing national markers, even as the nation itself remained colonised. On the other hand, the Maithili language movement, which gained momentum in the twilight of colonial rule and in post-independence India, emphasised and embraced the local. This essay therefore charts the gradual shift in the conception of Maithila identity where language displaces religion and brahmanical orthodoxy, as championed by the Darbhanga Maharaja, to become the marker of local identity.

PERSON-FIRST LANGUAGE FOR OLDER ADULTS INCARCERATED IN PRISON: A RAPID EVIDENCE ASSESSMENT

Abstract Language can influence a person’s sense of self, relationship with healthcare providers, healthcare utilization, or their own symptoms and behaviors. The person-first language movement began decades ago and has been widely adopted by multiple fields including nursing, medicine, gerontology, and social and health sciences more broadly. For research involving older adults, non-stigmatizing language has become the standard for researchers. Incarceration is widely considered a dehumanizing experience, with recent calls for attention to the language used by researchers when describing their incarcerated participants. Researchers are also identifying that individuals with multiple stigmatizing identities (e.g., incarcerated and disabled, older adult) warrant specific consideration. This study presents a secondary review of terminology from a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) investigating what is known about transitions of older adults in the incarceration system. The REA included PubMED, PscyhMED, and CINHAL. Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria (11 qualitative, 11 quantitative, 3 mixed methods). As a sub-analysis, articles were analyzed to consider the language that was used to describe the currently or formerly incarcerated older adults who were the subject of the studies. The majority of articles considered older adults who were no longer incarcerated. While person-first language (i.e., “formerly incarcerated person”, “reintegrating women”, “older adult on parole”) was common, stigmatizing language such as “prisoner”, “offender”, “homicide offender”, and “ex-convict” were used in the majority of the studies included in the review. Appreciation and adoption of person-first, non-stigmatizing language should transcend not only research literature surrounding older adults in the community, but also incarcerated older adults.

„bei / beider Neige“. Ortlose Sprache in Gedichten Paul Celans

The extraordinary richness of multilingualism in Paul Celan’s poetry has often been remarked. However, ‘multilingualism’ might not be the best word, since Celan’s one-of-a-kind conjunc-ture of languages and meanings/ambiguity rather undermines language categories and especial-ly the notion of national languages altogether. In the poem “Kermorvan” for example, knowing the words’ multilingual etymologies and applying language-structures from Hebrew establishes meaningful connections among them. Combining multilingualism and ambiguity, Celan’s Sprachigkeit (languality ) exposes the dynamics and movement of language itself, including the histories, contacts and ambivalences of words and idioms. In this way, his insistent claim to write in one language corrects the idea of exchangeable, co-existing languages towards an un-derstanding of their interconnectedness, which might best be described by David Gramling’s term semiodiversity. In “Bei Wein und Verlorenheit”, the word “Neige” incorporates such an idea of the larger movements of language. It is used similarly to a tilted image to adhere to at least three languages and numerous meanings in a snowball-like principle. The new view of (multi-)lingualism shown in the poem and in Celan’s poetic utterances replaces not only ideas of a simple mapping between things and words (de Saussure) or metaphors and meanings in language. It also replaces the understanding of a general translatability among all languages of the world. Last but not least, in the specific discourse on Jewish language, it resists the notion of a general foreignness towards all languages which has traditionally been projected onto Jews, by positioning itself inside the larger movements of language itself.

Scottish Gaelic Movement and Celtic Identity: An Comunn Gaidhealach at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

An Comunn Gaidhealach, as the main representative of the Scottish Gaelic Movement in the late nineteenth century, pursued the essential objectives of cultivating, teaching, and promoting Gaelic language, literature, music, and culture. Its members closely collaborated with their counterparts from other so-called Celtic countries, which subsequently resulted in the formation of other pan-Celtic institutions around 1900. The countries involved supported each other in achieving similar goals through common initiatives. This article explores the nature of Celtic connections through the study of the self-representation of the Gaelic language movement. It defines the most articulated topics for An Comunn Gaidhealach and identifies to what extent Celticism was part of the society’s self-representation. An Comunn Gaidhealach looked at the experience of other Celtic countries as a source of inspiration. While Celtic identity formed a negligible part of An Comunn Gaidhealach’s self-representation, a strong Celtic element was present in its discursive strategies and in the argumentation processes, both inspired by Welsh and Irish revivalist movements. The society defended Gaelic language rights, presented itself as a patron to Gaelic education, and organised the Mòd festival, all the while embracing all political and religious beliefs. The methodology of the research, inspired by Israeli sociologist Ruth Amossy, analyzes the discourse of An Deo-Gréine, the official magazine of An Comunn Gaidhealach. This perspective highlights how An Comunn Gaidhealach intended to be perceived, what discursive strategies it employed, and subsequently, how and to what extent there was a pan-Celtic aspect to its work. The results of the analysis are complemented by archival research. The conceptual framework of the study is embedded in comparative and transnational approaches to historical research. This approach is reflected in understanding the formation of collective identities from a perspective that transcends nation-states rather than focusing solely on a national context.

Sign Language Recognition with Multimodal Sensors and Deep Learning Methods

Sign language recognition is essential in hearing-impaired people’s communication. Wearable data gloves and computer vision are partially complementary solutions. However, sign language recognition using a general monocular camera suffers from occlusion and recognition accuracy issues. In this research, we aim to improve accuracy through data fusion of 2-axis bending sensors and computer vision. We obtain the hand key point information of sign language movements captured by a monocular RGB camera and use key points to calculate hand joint angles. The system achieves higher recognition accuracy by fusing multimodal data of the skeleton, joint angles, and finger curvature. In order to effectively fuse data, we spliced multimodal data and used CNN-BiLSTM to extract effective features for sign language recognition. CNN is a method that can learn spatial information, and BiLSTM can learn time series data. We built a data collection system with bending sensor data gloves and cameras. A dataset was collected that contains 32 Japanese sign language movements of seven people, including 27 static movements and 5 dynamic movements. Each movement is repeated 10 times, totaling about 112 min. In particular, we obtained data containing occlusions. Experimental results show that our system can fuse multimodal information and perform better than using only skeletal information, with the accuracy increasing from 68.34% to 84.13%.

언어각성 접근법을 통한 상호문화교육

The awakening to languages approach originated in the 1980s with Eric Hawkins' awareness of language movement in the United Kingdom, and today it has attracted great attention in Europe and many countries around the world. The awakening to languages approach based on plurilingualism, which values an individual's use of various languages, recognizing and respecting linguistic and cultural diversity. This approach is also highly related to intercultural education and is considered an essential educational approach to the current situation in Korea, where a multicultural society is accelerating. This study introduces the awakening to languages approach and programs based on it, which are drawing great attention in Europe and North America. It also examines the implications that the awakening to languages approach can bring to multicultural education in Korea as part of intercultural education.

The Identity Dilemma of Chinese Immigrants in Singapore from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication and Identity Negotiation: A Case Study of the Chinese Language Movement of Singapore Chamber of Commerce

This paper is based on the background of many Chinese immigrants to Singapore in recent years. Singapore is a multicultural country. The Chinese identity in Singapore is also influenced by multiple factors such as history and culture. This paper studies the causes and status quo of the identity dilemma of the Chinese in Singapore, which provides a reference for China's research in this field and promotes the development of China-Singapore relations. This study is based on the intercultural communication theory and the consultative identity theory, using case analysis to draw the conclusion that the current Singaporean Chinese are faced with a dilemma in the identity process, and put forward suggestions on this phenomenon: Singaporean Chinese should actively negotiate to carry out innovative development on the basis of protecting the fundamental development of identity culture. Understanding and helping Singaporean Chinese to form an identity and value system is conducive to promoting the positive development of China-Singapore relations under the background of globalization.

Teaching Methods Of Dictation And Elements Of Arabic Language/ طرائق تعليم الإملاء وعناصر اللغة العربية

Many schools and schools of Islamic education in Indonesia revolve around the advancement of science and technology or philosophy, psychology, and sociology so that Muslims who come are not late for things they will accept and explain in their future lives. This study aims to discover the steps in learning imla to teach vocabulary. Detect and find out about the method used to teach superposition at Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor. This study's results are as follows: the steps used for learning dictation are listening, reading, and writing for dictation letters, sentences, and essays. The measures used for teaching vocabulary start from the dormitory by giving vocabulary every day after the morning prayer. Each student repeats what the language movement from each dormitory says, writes it down, orders them to memorize it, puts the vocabulary in sentences, continues teaching it in class according to their respective categories, and writes vocabulary in several places according to their vocabulary. The steps used for superposition learning: the teacher starts writing examples on the blackboard, then asks the lesson of yesterday's lesson, explains the relationship between yesterday's class and the new lesson, and explains the rules of nahwu and shorof by example.

Partition at 75: reflections on migrant memories in the British South Asian diaspora

ABSTRACT In 2017, the 70th anniversary of the Partition of British India was widely discussed in the UK, not only within academic and cultural circles, but also in popular culture. Five years later, on the 75th anniversary of Partition, the scholarly, cultural and community interest in the events of 1947 intersected with the commemorations of the 50th anniversary of the expulsion of the South Asian population from Uganda, and the 70th anniversary of the Language Movement that led towards Bangladesh independence in 1971 - the 50th anniversary of which was celebrated just the year before. Based on the work of the Migrant Memory and the Postcolonial Imagination research project (Loughborough University) this article will explore the entanglement of the memories of these events within the South Asian diaspora, and how their transmission and communication shape the construction of contemporary diasporic identity and concepts of community, belonging and ‘home.’

Climate & Language: An Entangled Crisis

Abstract Rising ocean levels threaten entire communities with relocation. The continued erosion of Arctic coastlines due to melting ice sheets and thawing permafrost has forced Inuit communities to move to more secure locations. Each move dislodges Indigenous peoples and their languages from ancestral landscapes and ways of knowing, obligating communities to adopt colonial or majority languages. Scholars and activists have documented the intersections of climate change and language endangerment, with special focus paid to their compounding consequences. We consider the relationship between language and environmental ideologies, synthesizing previous research on how metaphors and communicative norms in Indigenous and colonial languages and cultures influence environmental beliefs and actions. We note that these academic discourses-as well as similar discourses in nonprofit and policy-making spheres-rightly acknowledge the importance of Indigenous thought to environmental and climate action. Sadly, they often fall short of acknowledging both the colonial drivers of Indigenous language “loss” and Indigenous ownership of Indigenous language and environmental knowledge. We propose alternative framings that emphasize colonial responsibility and Indigenous sovereignty. Finally, we reflect on emergent vitalities and radical hope in Indigenous language movements and climate justice movements.

The Disintegration of Pakistan 1971: A Critical Study on The Role of Language Conflict In East and West Pakistan (1947- 1971)

Language is a crucial aspect of human communication and identity, and conflicts between different inhabitants of regional spoken languages can be detrimental to a nation's unity and integrity. Pakistan, created based on religious demand, disintegrated due to regional language issues, which provided a platform for separatists. The Bangladesh freedom war can be traced back to the historical background of East Pakistan, which was not only due to geographical and economic factors but also a lack of sightedness on the part of political parties and leadership. The government believed that the demand for the Bengali language was driven by Hindus and fifth columnists. The language movement, which began in 1947 and culminated in the separation of East and West Pakistan in 1971, provided a foundation for Bengali nationalism. The government's misinterpretation of ground realities allowed separatists to divert patriotism and anti-Pakistanism. The current paper highlights the linguistic controversy responsible for the disintegration of Pakistan.

BADIUZZAMAN SAID NURSI'S CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE DAKWAH COMMUNICATION: A STUDY OF THE 4 ELEMENTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Effective dakwah communication includes verbal and non-verbal communication. A Muslim communicator or a da’include should take into account various dakwah dissemination in this case is the use of non-verbal communicative factors when conveying the message of Islam to ensure effective dakwah communication. According to scholars, the mastery and skills of non-verbal communication by the da’include such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, postures, language skills, use of objects and movement of the body language can help in the delivery of a dakwah message more optimally and effectively. In the 21st century, among successful da’include in the field of dakwah is Badiuzzaman Said Nursi. Among the factors of the public’s acceptance of Said Nursi’s preaching is his mastery in the knowledge of rhetoric (persuasion) as well as the knowledge of non-verbal communication, until it spread throughout the world. Thus, this study focuses on the effective dakwah communication of Badiuzzaman Said Nursi specifically in four non-verbal communicative elements, namely kinesic, chronomics, paralinguistics and artifactual. This method of study applied document studies for data collection by applying a content analysis approach to the data analysis process. The results showed that Said Nursi's effective dakwah communication includes at least 4 non-verbal communication coverage, as mentioned above. The findings also found that the experience of Badiuzzaman Said Nursi’s preaching through various communication methods, specifically the 4 elements of non-verbal communication, helped to establish his name as a contemporary figure of dakwah and islah, thus being given the name ‘badiuzzaman’ which means the excellence of time.

Timing-driven derivation of a NOM/ACC agreement pattern

This paper reports a case of NOM/ACC alignment in agreement that results from the relative timing of A- movement and φ-agreement, and not from the position of φ-probes or the sensitivity of agreement to case. The NOM/ACC phenomenon discussed here is object agreement in Ndebele, which can be characterized as the systematic inability of Voice to agree with the highest argument, despite c-commanding it. I argue that this pattern follows from a general property of Bantu languages whereby every φ-probe obligatorily co-occurs with an EPP feature. In Voice, EPP probes before φ, removing the highest argument from the probing domain of φ, which gives rise to the unique status of the highest DP in terms of agreement. I explain why the bleeding of agreement by movement cannot be undone by cyclic expansion of the φ-probe and instead leads to a rigid downward agreement pattern. Finally, I conclude that the pervasive cooccurrence of agreement and movement in Bantu languages is the result of parametric cooccurrence of EPP and φ (Baker, 2003; Collins, 2004), and is not an indication that the two operations are triggered by the same feature, nor that Agree is upward in Bantu.

The Corpus of Contemporary English Legal Decisions, 1950–2021 (CoCELD): A new tool for analysing recent changes in English legal discourse

Abstract Legal discourse is widely assumed to be resistant to change, and indeed legislative documents are extremely conservative with fixed and formulaic structures. However, recent research has shown that changes can be observed in the lexico-grammatical features of some legal documents when examined diachronically, particularly since the emergence in the 1970s of the Plain Language Movement, which sought to draw attention to the unnecessary complexity of the official language, this including legal discourse. Despite the crucial changes in legal language in recent years, research in that direction is scarce to date, particularly in the British English variety, probably due, in part, to the shortage of specialised corpora that allow this kind of studies. In order to bridge this gap, we have embarked on the compilation of the Corpus of Contemporary English Legal Decisions, 1950–2021 (CoCELD), a corpus of British judicial decisions produced between 1950 and 2021. In this paper we present the structure and characteristics of CoCELD, as well as the methodology used for its compilation. The new corpus, which was released in February 2022, contains sample texts of roughly 2,500 words for each year from 1950 to 2021, which adds up to more than 730,000 words. The corpus contains files in raw text and with POS-annotation, and is freely available for the research community under signed consent. With CoCELD we hope to contribute with a new, useful resource for linguists with an interest in legal language, from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective.

Қазақстандағы престижді жоспарлаудың мәселелері

Among the problems of sociolinguistics, the problem of language planning occupies a special place. Language planning refers to activities undertaken in a speech community to influence language function, structure, or language acquisition. Language planning is often regarded as a top-to-bottom activity that is government-controlled. In this article, the main focus of the authors was on prestige planning, which is the main category of language planning. Prestige planning proves that the scope of language can be expanded from the bottom-to-top with soft power. In this study, an overview of scientific research related to the issue of prestige planning was presented. It is argued that prestige planning is the basis of successful language forecasting. The importance of using soft power in the implementation of language policy and planning is noted, as well as examples of the rational use of soft power tools in the implementation of prestige planning in Kazakhstan. The efforts of language movement activists and significant changes in the language situation were distinguished. Based on the sociolinguistic survey, the role and importance of languages in Kazakhstan for the respondents was studied. Opinions of the survey participants on how to make the Kazakh language fashionable were revealed. This study shows that the foundation of the Kazakh language has really strengthened, its reputation has increased, and the desire to study and use it in everyday life has increased. In addition, the interest in English, which is the language of international communication in the field of business, science and technology, is also increasing

Différance in the French Versions of the Synoptic: A Case for Intralingua Translation

This study centers on the intralingua overview of différance in the three French versions of selected verses from the gospels of Jesus Christ as recorded by Mathew, Mark, Luke and John. The objectives of this study are to: describe what différance is in translation studies; examine the meaningfulness of the meaning accorded the selected verses across the three versions of the French Bible to the designated audience; explain variations in the intralingua rendering of the synoptic; analyze the spiritual impression the different meanings generated by the chosen Bible versions could possibly have on the readers; and expound the language movement of French and its strength in communicating the intent of the gospel to the target audience. Skopos theory by Reiss and Vermeer (1984) is adopted to x-ray the purpose of the translation strategy used by each of the three versions of the Bible in French. Seven statements of Jesus Christ across the four gospels were quoted. The verses were compared and the différance examined. Implication of the meaning transfer by each of the versions is viewed in the spirit of intralingua translation and its attending spiritual intelligibility to the target readers. The study finds out that: every version of the French Bible considered makes effort to convey Jesus’ messages in a way it feels the reader should understand; while some versions pay premium to conventional language structure to translate, other shows concern for content and “sacred” transfer of the divine words; symbols used by Jesus Christ are preserved in the three versions but the spiritual impression wanes in favor of language structure in some versions. The study concludes that intralingua approach to translating the Scriptures is to satisfy different categories of readers and différance underlines the essence of variations in communicating the gospel to the readers of the Bible in French.

Fazlur Rahman: Esensi Pendidikan Islam

Islamic education should not only be a process of transmitting material, but far from it, integrated into the personality and become a guide in the activities of daily life. Fazlur Rahman is one of the reformers of Islam who incised his thoughts on the modernity of Islamic education. His ideas include the basics of Islamic education, namely the Qur'an and Sunnah, the goal of Islamic education is to form a morally and intellectually intact human being, the education system integrates general knowledge and religion. Education curriculum with a double movement and mastery of language. The method of writing is descriptive analysis with a library research approach. Analyze the data collected through books or scientific journals, then describe them. The result of his research is that the essence of Islamic education from Fazlur Rahman's perspective is the growth of original and adequate Islamic thought. Then, Fazlur Rahman said that the most important thing about Islamic education is its essence and as Islamic intellectualism, because for him this is what is meant as the essential essence of Islam itself.

A materialist take on minoritization, emancipation, and language revitalization: Occitan sociolinguistics since the 1970s

AbstractThis paper introduces and discusses Occitan sociolinguistics as it evolved from the 1970s onward as a theory of language contact as conflict. It was developed in conjunction with its Catalan counterpart and as a reaction to Joshua Fishman's allocational model of diglossia, and came as a response to conditions of swift social and linguistic change in Southern France after the Second World War. This model, proposed mainly at first by Robèrt Lafont in Montpelhièr, is strongly materialist in that it focuses on the material conditions of language production and replaces the language movement among other social struggles. This paper first explores the roots of the contemporary Occitan movement and its links with the birth of Occitan sociolinguistics. It then analyzes key concepts in Occitan sociolinguistics such as diglossic ideology as essential to understand processes of minoritization, linguistic alienation, and social domination. Finally, it looks at how this approach conceptualizes language revitalization not as a linguistic issue but as a social one and suggests that Occitan sociolinguistics provides an alternative to models of language loss and revival rooted in cultural and identity politics.

The Political Function and Inference of the World Cup 2022 in Qatar Lingua- Franca and Language Chants

The purpose of this paper is to examine the political function and inference of the World Cup 2022 in Qatar Lingua- Franca and language chants, a symbol of Arabs nationalism and unity. This has always been implied in negative concepts, but this research argues that such understanding misrepresents most football chants. The discourse involving football in World Cups’ interaction is frequently positive and integral. Language chants function as a lingua franca amongst football fans. This linguistic coding is however both inclusive and selective. Multilingual football fans/supporters such as Arabs may appreciate the resentful reputation of being nationalists and united as the situation may be, but the jeopardy of political uncertainty when all the language chants are not dealt with justly. The jeopardy of politicizing linguistic bias or disparity is high in multilingual sports arenas where one nation or language is viewed to dominate others. In the World Cup 2022 (in Qatar), Arabic and English are the official languages with equal positions. However, the strong institutionalization of linguistic stance has generated intricacies of superiority and inferiority among Arabs and others (English, French, Spanish, etc.) Arabs interacted in the fight between two language movements: Arabic-only movement performing as defensive nationalism and English-only performing as offensive Westernism. The two movements that involve the origins of nationalism and Westernism are in rivalry for endurance in sports arenas, and in attempting to do so, they recreate national and political identities grounded on language affinities. The research views that the use of lingua franca and language chants can be inferred as a symbol or linguistic umbrella for defensive nationalism and unity, which oblige political claims that may go as further as questioning the spirit of nationalism and unity.

Horse Gait Terms in Turkic Languages of Siberia (Compared to Mongolic Languages)

Purpose. Russian and foreign linguists studied the influence of Turkic languages on the grammatical and lexical composition of Mongolic languages. Material from monuments and modern living languages of Siberia shed light on the role of the early Turkic and Mongolic language in the development of the modern linguistic landscape of the region, specifying its place in the Altai linguistic family from a cultural perspective. Horse is a sacred animal for all Turkic and Mongolic speaking nomads that take an important place in their economy and culture, with all its characteristics being featured in the lexicon of the languages under comparison. Researchers also examined a wide range of Mongolian words reflecting various sex- and age-specific terms for livestock and its color as well as keeping and pasturing practices, pasture characteristics, livestock economy, etc. The lexicon characterizing horse movement in Turkic and Mongolic languages has not been the subject of comparative analysis in modern Turkic studies. Thus, the paper describes and analyzes the lexico-semantic group of words that represent the terms for the pattern of natural movement of horse in Turkic and Mongolic languages.Results. To achieve the research objectives we used the synchronous descriptive, comparative, contrastive-typological, and where possible comparative-historical methods. The study defined the structure and semantics of linguistic units, revealing considerably more similarities than differences in the plane of expression in both Turkic languages of Siberia and Mongolic layers of vocabulary.Conclusion. Yakut demonstrates both the Turkic and Mongolic layers, which is characteristic of all languages under comparison. Also, there are later borrowings from Buryat, e.g. the verbs denoting ‘amble’.