Mixed Language Research Articles

Interference: a case study of lexical borrowings in international sign interpreting

ABSTRACT In simultaneous interpreting studies, the concept of interference – namely, the marks of the source language in the target language – is perceived as a negative phenomenon. However, interference is likely to happen at a lexical level when the target language does not have its own lexicon. This is the case in international sign (IS), which can be defined as a mix of different sign languages, in which the lexical items are not fixed. This qualitative study analyses a dataset of interpretation from Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) to IS by a team of two Dutch, deaf interpreters at an international conference in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. We observed the occurrence of source NGT lexical items borrowed into the IS target output and considered the strategies used in this. The phenomenon was found to be recurrent. In addition, depending upon the type of lexical items, the strategies used to borrow NGT lexicon were found to differ. Thus, we have described the set of strategies and examined the results in comparison with previous findings. As a practical output, this study could inspire current and future IS interpreters to expand their set of interpreting strategies.

Protected Health Information Recognition of Unstructured Code-Mixed Electronic Health Records in Taiwan.

Electronic health records (EHRs) at medical institutions provide valuable sources for research in both clinical and biomedical domains. However, before such records can be used for research purposes, protected health information (PHI) mentioned in the unstructured text must be removed. In Taiwan's EHR systems the unstructured EHR texts are usually represented in the mixing of English and Chinese languages, which brings challenges for de-identification. This paper presented the first study, to the best of our knowledge, of the construction of a code-mixed EHR de-identification corpus and the evaluation of different mature entity recognition methods applied for the code-mixed PHI recognition task.

Family language planning strategies among Australian families of Arabic-speaking background

ABSTRACT This paper explores the language planning strategies employed by Australian transnational families of Arabic-speaking backgrounds to develop their children’s bilingualism in English and Arabic. The paper concludes that the families’ transnationalism and strong links with their countries of origin played a significant role in their language planning decisions. The study revealed that the mothers consciously developed their children’s bilingualism by means of both planned and spontaneous language management strategies. Semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion revealed that the mothers used five main strategies, which comprised using the minority language at home, language mixing, reading stories, taking advantage of television shows and travelling to their hometowns. This paper discusses the validity and success of each strategy by comparing them with research findings on other transnational and migrant families around the world.

Language lexicons for Hindi-English multilingual text processing

<span lang="EN-US">Language identification (LI) in textual documents is the process of automatically detecting the language contained in a document based on its content. The present language identification techniques presume that a document contains text in one of the fixed set of languages. However, this presumption is incorrect when dealing with multilingual document which includes content in more than one possible language. Due to the unavailability of standard corpora for Hindi-English mixed lingual language processing tasks, we propose the language lexicons, a novel kind of lexical database that augments several bilingual language processing tasks. These lexicons are built by learning classifiers over English and transliterated Hindi vocabulary. The designed lexicons possess condensed quantitative characteristics which reflect their linguistic strength in respect of Hindi and English language. On evaluating the lexicons, it is observed that words of the same language tend to cluster together and are separable over language classes. On comparing the classifier performance with existing works, the proposed lexicon models exhibit the better performance.</span>

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE PENUTUR BAHASA JAWA DALAM PENGGUNAAN BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 5 SATU ATAP KECAMATAN WASILE KABUPATEN HALMAHERA TIMUR

Purpose this research to Describe the from of shift code and mixed code speaker Java language in the use of Indonesia language for class VIII students of SMP Land 5 one roof subdistrict Wasile the Halmahera East, Identifies the cause of the shift code and mixed code speaker Java language in the use of Indonesia language for class VIII students of SMP Land 5 one roof subdistrict Wasile the Halmahera East. This research descriptive qualitative method. Used data is the data primary and data secondary. The source of the data is 26 students that in the area language Java. Technique collection of used data is observations, the interview, and the rocording. Technique see (supervision), technique capable (interview). Technique analyses data used the descripsive qualitative (data reduction, exposure to data , and conclusion drawing and verification). Be based on data analyzing, obtained conclud that shift code and mixed code speaker Java language in the use of Indonesia language for class VIII students of SMP Land 5 one roof subdistrict Wasile the Halmahera East thare are 3 form of, is; (a) Shift code in the from of the word, phrase, and clause, (b) Mixed code in the from of the word, phrase, and clause. Shift code happened namely is from Indonesia language to deep Java language or reverse. Mixed code happened namely is mixed code in the Java language. The cause of the shift code speaker Java language in the use of Indonesia language for class VIII students of SMP Land 5 one roof subdistrict Wasile the Halmahera East that is; (1) Natural, (2) Influenced other people/opponents talk, (3) More comfortable Java language, (4) Not to familiarize yourself use the Indonesia lenguage a good and right, (5) A friend in the area Java language, (6) Changing the topic of conversation. The cause of the mixed code speaker Java language in the use of Indonesia language for class VIII students of SMP Land 5 one roof subdistrict Wasile the Halmahera East that is; (1) Natural, (2) Influenced other people/opponents talk, (3) More comfortable Java language, (4) Not to familiarize yourself use the Indonesia lenguage a good and right, (5) Another friend can’t speak Indonesia , (6) A friend in the area Java language.

POLA ASIMILASI BUDAYA ANTARA SUKU BUGIS DAN SUKU SUMBAWA DI DESA LABUHAN JAMBU

The Labuhan Jambu village is inhabited by two major ethnic groups, Bugis and Sumbawa. Different cultures have different languages, but the difference does not make the two tribes live apart, they socialize with each other regardless of cultural background. The location is in the Labuhan Jambu Village, Sumbawa Besar, Nusa Tenggara Barat. This study aims to find out how cross-cultural communication between the Bugis and Sumbawa to cause the occurrence of fusion of culture in the elements of language. A qualitative study case method was used in this study and used interview, observation, and documentation for data collection. Based on the result of the study it can be concluded that there is a process of cultural assimilation between the Bugis and Sumbawa in the Labuhan Jambu Village. The citizens are using a mixed language between Bugis and Sumbawa. The processes of cultural fusion in the Labuhan Jambu Village are due to the existence of cooperation between the two tribes in meeting the necessities. The cooperation is mutually beneficial for both parties. Apart from social relations, there are also cultural similarities. The last is because of the tribe intermarriage. These factors encourage the fusion of the two ethnic cultures in the Labuhan Jambu Village.

Hate and Aggression Detection in Social Media Over Hindi English Language

In today’s time, everyone is familiar with social media platforms. It is quite helpful in connecting people. It has many advantages and some disadvantages too. Currently, in social media, hate and aggression have become a huge problem. On these platforms, many people make inflammatory posts targeting any person or society by using code mixed language, due to which many problems arise in the society. At the current time, much research work is being done on English language-related social media posts. The authors have focused on code mixed language. Authors have also tried to focus on sentences that do not use abusive words but contain hatred-related remarks. In this research, authors have used Natural Language Processing (NLP). Authors have applied Fasttext word embedding to the dataset. Fasttext is a technique of NLP. Deep learning (DL) classification algorithms were applied thereafter. In this research, two classifications have been used i.e. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM).

Translation: Code-Mixed Language (Hinglish) to English

In a diverse country like India where most of the people are multilingual the use of the pure language is decreasing. Interpretation of such mixed language becomes easy for human but complex for machine. There are many machine learning models which are trained for pure language translation but there is a research gap in the field of code-mixed language translation. In order to bridge this gap, the paper presents a model which uses Hinglish as a standalone language to be translated into English. In this paper, we have discussed the algorithm, technique and limitation of our system.

Copying form without content

Abstract Two major types of change are generally distinguished in language contact studies: the transfer of linguistic form (frequently taken to include transfer of concomitant meaning or function) and the transfer of structural and semantic patterns by themselves, without attendant form. A type of change that is less frequently discussed is so-called relexification. This involves the transfer of form without model-language semantic or syntactic specifications that is grafted onto an equivalent recipient-language lemma. Relexification has been suggested to play a role in the development of mixed languages or creoles, but as is shown here, it can also be identified in several ordinary situations of language contact from around the world. This type of change represents a mirror image of the transfer of patterns without lexical material and supports recent models of language selection in bilinguals.

The sociolinguistic dynamics of Russian and English in post‐1990 Lithuania

AbstractThe paper describes the sociolinguistic history of English in one of the post‐Soviet Eastern European countries ‐ Lithuania ‐ covering three post‐1990 decades. The aim is to examine the dynamics of the spread of English in relation to the ‘non‐native’ Russian, the main lingua franca and L2 in this region after WWII until 1990. Based on a set of attitudinal, educational and self‐assessment data as well as mixed language use for identity construction, the study shows that English was not accepted as rapidly as is sometimes claimed. With lower English scores and additional Russian, the ‘periphery’ of the Expanding Circle remains noticeably distinct from the European context. In demographic terms, however, the end of the third post‐1990 decade can be considered a turning point in the sociolinguistic development of the community, led by the youth generations born around 1990 and after.

The Code-Switching Used in Deddy Corbuzier’s Youtube Podcast

This undergraduate thesis is entitled “Code-Switching in Deddy Corbuzier’s Youtube Podcast”. This study is focusing to find out the types of Code-Switching and find out of the function of Code-Switching during the speech of Deddy Corbuzier and Azka Corbuzier on the podcast on Youtube. The data of this study were taken from the Youtube channel. The data were focused on speech while talking using mixed language between Indonesian language and English language. The data was collected through documentation and library research with note-taking techniques. The method that is used to analyze the data is the descriptive-qualitative method. The theories used for this study are the theory proposed by Poplack (1980) about three types of code-switching, there are tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching, and theory proposed by Hoffman (1991) about seven reasons of code-switching, there are talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors), repetition used for clarification, the intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and expressing group identity.

Campur Kode pada Novel Tentang Kamu Karya Tere Liye

This research is entitled "Mix Code in Tere Liye's Novel About You". The problems that will be discussed in this study are the types of code mixing, the origin (source) of code mixing, and the factors causing code mixing. The purpose of this study is to explain the types and factors of code mixing contained in Tere Liye's novel About You. The method used in this research is the referential method. This research uses sociolinguistic theory and bilingual theory. The results of this study reveal that in the novel About You, there are various types of code mixing, namely, the first type of code mixing based on mixed language, namely internal code mixing, external code mixing. The types of code mixing based on the linguistic level are divided into two types, namely the word level and the phrase level. Code mixing at the word level is divided into basic words, affixed words, compound words, and pronouns. Second, the origin (source) of inward code mixing comes from regional languages, and outward code mixing comes from foreign languages. Third, the factors causing code mixing are influenced by speaker factors; seen from the background of speakers, and language factors; seen from the limitations of the choice of words that are shorter, popular, and prestigious.

Natural Deduction for Assertibility and Deniability

In this paper we split every basic propositional connective into two versions, one is called extensional and the other one intensional. The extensional connectives are semantically characterized by standard truth conditions that are relative to possible worlds. Assertibility and deniability of sentences built out of atomic sentences by extensional connectives are defined in terms of the notion of truth. The intensional connectives are characterized directly by assertibility and deniability conditions without the notion of truth. We pay special attention to the deniability condition for intensional implication. We characterize the logic of this mixed language by a system of natural deduction that sheds some light on the inferential behaviour of these two kinds of connectives and on the way they can interact.

A Late-Insertion-Based Exoskeletal Approach to the Hybrid Nature of Functional Features in Creole Languages

The goal of this paper is to further our understanding of the nature of functional features in Creoles while focusing on how the functional exponent is morphologically realized, assuming a late-insertion-based exoskeletal model in the language mixing scholarly literature. In language mixing, it is observed that words are mixed within a certain syntactic domain (e.g., DP-NP, VoiceP/vP-TP, etc.). For example, in the nominal domain, a determiner D may be from one language, and N (or a stem, e.g., root + categorizer) may originate from another language. Grimstad and Riksem propose that the functional projection FP intervenes between D and N, and both D and F are from one language and N from another language. The phonological exponent of the functional features (e.g., D and F) are assumed to be language-specific (i.e., from one language), subject to the subset principle. Closer to the case that concerns us, Åfarli and Subbarao show that through long-term language contact, functional features can be reconstituted, and the functional exponent can be genuinely innovative. In our study, we propose that functional features can be themselves recombined and that Creole languages can provide evidence for feature recombination either by virtue of their hybrid grammar or through the congruent functional categories they display, using a late-insertion-based exoskeletal model. That is, functional features are not individually inherited from one language or another but can be recombined to form new functional features, allowing a novel functional exponent. To show this, we use synchronic empirical data focusing on the anterior marker -ba from Cabo Verdean Creole (CVC), Manjako (one of CVC Mande substrates), and Portuguese (CVC lexifier) to show how the recombination may operate, as CVC -ba recombines the features it inherited from its source languages while innovating. In sum, the purpose of this study is to show that feature recombination targeting the functional categories of Creole source languages can lead to innovation and that a late-insertion exoskeletal model can best account for the novel functional exponents that result from feature recombination in Creole formation.

Compound-Internal Language Mixing in American Norwegian

This paper investigates cases of compounding in the heritage language American Norwegian (AmNo), where elements from Norwegian and English are mixed word-internally, e.g., hoste-candy ‘cough candy’, where the Norwegian item hoste ‘cough’ is combined with the English item candy. Norwegian and English create compounds in similar ways, but with certain important differences, e.g., the use of linking elements. Based on data from the Corpus of American Nordic Speech, we investigate the encounter of these two languages within one word and find that both Norwegian and English lexical items occur as both left-hand and right-hand members of mixed compounds. Moreover, these mixed compounds are generally accompanied by Norwegian functional items. Hence, we argue that the overall structure of mixed compounds in AmNo is Norwegian, and English lexical items may be inserted into specific positions. This is successfully analyzed in a DM/exoskeletal model of grammar. We show that our results are in line with what we expect based on previous accounts of AmNo language mixing and Norwegian compounds, and our specific focus on compound-internal mixing provides a novel perspective and new insights into both the structure of compounds and the nature of language mixing.

Parental discourse strategies in Indonesian multilingual families

Background: In Indonesia, the amount of family speaking more than one language recently increase in intensity. They not only speak their official language and mother tongue for daily communication, but do they also be fluent in another foreign language for example English.
 Purpose: The present study closely examines spontaneous interactions between parents and children and explore the family members’ efforts to shape children’s foreign language use and learning outcomes. The focus is on the parental discourse strategies which presents a sequential analysis of the child’s language mixing in interaction which each parent and how the parent reacts to that mixing.
 Design and methods: To obtain the data, open-ended questionnaires were sent out to five families in which the children actively use English in their daily conversation. Using Lanza’s (1997) parental discourse strategies.
 Results: the result reveals that parents mostly follow code-switching in negotiating and enforcing their children to maintain their communication in English.

Design and Evaluation of Interprofessional Training Program for Healthcare Students from Collectivistic Culture

BackgroundHealthcare is team-based, and with increased mobility of healthcare workers, most of them will work with team members from all over the globe. Interprofessional education (IPE) research has mostly focused on specially designed programs in academic health institutions to prepare students for multidisciplinary work. Few IPE programs aim to integrate students with mixed disciplines from collectivist cultures.MethodsThis mixed-methods study was conducted between June and August 2019. Surveys and an e-portfolio were recorded of 33 final-year and graduated health professional students’ participation in an 8-week IPE summer program at a medical school in Ireland. Survey results are described, and the content of portfolios was analyzed based on the deductive analysis of qualitative data derived from questions.ResultsStudents reported the greatest improvement in presentation skills (63.6%), followed by communication (54.5%), team working skills (93.9%), and interprofessional learning (42.4%), respectively. Qualitative findings highlighted challenges for students from a collectivist culture adapting to an IPE: uncomfortable verbally expressing themselves in problem-based learning (PBL) and how to work with other sex. Positive themes about IPE that emerged were enjoyment in sharing ideas and building trust with PBL groups. We learned that the program had to be flexible enough to meet the educational requirements of a target community with mixed English language ability and adaptability to IPE.ConclusionThe authors propose that an international PBL-based summer program is effective in improving healthcare students’ attitudes towards IPE. This study provides valuable insights to facilitate the development of further IPE programs to increased collaboration between students across various healthcare disciplines.

Teachers’ English Level Proficiency: Do Students Perceive It as a Threat or a Chance?

This study examines students’ expectations regarding teachers’ English proficiency level at Muhammadiyah Malang University (UMM), Indonesia. The concepts of proficiency are various among scholars and educators. Scholars vary in their concepts of proficiency; they also have multiple dimensions and methods when assessing teachers’ proficiency. However, students are rarely asked about their expectations of teachers’ English Proficiency level due to their supposed incapability and irrelevance in assessing the tutors. This study utilized an interpretive approach that explained the subjective reasons and meanings underlying social actions and viewed the world from specific individuals’ standpoints and experiences. Focus group discussion (FGD), and an open-ended questionnaire to gather the data, was employed. The FGD led to rich data because participants interacted at the same time about the topic being raised. The second-year students of the English Department at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM) were invited to participate. Regarding the teachers’ proficiency, students’ expectations fell into three parts. Firstly, teachers were expected to use mixed languages as the classroom language of instruction. Secondly, students expected teachers to possess sufficient level of English proficiency since this will potentially help students to have a better level of communication. Third, students are expected to have both native-speaking teachers and local teachers as a model of their communication. This study implicates teachers with high English proficiency are supposed to be vigilant to apply it across different settings and situations. This behavior hopefully leads to the felicitous decision of the classroom communication types

Interactions of Nasal Harmony and Word-Internal Language Mixing in Paraguayan Guaraní

Words containing morphemes from multiple languages offer a unique look into the grammatical systems that constrain word formation. In this paper, I introduce novel data from nasal harmony patterns in contexts involving word-internal language mixing between Paraguayan Guaraní and Spanish, collected with native speakers of Guaraní. I provide the first full formal constraint-based analysis of nasal harmony in Paraguayan Guaraní, then show that nasal consonants within Spanish roots trigger nasal harmony in Guaraní affixal morphology, providing evidence for an emergent case of long-distance nasal harmony in the language. I demonstrate that this data supports an analysis in which a single phonological system has access to two different strata based on language of origin, countering predictions made by some previous approaches to the phonology of language mixing. My analysis combines Cophonology Theory and Agreement by Correspondence with phase faithfulness: a root is first evaluated according to the phonological grammar associated with its lexical stratum, and is then subject to faithfulness to that output.

Multilinguals in a Monolingual Community: The Influence of Non-linguistic Switching Cost and Awareness of Language Environment on Intentional and Unintentional Language Switch

Multilinguals who live in their native multilingual communities are constantly switching between languages, whereas those who live in monolingual communities need to constrain their code-switching. Malaysia is a multilingual country in which people mix languages on a daily basis, whereas, in Taiwan, Mandarin is predominately used and people are more cautious about code-switching. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated what factors might facilitate Malaysian-Chinese students to reduce the unintentional switching between languages to adapt to the language environment in Taiwan. Malaysian-Chinese who live in Malaysia (MIM) and Taiwan (MIT) were recruited to investigate whether and how non-linguistic code-switching and their awareness of language environment (ALE) influence their intentional and unintentional code-switching experiences. Participants' non-verbal code-switching was measured by a color/shape switching task, whereas ALE and code-switching experiences were measured by questionnaires. The multiple regression analyses of MIT's responses showed that the moderation of non-linguistic switch cost and ALE significantly predicted MIT's unintentional code-switching. Moreover, the simple slope analysis showed that MIT with high executive control have a dynamic unintentional switch in which the higher level of ALE is associated with lower unintentional switch. However, MIT with low executive control have a static unintentional switch, uninfluenced by their level of ALE. These results suggested that multilinguals' executive control along with their awareness of the language environment help them adapt to living in a community with a predominant language.