Language Messages Research Articles

How to ask for donations: a language perspective on online fundraising success

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of message framing and language use on intentions to donate in online fundraising campaigns. A 2 (Message framing: Gain-framed vs. Loss-framed) by 2 (Language use: Inclusive vs. Exclusive language) randomized between-subjects factorial design was used to collect data. A total of 516 participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions (i.e., inclusive gain-framed, exclusive gain-framed, inclusive loss-framed, exclusive loss-framed), and asked to read an online fundraising campaign call for making donations. Overall, the results suggest that online fundraisers can benefit more from exclusive language if the messages are framed with possible gains for donating. Yet, if practitioners prefer to use loss-framed messages in a fundraising campaign, inclusive language would be more effective than exclusive language.

Abstract CT158: Addressing the clinical trial participation of underrepresented minorities at the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center (NCCC) through the National Outreach Network Community Health Educator (NON-CHE) Program

Abstract Introduction: Certain cancer rates disproportionately affects Hispanic/Latinas, indigenous women from Latin America (Amerindians, Mayans, Mixtecs, Zapotecs, Nahua-Pipil), African Americans, and other underrepresented minorities (URMs) in Los Angeles County (LAC). Some of the barriers these minorities face such as socioeconomic status, language, and other systemic barriers cause greater disparities among them which contributes to a tendency of lower participation rates in Clinical Trials (CTs). Partnerships with the Lazarex Cancer Foundation through Project IMPACT - Improving Patient Access to Cancer Clinical Trials- were created to support the financial and patient navigation for underrepresented minority participation in CTs at USC NCCC. Currently, 68% percent of overall patients enrolled in clinical trials at USC Norris are URMs which is reflective of the USC Norris catchment area. Also, 74% percent of participants in Project IMPACT are URMs which shows the benefits of a culturally responsive approach to patient engagement. The NON-CHE program at USC NCCC focuses on a culturally and language specific based approach to increase CTs awareness and enrollment in underrepresented minorities. Methods: To foster CTs participation and to address these disparities, the NON-CHE conducts outreach, education, and engagement efforts in LAC, the catchment area of the USC Norris. Health education interventions are delivered in interactive community research meetings and their effectiveness assessed through CTs related pre-and post-test surveys and at 3-months and 6-months following attendance. Partnerships with the Lazarex Cancer Foundation/Project IMPACT will be used to recruit and refer patients to existing CTs at USC Norris. Education materials developed and culturally adapted will help convey messages in Spanish and indigenous language and in culturally appropriate ways using infographics, presentations, and focus groups to test educational/outreach materials for cultural appropriateness, literacy, and numeracy levels. Results: A total of 28 monthly outreach activities have been conducted since the beginning of the program (November 2019) with Latinx and other minority groups sharing information on cancer related programs and clinical trials at USC Norris. Conclusion: Improving access to information on CTs participation may be more effective if culture, language, and systemic barriers affecting the underrepresented minorities in the catchment area of the USC Norris are taken into account. Citation Format: Lourdes Baezconde, Juan Carmen, Carolina Aristizabal. Addressing the clinical trial participation of underrepresented minorities at the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center (NCCC) through the National Outreach Network Community Health Educator (NON-CHE) Program [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr CT158.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF JIGSAW IN TEACHING ESP SPEAKING FOR ACCOUNTING DEPARTEMENT IN UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH LAMONGAN

Speaking is a part of spoken and productive skills. In oral communication, the speakers and listeners are actively involved in the message. The speakers transfer a message in the appropriate language, and listeners have to interpret the message. Brown (2004) defines speaking as a productive skill that can be directly and empirically. In teaching speaking, lecturers should have a proper technique to enhance the students to be more active in the speaking class. Therefore, teachers need some appropriate techniques face that condition. Jigsaw is one of cooperative learning method that will help the students gain the information not only by reading the materials, but also sharing and discussing with their friends. Jigsaw consists of several groups, in which every group consists of several students who have various in ability, gender, religion and race. The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of Jigsaw, the supporting factors in Jigsaw, and the teacher’s obstacles in implementing Jigsaw. In conducting this study, the writer applied descriptive qualitative research as the research design because it described the phenomena that exist in the Jigsaw implementation. The data are collected in the form of words. The reseacher used observation and interview to gain the data. Based on the result that concluded, there were 3 important points. First, choosing material, making lesson plan, organizing Jigsaw in classroom, giving quiz, and evaluating were the steps in implementing Jigsaw for speaking class. Then supporting factors were media, professional teacher, situation surround the class, material, student’s motivation, and class management. Third, limited time and different level of student’s comprehension were the obstacles that faced by the lecturer. In conclusion, Jigsaw was recommended for teaching Speaking, because it gained the students to be more active and interactive in teaching and learning process.

Creation of CFG Based Natural Language Framework for Explication of Syntax Errors in First Programming Language Featuring Novices

The intention of this research is to investigate effectiveness and impact of NLF for error messages on the performance, motivation, cognitive load of novices in FPL like C. This study analyzed the effectiveness of enhanced error messages in natural language on debugging .it is used as a teaching tool in introductory programming language. This research focus on use of natural language framework to illustrate errors, suggest proper solution thus ensures that usability of error messages effectively to facilitate debugging. This paper reports that self-directed static error resolution and illustration using natural language, enhanced understanding of static errors and decreased debugging time. CFG based NLF ensemble natural language description underpinning HCI approach in IDE for resolution of errors. We inferred that novices using NLF performed better in programming with good understanding of static error handling, error resolution ,NLF has valuable impression on novice learning outcomes The results of study indicate error messages in natural language augmented static error debugging time which has considerable impact on performance, motivation, cognitive load of novices.

Abstract PR12: CRC screening in rural community clinics using the fecal immunochemical test (FIT): Issues with repeat screening

Abstract Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, can be significantly reduced if it is detected early. Although overall CRC screening rates have increased significantly, disparities persist among low-income individuals, adults with low literacy and those living in rural areas. These groups all have screening completion rates below 50%. Objectives: To assess patient knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy about CRC screening and compare the effectiveness of two health literacy informed telephone follow-up strategies to improve annual screening over a three-year period with fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in rural community clinics. Methods: A two-arm, randomized controlled trial is being implemented in four community clinics. Clinics reported CRC baseline screening rates of 3% to 5%. Eligible patients, age 50-75, were recruited at the clinic prior to a scheduled appointment. A research assistant (RA) conducted a baseline structured interview measuring CRC screening knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy. The RA then recommended screening and gave brief literacy and culturally appropriate education using a pamphlet (4th-grade level), the FIT kit with preaddressed envelope, simplified instructions (3rd-grade level) and a demonstration of how to use it. At four weeks patients who had not returned their kit received either 1) a personal follow-up call (PC) from a central prevention coordinator using motivational interviewing skills and reminding them to complete and mail FIT kits, or 2) an automated follow-up call (AC) using plain language and motivational messages encouraging patients to complete and mail the FIT. Outcomes include FIT completion after intervention, and again at 12 and 24 months. Results: 620 patients not up-to-date were enrolled: 308/AC and 306/PC; 66% were African American, 55% women; 40% had limited literacy. During Year 1, 69% completed screening in AC arm versus 67% in PC arm. During Year 2, percentage screened decreased: 40% screened in AC arm and 37% in PC arm. Number of patients who needed at least one follow-up call increased: 74% in both arms needed at least 1 reminder call. Among those called, 19% in the AC arm completed their kit versus 15% in the PC arm. To date in Year 3, 32% screened in AC and 34% in PC. Conclusions: Simplified instructions accompanied by a face-to-face demonstration of FIT, and use of “teach back” to confirm understanding with a follow-up call if needed, facilitated completion rates of all patients, particularly those with limited literacy. Providing FIT + literacy appropriate education at regularly scheduled clinic visit with follow-up call (if needed) increased CRC screening rates of low-income, rural patients. Sustaining annual screening with FIT is challenging. In year 2 < 40% completed FIT. Follow-up calls were essential. Only 1/4 completed FIT without phone prompt. Lower-cost automated call has proven to be just as effective as personal call in both years 1 and 2. FIT is only effective if completed annually. This abstract is also being presented as Poster B099. Citation Format: Connie L. Arnold, Terry C. Davis, James Morris, Peggy Murphy, Glenn Mills. CRC screening in rural community clinics using the fecal immunochemical test (FIT): Issues with repeat screening [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr PR12.

El análisis multimodal del anuncio publicitario audiovisual para el aula de Lengua Castellana y Literatura en Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en proponer una metodología para el análisis y la comprensión de mensajes publicitarios en el aula de Lengua Castellana y Literatura durante la Educación Secundaria y el Bachillerato en España. Dada la complejidad semiótica de este tipo de mensajes, en el presente trabajo se plantea la posibilidad de llevar a cabo un análisis de tipo multimodal que permita desentrañar los diferentes modos que integran el mensaje y llegar a alcanzar así su significado de conjunto. Para lograr este objetivo, expondremos, en primer lugar, un apartado en el que se apuntará la necesidad de encontrar nuevas formas de análisis para las distintas formas de publicidad. Posteriormente, propondremos un marco teórico en torno al concepto de multimodalidad y el tipo de análisis que deriva de esta disciplina. Finalmente, plantearemos las bases teóricas sobre las que hacer un análisis multimodal de un anuncio audiovisual.
 

An Effort-Based Reward Approach for Allocating Load Shedding Amount in Networked Microgrids Using Multiagent System

An effort-based reward approach is proposed in this article for the allocation of load shedding amount in interconnected microgrids. In this article, effort is defined as the relative contribution of a microgrid to the network with respect to its capacity. In contrast to the absolute contribution-based reward methods, where smaller microgrids are discriminated, the proposed effort-based reward method provides a fair chance for microgrids of all sizes. Historic data of efforts of each microgrid are recorded and an index (effort index) is formulated. The effort index is used as a measure to allocate load shedding to microgrids during emergencies, where microgrids with higher effort indices receive lesser load shedding and vice versa. Different weights are defined for efforts of microgrids depending on the operation mode of the network due to the difference in the importance of power sharing in each mode. In addition, a reward compensation algorithm is devised to mitigate gaining of benefits for longer times while making lesser contributions. The proposed method is realized by using a multiagent system in java agent development framework (JADE) via agent communication language messages. The performance of the proposed method is compared with existing load shedding allocation algorithms, i.e., proportional method, bankruptcy Talmud rule, and absolute contribution-based reward methods.

A Framework for Detecting Intentions of Criminal Acts in Social Media: A Case Study on Twitter

Criminals use online social networks for various activities by including communication, planning, and execution of criminal acts. They often employ ciphered posts using slang expressions, which are restricted to specific groups. Although literature shows advances in analysis of posts in natural language messages, such as hate discourses, threats, and more notably in the sentiment analysis; research enabling intention analysis of posts using slang expressions is still underexplored. We propose a framework and construct software prototypes for the selection of social network posts with criminal slang expressions and automatic classification of these posts according to illocutionary classes. The developed framework explores computational ontologies and machine learning (ML) techniques. Our defined Ontology of Criminal Expressions represents crime concepts in a formal and flexible model, and associates them with criminal slang expressions. This ontology is used for selecting suspicious posts and decipher them. In our solution, the criminal intention in written posts is automatically classified relying on learned models from existing posts. This work carries out a case study to evaluate the framework with 8,835,290 tweets. The obtained results show its viability by demonstrating the benefits in deciphering posts and the effectiveness of detecting user’s intention in written criminal posts based on ML.

Alternative communications in severe hearing loss and deafness

Introduction. The essence of the communication process is the exchange of thoughts and sharing knowledge on a specific topic. Sign language is recognized as a full-fledged way of communication, not just a collection of signs used for communication. In accordance with the Act on Sign Language and Other Means of Communication, Polish Sign Language (PJM) is defined as a visual-spatial form of communication. Aim. The aim of the study was to present sign language as a communication tool for speech therapists. Material and methods. The study included 90 graduates of Speech Therapy and Phonoaudiology. Original questionnaire was used to collect information on the forms of using sign language and the methods of developing and applying the ability to communicate in sign language. Results. The analysis of the results shows that over 22% of the respondents use sign language on everyday basis. The most frequently reported emotional state related to the use of sign language was uncertainty (79%), other responses were fear and anxiety (37%), joy (11%) and calmness (5%) as well as confusion (5%). Additionally, 5% of respondents stated that in a given situation they felt no particular emotions. Conclusions. It has been shown that stress is a factor present in the majority of respondents when transmitting and receiving messages in sign language.

Conversational Recommender Systems and natural language:: A study through the ConveRSE framework

Digital Assistants (DA) such as Amazon Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant are now gaining great diffusion, since they allow users to execute a wide range of actions through messages in natural language. Even though DAs are able to complete tasks such as sending texts, making phone calls, or playing songs, they do not yet implement recommendation facilities. In this paper, we investigate the combination of Digital Assistants and Conversational Recommender Systems (CoRSs) by designing and implementing a framework named ConveRSE (Conversational Recommender System framEwork), for building chatbots that can recommend items from different domains and interact with the user through natural language. Since a CoRS architecture is generally composed of different elements, we performed an in-vitro experiment with two synthetic datasets, to investigate the impact that each component has on the CoRS in terms of recommendation accuracy. Additionally, an in-vivo experiment was carried out to understand how natural language influences both the cost of interaction and recommendation accuracy of a CoRS. Experimental results have revealed the most critical components in a CoRS architecture, especially in cold-start situations, and the main issues of the natural-language-based interaction. All the dialogues have been collected in a public available dataset.

Exploring linguistic landscape: The study of lascari in Amitav Ghosh’s sea of poppies

The research paper explores the linguistic aspects depicted in Sea of Poppies (2008), the first volume of the Ibis Trilogy by Amitav Ghosh (1956). It analyzes how Ghosh through the Trilogy recreates and vividly portrays the mixed society of nineteenth-century British India. Ghosh is well known for his inclination towards the weaker section of the society. Pidgin like the subjugated section of the society was overlooked and overshadowed. And the author did not hesitate from shedding light on yet another marginalized phenomenon by employing the use of language as a recurrent theme in the Trilogy. Ghosh also sheds light on the lives led by the sailors belonging to the nations and princely states around the Indian Ocean, also known as Lascars, a part of varied faiths and cultures who spoke different languages such as Malay, Portuguese, English, Arabic, Hindusthani and Malayalam. Ghosh by deciding to write upon the Lascari language brought it back to life. With centuries passing, the language was dying if it were not already dead. The study focuses on semblance between the Lascari speech and the messaging language used in the contemporary times with reference to the enunciation of a word in a particular language.

Metaphors in Bulgarian Political Discourse Since 1989

The study of the metaphors used by Bulgarian politicians in speeches, debates, presentations, video clips, posters posted on the Internet clearly shows that they are represented well enough in the media environments. The first hypothesis is that the metaphors used by Bulgarian political orators have changed since 1989 during the transition from socialism to democracy and they have been gradually replaced by new metaphors. The second hypothesis is that metaphors have considerably increased their public influence and they have become a feature of contemporary Bulgarian political discourse. We can also point out two new spheres of manifestations of metaphors at verbal and visual levels of political speech. The figurative language of civil messages and appeals includes metaphors which are more expressive.

The Concept of Information. Part 2. The Functions of a Scientific Theory

Any scientific theory should effectively perform a variety of information processing functions, regardless of the specifics of knowledge and the field of formalization. To achieve the global aim − maximum assistance in solving each of the infinite number of problems of the evolution of society − the information computer should be able to simulate all the functions of scientific theories, which are combined into a conceptually single system of knowledge processing, and due to this the information computer should provide the possibility to use knowledge directly in an explicit form for solving current and new problems. The meaning of communicative, descriptive-prescriptive, and argumentative (deduction, induction, explanation, prediction, understanding) functions of scientific theories is clarified. The models of synthesis of various components of the structure of scientific theories are described. The objects of real-world and the communicative functions of analysis and generation of language messages are enough for the organization of arbitrarily complex dialogue between a subject and the real world. The descriptive-prescriptive functions are the cornerstone for cognition and transformation of reality. All facts of reality are descriptive, whereas the standards, samples, ideals and norms are estimates. The argumentation is a process of reasoning during which the arguments, opinions, and conclusions are generated, that justify the assessment of truth or falsity of a statement or a theory. The self-description of the metalanguage of normal forms of knowledge is presented. The structure of the core of the information computer, which is based on this metalanguage, is presented, comprised of the following: the metaprogram compiler, two interpreters (the metaprogram interpreter and the terminal program interpreter), a glossary of terms and two arrays of data (input array and output array). The process of functioning of a knowledge processing system based on an information computer is described. The information on the implementation of the layout of the information computer in the form of a personal computer supplemented with the knowledge base interpreter made on a prototyping board of Actel corporation using minimum required hardware and software support is given. Giving users the metalanguage for describing application problems and the improved technology of formulating and solving problems, which realize all the features of a scientific theory, will provide extremely high growth of "soft" product reliability and programming efficiency.

A Study on Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) Compliance in Urban Shimoga, Karnataka

Background:Tobacco is the only legal product that kills a large proportion of consumers when used as intended by the manufacturers.India has amended its legislation against tobacco in 2003 and implemented its strongest legislation as COTPA 2003 (Cigarette and other Tobacco Products Act 2003). The main aim of the study was to assess compliance to prohibition of smokingand other provisions under COTPA in Shivamogga town.Materials and methods:Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted using purposive sampling. Total sample size was 200, observation was made and information was collected about sections 4, 5, 6a, 7,8and 9 of COTPA 2003 (Cigarette and Other Tobacco products Act 2003), to assess its level of compliance and implementation.Results:Only in 25 to 30% of the places the displayed signage were according to law i.e. regarding size, picture, and message in local language, size of the text and text as per law.

The Influence of SMS Language on Academic Writing: A Study at University Level in South Punjab, Pakistan

Text messaging language is taking the place of Standard English language which is applied as a source of communication via cell phone. It is emerging in the form of a new language. It is influencing the formal writing of the learners. Keeping in view the above-mentioned purpose, the current study was planned to find out the influence of it on academic writing.27 University English language teachers and 160 students were the Participants of the study. Data were collected through two questionnaires. Collected data was analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that students are inclined to the use of SMS language as it is easy to use. It is an easy, convenient and speedy way of communication. The findings also showed that teachers and students are fully aware of the negative influence of text messaging on their academic writing. It is spoiling the punctuation, spelling and sentence structure of the English language.

Natural Language Processing by Enhanced Honey Encryption Technique

Traditional encryption systems and techniques have always been vulnerable to brute force cyber-attacks. This is due to bytes encoding of characters utf8 also known as ASCII characters. Therefore, an opponent who intercepts a cipher text and attempts to decrypt the signal by applying brute force with a faulty pass key can detect some of the decrypted signals by employing a mixture of symbols that are not uniformly dispersed and contain no meaningful significance. Honey encoding technique is suggested to curb this classical authentication weakness by developing cipher-texts that provide correct and evenly dispersed but untrue plaintexts after decryption with a false key. This technique is only suitable for passkeys and PINs. Its adjustment in order to promote the encoding of the texts of natural languages such as electronic mails, records generated by man, still remained an open-end drawback. Prevailing proposed schemes to expand the encryption of natural language messages schedule exposes fragments of the plaintext embedded with coded data, thus they are more prone to cipher text attacks. In this paper, amending honey encoded system is proposed to promote natural language message encryption. The main aim was to create a framework that would encrypt a signal fully in binary form. As an end result, most binary strings semantically generate the right texts to trick an opponent who tries to decipher an error key in the cipher text. The security of the suggested system is assessed..

Translation shifts of pronoun in the novel Twilight

Translation could be defined as converting one language (Source Language) to another language (Target Language) so that the target language could convey the intended message in the source language. In translation, a shift is something unavoidable. Catford (1965) said that shift is departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. Translation can be done in many kinds of text, including literary. So the shift may also happen in many kinds of literary, in this paper it is focused on novel. Considering the shift happened in various kinds of literary, this study entitled Translation Shifts of Pronoun in Bilingual Novel Twilight attempts (1) classify the types of translation shift of pronoun, (2) examine the translation techniques, and (3) investigate the factors lead the application of particular translating technique done by the translator in the translation of Twilight in English version to Twilight in Indonesian version. The data focus on the translation of pronouns found in the bilingual novel of Twilight . From the data found, there are translation shift in different types which belongs to the theory proposed by Catford (1965). The method of collecting the data in this research is a direct observation method. The bilingual novel of Twilight was read. Then, the pronouns that represent the translation shift were chosen. After the data collected, they were analyzed. The data analyzed was the results of the research. There are two main theories used in analyzing the data, those are the theory of translation shift is proposed by Catford (1965) and the theory of translation technique is proposed by Molina ad Albir (2002) and supporting theory from Nida (2000) about factors lead the application of particular translating technique done by the translator. In the end, it is found that there are two types of shift which are unavoidable in translation found. They are shifts in grammatical categories or transposition and shift of point of view or modulation. There are six out of eight-teen kinds of translation techniques used in this study. Also, the factors leading to the application of the particular technique of translation in this study are linguistic factors, cultural factors, and the translator’s preference.   &nbsp

Patient portal message characteristics and reported thoughts of self-harm and suicide: A retrospective cohort study

Introduction As use of electronic portal communication with healthcare teams increases, processes that effectively recognize messages that contain critical information are needed. This study aims to evaluate whether certain language and other characteristics of patient portal messages are associated with expressions of self-harm and suicidal ideation. Methods Using patient portal messages sent between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2017, we searched for words and letter combinations ‘suicid’ (to identify words suicide and suicidal), ‘depress’ (for depression, depressed, depressing), ‘harm himself’ (or ‘herself ‘or ‘myself’), ‘hurt himself’ (‘herself’ or ‘myself’), ‘kill’, ‘shoot’, ‘cutting’, ‘knife’, ‘gun’, ‘overdose’, ‘over dose’ and ‘jump’. Results Of 831,009 messages, 11,174 messages contained one or more search terms. We manually reviewed 7,736 messages for content expressing self-harm or suicidality. Of the reviewed messages, 3.2% indicated thoughts of self-harm or suicide and 2.2% of messages suggested active suicidality. Of those expressing any thoughts of self-harm or suicide, 13.4% mentioned a specific plan, 20% were passively suicidal. Messages indicating thoughts of self-harm and suicide were more common in patients who were unmarried, non-white and younger than 18 years. Factors significantly associated with thoughts of self-harm were messages addressed to psychiatry or containing the letter combinations ‘suicide’, ‘die’, ‘depress’ and ‘harm/hurt my/her/himself’. Discussion Certain letter combinations and patient portal message characteristics may be associated with expressions of self-harm and suicide. These factors should be considered as we develop systems of effectively screening patient portal messages for critical clinical information.

Gaya Bahasa dan Pesan Moral pada Lirik Lagu Bahasa Mandar (Suatu Kajian Stilistika)

Abstract. To understand language style and moral messages, the first thing to do is describe the language contained in the song's lyrics and then examine its aesthetic functions and valuesby stylistics theory. The purpose of this research is to describe the style of language and moral messages contained in the lyrics of the song Mandar. This type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The method used in this research is a case study. The first stage, a preliminary study. The second stage, set / formulate the problem and determine the focus of research. The third stage, the study of literature and research analysis. The fourth step is collecting data. The fifth stage, data processing and interpretation. The sixth stage, making a research report. While for data collection, it is carried out by means of tests, observations, and documentation. The results showed that the linguistic style contained in the mandar song lyrics in broad outline, namely the opposing language style (hyperbole, litotes, antithesis), comparative language style (personification, hyperbole, metaphor, sinekdoke pars pro toto), affirmative language style (tautology, climax, repertis, anticlimax, inversion), while the moral message contained in the lyrics of the mandar song about the importance of maintaining loyalty and sharing in a relationship.

Psychophysiological Measures of Reactance to Persuasive Messages Advocating Limited Meat Consumption

Persuasive interventions can lose their effectiveness when a person becomes reactant to the persuasive messages—a state identified by feelings of anger and perceived threat to freedom. A person will strive to reestablish their threatened freedom, which is characterized by motivational arousal. Research suggests that the motivational state of psychological reactance can be observed in physiology. Therefore, the assessment of physiological reactions might help to identify reactance to persuasive messages and, thereby, could be an objective approach to personalize persuasive technologies. The current study investigates peripheral psychophysiological reactivity in response to persuasive messages. To manipulate the strength of the reactant response either high- or low-controlling language messages were presented to discourage meat consumption. The high-controlling language condition indeed evoked more psychological reactance, and sympathetic arousal did increase during persuasive messaging in heart rate and heart rate variability, although no clear relationship between physiological reactivity and self-reported psychological reactance was found. However, the evaluation of multiple linear models revealed that variance in self-reported psychological reactance was best explained by initial intentions in combination with cardiovascular reactivity. To conclude, considering physiological reactivity in addition to motivational state can benefit our understanding of psychological reactance.