Language Features Research Articles

Visual-guided hierarchical iterative fusion for multi-modal video action recognition

Vision-Language models(VLMs) have shown promising improvements on various visual tasks. Most existing VLMs employ two separate transformer-based encoders, each dedicated to modeling visual and language features independently. Because the visual features and language features are unaligned in the feature space, it is challenging for the multi-modal encoder to learn vision-language interactions. In this paper, we propose a V,isual-guided Hierarchical Iterative Fusion (VgHIF) method for VLMs in video action recognition, which acquires more discriminative vision and language representation. VgHIF leverages visual features from different levels in visual encoder to interact with language representation. The interaction is processed by the attention mechanism to calculate the correlation between visual features and language representation. VgHIF learns grounded video-text representation and supports many different pre-trained VLMs in a flexible and efficient manner with a tiny computational cost. We conducted experiments on the Kinetics-400 Mini Kinetics 200 HMDB51, and UCF101 using VLMs: CLIP, X-CLIP, and ViFi-CLIP. The experiments were conducted under full supervision and few shot settings, and compared with the baseline multi-modal model without VgHIF, the Top-1 accuracy of the proposed method has been improved to varying degrees, and several groups of results have achieved comparable results with state-of-the-art performance, which strongly verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

THE USAGE OF PAIR WORDS IN RUSSIAN LANGAUAGE

The method of teaching Russian language begins to teach language to students in primary school. The first method of teaching Russian language is practicing technique. Psychological and pedagogical laws of the learning process are like the needs of the society. At the beginning of these needs are communication tools. The communication tools define the ways of teaching Russian to students according to their language characteristics. The method of teaching Russian language consists of the literary parts of the language skills of students, the concepts of grammar, the change of language system over time (assimilation) and other parts of language science. Methodology; pedagogy, psychology and philosophy at the intersection of disciplines. These disciplines have a common interest.

EFFECTIVE TEACHING METHODS

The method of teaching Russian language begins to teach language to students in primary school. The first method of teaching Russian language is practicing technique. Psychological and pedagogical laws of the learning process are like the needs of the society. At the beginning of these needs are communication tools. The communication tools define the ways of teaching Russian to students according to their language characteristics. The method of teaching Russian language consists of the literary parts of the language skills of students, the concepts of grammar, the change of language system over time (assimilation) and other parts of language science. Methodology; pedagogy, psychology and philosophy at the intersection of disciplines. These disciplines have a common interest.

Lexical Affix Productivity in the History of English: A Quantitative Approach

This paper addresses the development of lexical affixation throughout the last 700 years of the English language. More specifically, it pursues two objectives. First, a short outline of the methodological approaches will be devised reaching from stand-alone applications (Peukert 2014) and shared-work solutions (Peukert 2018) to requesting the OED RESTful API. Second, two sets of results will be presented. The first set includes overall aggregations of all productive affixes as well as their shares on the total number of each affix type. The second set of results elaborates on two interesting cases chosen from highly productive prefixes and suffixes. The contribution closes with a short discussion on alternative explanations and limitations of the chosen approach. Although the affix token frequencies by and large replicate the findings in Peukert (2016), which are based on type frequencies, the presented data substantiate the idea that, in terms of lexical morpheme usage, English reveals more and more characteristics of a prefixing language.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC PROFILE RESEARCH PAPER

This research paper explores the sociolinguistic profiles of learners in a sixth-grade classroom, focusing on the intersections between language, society, and individual characteristics. The study investigates the linguistic diversity within a group of Uzbek and Russian pupils learning English as a foreign language, highlighting the role of factors such as language background, socioeconomic status, and cultural identity in shaping their learning experiences. Two distinct learner subgroups are identified: one group of bilingual Russian-speaking students from urban, educated backgrounds, and another group of Uzbek-speaking students from monolingual, low socioeconomic backgrounds. Through analysis of these subgroups, the paper examines the influence of sociocultural dynamics on language learning behaviors and challenges. The study provides pedagogical and assessment implications, aiming to offer educators insights into adapting instructional techniques to accommodate the diverse needs and backgrounds of their students. By addressing these sociolinguistic dimensions, this paper contributes to understanding how language variety and social context affect language education and the notion of pedagogical implications and assessment implications are discussed.

Mixed-scale cross-modal fusion network for referring image segmentation

Referring image segmentation aims to segment the target by a given language expression. Recently, the bottom-up fusion network utilizes language features to highlight the most relevant regions during the visual encoder stage. However, it is not comprehensive that establish only the relationship between pixels and words. To alleviate this problem, we propose a mixed-scale cross-modal fusion method that widens the interaction between vision and language. Specially, at each stage, pyramid pooling is used to augment visual perception and improve the interaction between visual and linguistic features, thereby highlighting relevant regions in the visual data. Additionally, we employ a simple multi-scale feature fusion module to effectively combine multi-scale aligned features. Experiments conducted on Standard RIS benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed method achieves favorable performance against state-of-the- art approaches. Moreover, we conducted experiments on different visual backbones respectively, and the proposed method yielded better and significantly improved performance results.

Foreword

The breadth of topics covered in this volume gives some sense of the range of Brian MacWhinney’s perspectives on and contributions to our understanding of language -- how it is learned, represented, and studied. My brief personal reflections will focus on this latter contribution – how language is studied, and how researchers can be supported in studying the acquisition and use of language, with appropriate attention to variation due to the language features themselves, the learner’s stage of development, the linguistic context, the activity being engaged in, and the presence of clinical impairments.

Linguistic discussions of Urdu Language

The beginning and evolution of Urdu language is a controversial issue in our country. The research and editing of linguists regarding the early characteristics of Urdu language and its development is still going on. First, European historians researched and edited linguistics and presented their ideas. These theories were an early reference, hence their importance to Islam. Subsequent researchers and linguists carried on the same work. The beginning of the twentieth century marks the beginning of a vernacular period of linguistic research. During this period, there is a tendency to assign Urdu to a particular place or place. Many researchers have traced the traces of Urdu in the Mughal period. Among them, Mera Man, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Maulana Sohbai, Shamsullah Qadri and Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad are worth mentioning. And some say it is a Dravidian language and some say Urdu is the daughter of Braj Bhasha. There are many theories about the origin of the Urdu language, but it is not entirely correct to connect it with any one region.

A 3D approach to understanding heterogeneity in early developing autisms.

Phenotypic heterogeneity in early language, intellectual, motor, and adaptive functioning (LIMA) features are amongst the most striking features that distinguish different types of autistic individuals. Yet the current diagnostic criteria uses a single label of autism and implicitly emphasizes what individuals have in common as core social-communicative and restricted repetitive behavior difficulties. Subtype labels based on the non-core LIMA features may help to more meaningfully distinguish types of autisms with differing developmental paths and differential underlying biology. Unsupervised data-driven subtypes were identified using stability-based relative clustering validation on publicly available Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) data (n = 615; age = 24-68months) from the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive (NDA). Differential developmental trajectories between subtypes were tested on longitudinal data from NDA and from an independent in-house dataset from UCSD. A subset of the UCSD dataset was also tested for subtype differences in functional and structural neuroimaging phenotypes and relationships with blood gene expression. The current subtyping model was also compared to early language outcome subtypes derived from past work. Two autism subtypes can be identified based on early phenotypic LIMA features. These data-driven subtypes are robust in the population and can be identified in independent data with 98% accuracy. The subtypes can be described as Type I versus Type II autisms differentiated by relatively high versus low scores on LIMA features. These two types of autisms are also distinguished by different developmental trajectories over the first decade of life. Finally, these two types of autisms reveal striking differences in functional and structural neuroimaging phenotypes and their relationships with gene expression and may highlight unique biological mechanisms. Sample sizes for the neuroimaging and gene expression dataset are relatively small and require further independent replication. The current work is also limited to subtyping based on MSEL and VABS phenotypic measures. This work emphasizes the potential importance of stratifying autism by a Type I versus Type II distinction focused on LIMA features and which may be of high prognostic and biological significance.

Development of Sensor Data Fusion and Optimized Elman Neural Model-based Sign Language Recognition System

The sign language recognition system has placed an important role in disabled people’s lives. The researchers utilize various methods to fulfill disabled people’s requirements. However, the methods fail to access their sign at a reasonable cost with minimum computational difficulties. The improper sign access causes a reduction of the sign language recognition accuracy. Therefore, this study uses the sensor of wearable devices to capture people’s motions and actions to identify sign language. The collected information is fused into a competition level that understands disabled people’s requirements. After that, fused information is processed by the Pareto Optimized Hypertuned Deep Elman Neural Model (POHDENM). In addition, the data augmentation process is incorporated to train the data, which helps to recognize the large volume of sentences. Here, the fused information is split into words processed by the neural model that recognizes the sign language features. The extracted features are analyzed by an optimized method that recognizes the language with maximum accuracy. During the analysis, network parameters are hyper-tuned with the help of the Pareto model, which reduces the misrecognition error rate. Then, the created system efficiency is evaluated using the experimental analysis. The POHDENM approach achieves a high accuracy of 97.86% and an F1-score of 98.08%. The model’s high performance is achieved by fine-tuning its hyperparameters using the Pareto optimization algorithm, which balances precision of 98.06% and recall of 98.12%.

Women's Language in Bargaining: A Sociolinguistic Study of Seller-Buyer Interactions in Dinoyo Market

This study investigates the characteristics of women’s language in market bargaining, revealing how specific communicative features affect buying and selling interactions. These features include the use of polite and non-confrontational language forms, such as hedges and tag questions, which reflect a desire to maintain harmonious social relations. Drawing on Robin Lakoff’s (1975) theory, the study examines how features like hedges, tag questions, and super polite forms are employed by female sellers and buyers during market interactions. The research methods include direct observation and conversation analysis to identify the frequency and context of these language features. The findings indicate that the use of female language traits not only influences the nature of bargaining but also contributes to establishing and maintaining positive social relationships between sellers and buyers. These insights enhance our understanding of communication strategies in economic contexts and underscore the importance of recognizing gender-specific linguistic features in everyday social interactions. Furthermore, the research suggests that a deeper understanding of women’s language traits can provide practical benefits for market participants, aiding in the improvement of their negotiation and marketing skills

Introducing bidirectional attention for autoregressive models in abstractive summarization

Abstractive summarization methods typically follow the autoregressive paradigm using the causal masks in the decoder for training and inference efficiency. However, this approach leads to a constant context throughout the generation process, which conflicting with the bidirectional characteristics of natural language. Although previous attempts have been made to incorporate bidirectional attention in the decoding process through non-autoregressive approach, the evaluation results are not comparable to the autoregressive methods. To bring bidirectional attention to the autoregressive process while maintaining superior performance, we propose the global autoregressive paradigm, which takes the outputs of the autoregressive process as additional inputs in the subsequent global iteration. Specifically, we build a bidirectional decoder alongside the original encoder and decoder to capture the bidirectional context of the outputs. This context is updated after each autoregressive decoding iteration. The decoder then integrates the updated context into subsequent autoregressive decoding steps, enhancing the generative process with a more comprehensive and authentic context. Additionally, we use contrastive learning to train the model to extract reliable features from the bidirectional context and apply reinforcement learning to improve the model's utilization of this context. We evaluate our method on CNN/DM, XSum, and NYT datasets, and the results highlight the significance of the bidirectional context. Our method achieves the best performance in terms of ROUGE-2 on CNN/DM (23.96), and performs comparably on XSum (25.45) and NYT (27.91). It also outperforms all the baselines in terms of BERTScore, with a score of 89.96 on CNN/DM, 92.70 on XSum, and 90.04 on NYT. Furthermore, our method can perform better with a larger beam size.

Research on the product language construction of China’s twisted porcelain cultural heritage

This paper studies the product language construction of the twisted porcelain cultural heritage. Through field research, we collected and sorted out samples of twisted porcelain products, explored the product language characteristics of twisted porcelain from multiple aspects such as production process, product shape, and product color, interpreted cultural value, captured potential connotations, extracted representative words from user comments, quantified the relationship between users and twisted porcelain culture, realized the construction and transmission of traditional cultural language information, conveyed the traditional cultural information of the product to users, and promoted the sustainable dissemination and development of this cultural heritage. The research results show that after mining and extraction at the level of twisted porcelain characteristics, the core language constructs the cultural expression of twisted porcelain products, which is more in line with the needs of the market and users, and has the potential to be developed and disseminated using the language generation of cultural heritage products.

Occurrence of Transposition and Substantivization Phenomena Between Adjectival and Noun Word Categories in Uzbek

This study investigates the phenomena of transposition and substantivization between adjectival and noun word categories in the Uzbek language, an area that remains underexplored in linguistic research. By analyzing selected texts, the study identifies shifts where adjectives become nouns (substantivization) and nouns assume adjectival roles (transposition), focusing on their contextual usage in proverbs, literary works, and everyday speech. The research identifies 150 instances of these shifts, demonstrating the flexibility and dynamic nature of word categories in Uzbek. The findings provide new insights into language evolution and structural adaptability, with broader implications for understanding the linguistic characteristics of Turkic languages.

From Sound to Meaning: Navigating Wernicke's Area in Language Processing.

Wernicke's area, a critical brain region associated with language comprehension, was first identified by Carl Wernicke in the late 19th century. Situated in the left hemisphere's posterior superior temporal gyrus, this area is essential for processing auditory and visual language inputs. It integrates semantic and syntactic information, playing a key role in meaningful communication. The development of Wernicke's area during infancy and childhood is marked by rapid growth and refinement influenced by early language exposure and environmental stimuli. Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt, is crucial for recovery from language impairments such as Wernicke's aphasia. This capacity for reorganization includes synaptic plasticity and axonal sprouting, which facilitate recovery through targeted rehabilitation and enriched environments. Recent research utilizing advanced neuroimaging and neuroanatomical tracing techniques has elucidated the connectivity of Wernicke's area with other language-related regions, such as Broca's area. Functional studies have revealed its specialized roles in processing different aspects of language, including phonological, semantic, and syntactic features. Moreover, investigations into language disorders and potential therapeutic interventions underscore the importance of harnessing neuroplasticity for effective treatment. Emerging technologies, such as non-invasive brain stimulation and multimodal imaging, offer promising avenues for further exploration of Wernicke's area and its role in language functions. These innovations hold the potential to enhance our understanding of language processing and improve therapeutic strategies for language impairments. In conclusion, Wernicke's area is central to language comprehension, and genetic and environmental factors influence its development. Understanding neuroplasticity and leveraging advanced research technologies can significantly advance our ability to address language-related disorders and enhance patient outcomes.

ANALYSING WOMEN'S LANGUAGE FEATURES IN ESHA CHHABRA'S TED TALK ON ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESS

This research, titled "Women's Language Features of Environmental Business Journalist Esha Chhabra Video on TED YouTube Channel," aims to identify the characteristics of women's language used by Esha Chhabra. The data was collected from her spoken words in the video. The study identified 41 instances of women's language features, including lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, and emphatic stress. The most frequently used feature was the intensifier, which the speaker employed to reinforce her statements and persuade the audience. While the least encountered features are tag question, hypercorrect grammar, and emphatic stress. Notably, two features—precise color terms and strong swears words—was absent. This absence is attributed to the video's business context, where strong swear words are inappropriate, and precise color terms are unnecessary. This research contributes to understanding how women's language features are utilized in professional and public speaking contexts.

Research on contemporary bamboo flute teaching concept

This paper analyzes the technical essentials of the scientific and international concept of contemporary bamboo flute performance, emphasizes the importance of musical style and language characteristics, and points out that each musical style carries a specific cultural background and emotional expression, and as a traditional Chinese musical instrument, its timbre changes depict the beauty and humanity of mountains and rivers in a rich and delicate way. A deep understanding of how to control the timbre through different playing techniques, such as adjusting the structure of the mouth, so that the flow between notes can be warm and delicate, or passionate and loud emotional colors. In the performance, the three elements of "confrontation, friction and pressure" are put forward, which is a concise summary of the mechanical principle of bamboo flute performance. As well as the coordinated pressure between various parts of the body, these seemingly simple physical effects are actually the key to improving the quality of the performance.

English language preservice teachers’ attitudes towards Singlish and their beliefs about the utility of contrastive pedagogies in the language classroom

ABSTRACT Singlish, also known as Singapore Colloquial English, has been the focus of many studies, but its tenability as a tool in the classroom has received scant discussion. This study explores English language preservice teachers’ attitudes towards Singlish and their beliefs towards use of contrastive pedagogies in the English language classroom. Adopting a mixed-methods study involving quantitative and qualitative data, 40 preservice teachers majoring in English from the National Institute of Education were surveyed and interviews with eight participants subsequently conducted. The findings reveal that participants appraise Singlish positively for its affordances in fostering rapport and a healthy classroom culture. Despite concerns that language classrooms should only focus on quality input, Singlish is recognised for its ability to reduce students’ affective filter and increase their accessibility to standard English. Participants generally supported the inclusion of Singlish in the English language classroom, using contrastive pedagogies to promote students’ noticing of language features.

Building custom NLP tools to annotate discourse-functional features for second language writing research: A tutorial

The current tutorial paper describes a process of developing a custom natural language processing model with a particular focus on a discourse annotation task. After an overview of recent developments in natural language processing (NLP), the paper discusses the development of the Engagement Analyzer (Eguchi & Kyle, 2023), focusing on corpus annotation, the machine learning model, model training, evaluation, and dissemination. A step-by-step tutorial of this process via the spaCy Python package is provided. The paper highlights the feasibility of developing custom NLP tools to enhance the scalability and replicability of the annotation of context-sensitive linguistic features in L2 writing research.

Is Chinese Dyslexia Similar Across Chinese Societies? Evidence from Hong Kong, Beijing, and Taipei

AbstractWhile previous research has documented the unique aspects of Chinese dyslexia as compared to dyslexia in alphabetic scripts, it remains unclear whether the difference in Chinese literacy experiences influences the manifestation of Chinese dyslexia. The present article first reviews the characteristics of Chinese languages and scripts, including important cognitive‐linguistic correlates (rapid automatized naming, phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness) of Chinese reading development and impairment. The diversity in Chinese literacy experiences of scripts, languages, and instructional practices, and consequently their impact on Chinese literacy acquisition across different Chinese societies are also reviewed. Using an equivalent Chinese assessment battery administered to 91 children with dyslexia from Hong Kong, Beijing, and Taipei, we examined the subtypes of Chinese dyslexia across these three societies concurrently. With the four cognitive‐linguistic skills included as the clustering variable, the hierarchical cluster analysis revealed four cognitive subtypes of dyslexia: 38% mild orthographic deficit subtype (OD), 33% phonological deficit subtype (PD), 18% morphological deficit subtype (MD), and 11% global deficit subtype (GD)—each with their own set of cognitive‐linguistic deficit profiles. Interestingly, all four subtypes of dyslexia manifested poorer orthographic skills as compared to the control group. Bayesian Analysis of Contingency Table further showed that the distribution of dyslexia subtypes remains similar across the three Chinese societies, suggesting invariance of the Chinese dyslexia construct. Findings highlight the importance of assessment in orthographic processing, rapid automatized naming, phonological awareness, and morphological awareness in order to understand Chinese dyslexia, both in a within and cross‐cultural Chinese perspective.