Definition Language Research Articles

An Automatic Planning-Based Attack Path Discovery Approach from IT to OT Networks

With the convergence of IT and OT networks, more opportunities can be found to destroy physical processes by cyberattacks. Discovering attack paths plays a vital role in describing possible sequences of exploitation. Automated planning that is an important branch of artificial intelligence (AI) is introduced into the attack graph modeling. However, while adopting the modeling method for large-scale IT and OT networks, it is difficult to meet urgent demands, such as scattered data management, scalability, and automation. To that end, an automatic planning-based attack path discovery approach is proposed in this paper. At first, information of the attacking knowledge and network topology is formally represented in a standardized planning domain definition language (PDDL), integrated into a graph data model. Subsequently, device reachability graph partitioning algorithm is introduced to obtain subgraphs that are small enough and of limited size, which facilitates the discovery of attack paths through the AI planner as soon as possible. In order to further cope with scalability problems, a multithreading manner is used to execute the attack path enumeration for each subgraph. Finally, an automatic workflow with the assistance of a graph database is provided for constructing the PDDL problem file for each subgraph and traversal query in an interactive way. A case study is presented to demonstrate effectiveness of attack path discovery and efficiency with the increase in number of devices.

Reformation of Culture through Language and Translation

This research paper sheds light on the reformation of culture through language and translation. It introduces the definitions of language, culture, and translation. It further explains the relationship between culture, language, and translation concerning the scholarly papers. The phenomenon by which the culture is built by different languages linking to the way we emote feelings and thoughts, which is achieved through the process of translation. This paper shows the study of how the culture gets reformed through language and translation getting even more transformed structurally in the upcoming generations. The reformation is seen not only in non-fictional works but also traces the fictional plays and novels that are cited with authentic references. Limitations such as not translating the words with accurate meaning may give the pessimistic approach but how it promotes people in learning varied concepts of language getting introduced to vast culture is dealt detail. This paper also deals with cultural refinement through linguistic anthropology and postcolonialism. This study shows the level of consciousness of people towards language and translation giving allowance to get introduced to particular cultures that promotes unity with examples. The language reflects culture, providing the study of refinement in language mirroring the culture, hence proving literacy is directly connected with the culture in education. The translation is the best influencer taking its turn of shifting people from one culture to taste another. To build up a valid society, the need for inculcating in-depth knowledge of language and culture through translation helps in building the culture for posterity.

The universal language: mathematics or music?

PurposeMusic could be a challenger for mathematics and a potential candidate for the title “The Universal Language.” This paper aims to discuss the primary objectives of engaging with music, including the therapeutic benefits. Similarities, between mathematics and music and how studying one might enhance one’s abilities of the other are pointed out.Design/methodology/approachA formal definition for a universal language is given. A qualitative approach, supplemented with rigorous reasoning, is adopted. The narrative relies on the author’s experiences, teaching mathematical concepts and musical interactions, with students from several countries. A vast amount of literature is reviewed and the corresponding findings are connected toward the arguments made.FindingsThe paper demonstrates that one day, once we understand both mathematics and music better, we might see both of them as the same language. Until then, it is essential to supplement mathematics with music. The educational implications, for all fields, are to ensure that the future creators of knowledge are equally adept at both music and mathematics. The wider policy connotations are to create a blueprint for a society with a vibrant musical and artistic environment.Originality/valueThis study illuminates new ways of thinking about music and mathematics. The possibility that many seemingly complex entities (including our universe, virtual computer worlds, mathematical operations, etc.), are made up of combinations of much simpler building blocks is hinted at. Familiarity with any intricate element of life, without getting flustered, is bound to produce remarkable results in other such endeavors.

Supporting Elementary Pre-Service Teachers’ Academic Language Development in Social Studies

ABSTRACT In this action research study, we investigated pre-service teachers’ (n = 39) perceptions of academic language and strategies in order to support their abilities to plan and teach elementary social studies. Using mixed methods triangulation design, we analyzed edTPA SCORES, pre-assessments, post-assessments, videos of teaching, field notes, self-reflections, and other artifacts. Data analysis occurred in two phases. In Phase 1, we analyzed the success of each action research cycle and determined how to adjust instruction. In Phase 2, we conducted retrospective analysis that began with structural coding of the assessments and included a constant comparative analysis of the themes against quantitative data. Results indicate that as participants developed increased meta-language, became critically aware of their own strengths and weaknesses in planning and modeling academic language, and broadened their definitions of academic language. Additionally, we identified several strategies that supported participants’ growth for each theme.

Coercion to destroy other people’s money between sharia Jordan’s Civil Code: Comparative study: الإكراه على إتلاف مال الغير بين الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون المدني الأردني: دراسة مقارنة

This research deals with the issue of coercion to destroy the money of others in Islamic sharia and Jordanian civil law and the importance of this research is evident by showing the picture of the truth of the jurisprudential issues based on this type of coercion. And the sharia ruling in these pictures. And the problem of the research revolved around the sayings of scholars about the reality of coercion. The main objective of the study is to make a comparison between sharia and Jordanian civil law in this matter. As for the key words included in the research. They Are: coercion money destruction of money. Immoral coercion. And unresolved coercion. As for relying in this study on three main approaches. Namely: 1. the inductive approach for all the scientific subject: by referring to what I have available to me from language and fundamentals books. Branches and jurisprudential rules. And books on jurisprudential and law. 2 the analytical method for this available research material by presenting the sayings of scholars in Islamic law and Jordanian civil law 3. The comparative approach by presenting the saying of the four schools of thought and the Jordanian civil law 4 the attribution of the Quran to their place in the noble Quran and the output of the hadiths based on the two sahib al – Bukhari. Then the four Sunnah again and attributing the effects contained in this study to their books and Sayers with judging.to achieve this topic. I divided my research into two coats. The first requirement: clarifies the definition of language and law. the pillars and conditions of coercion. types of coercion. recourse and non – recourse coercion. Moral coercion. And the evidence for the existence of coercion from the holy Quran and the Sunnah. As for the second requirement. It death with the effect of coercion on destroying the money of others in Islamic sharia and Jordanian civil law in coercion.

Verified Lustre Normalization with Node Subsampling

Dataflow languages allow the specification of reactive systems by mutually recursive stream equations, functions, and boolean activation conditions called clocks. Lustre and Scade are dataflow languages for programming embedded systems. Dataflow programs are compiled by a succession of passes. This article focuses on the normalization pass which rewrites programs into the simpler form required for code generation. Vélus is a compiler from a normalized form of Lustre to CompCert’s Clight language. Its specification in the Coq interactive theorem prover includes an end-to-end correctness proof that the values prescribed by the dataflow semantics of source programs are produced by executions of generated assembly code. We describe how to extend Vélus with a normalization pass and to allow subsampled node inputs and outputs. We propose semantic definitions for the unrestricted language, divide normalization into three steps to facilitate proofs, adapt the clock type system to handle richer node definitions, and extend the end-to-end correctness theorem to incorporate the new features. The proofs require reasoning about the relation between static clock annotations and the presence and absence of values in the dynamic semantics. The generalization of node inputs requires adding a compiler pass to ensure the initialization of variables passed in function calls.

XML 101 for Journal Production Editors

MODERATOR: Julie L Nash Senior Partner J&J Editorial, LLC Cary, North Carolina SPEAKERS: Michael Casp Director of Business Development, Production Services Coordinator J&J Editorial, LLC Cary, North Carolina Karie Kirkpatrick Associate Publisher, Digital American Physiological Society Rockville, Maryland REPORTER: Heather DiAngelis Associate Publications Director, Transportation Research Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Washington, DC This session provided contextual overview, historical background, and best practice suggestions for XML novices in publishing. Michael Casp, Director of Business Development and Production Services Coordinator at J&J Editorial, began the session with a definition of extensible markup language (XML) and gave basic visual examples of how it is both a human-readable and machine-readable language. This mark-up language is everywhere—even in Microsoft Word. His boiled-down definition was “XML is labels.” He went on to explain various versions of XML document type definitions (DTDs) and various ways to organize them, such as NLM, JATS, and custom DTDs for content management systems. Journal article tag suite (JATS) is the most commonly used DTD for scholarly journal content; it has become the de facto XML standard in the scholarly publishing industry. Casp also discussed how peer review systems such as Editorial Manager collect metadata from authors and editorial staff and then convert them to XML files for transmittal. Afterward, a manuscript document is tagged either before or after copyediting, mostly via automation with human review, to create a new XML file of the text, tables, and metadata; as he noted, almost every item relevant to the […]

Visualization of the Results of the Analysis of Programming Languages for Their Superficial Comparison

The article is devoted to the choice of a clear and concise form for presenting the results of analise and comparing programming languages and systems, convenient for assessing the expressive power of languages and the complexity of implementing systems. The formalization is adapted to the paradigm analysis of the definitions of programming languages and the selection of practical criteria for decomposition of programs. The semantic decomposition of the definitions of languages and systems as part of the analysis of programming paradigms was chosen as the main ap-proach. Such a choice makes it possible to single out autonomously developed typical program components that can be adapted to the design of various information systems. Many works on methods for developing software systems depend on the practicality of approaches to decomposition of programs debugged using programming systems. The solution to this problem is useful when studying programming methods, studying the history of programming languages, for comparing programming paradigms, the potential of used circuits and models, assessing the novelty level of created programming languages, and also when choosing criteria for program decomposition. In addition, their existence allows us to form a teaching methodology for developing the components of information systems. Along the way, the distance in conceptual complexity between programming and programming system development is shown.

Langage et signifiant. Une analyse épistémologique de la distinction structuraliste entre langage et langues

Distinction between language and languages is a common structuralist one. Not only can we find it in the hjelmslevian, jakobsonian and benvenistian theories, where it constitutes an axis of elaboration, but what is more inexpected is that it is also present in Martinet’s work, in spite of a sharp criticism of the very notion of language and of the jakobsonian and chomskyan universalist problematics. Saussurean theory shows us that this distinction is inescapable, as soon as language is presupposed instead of being defined. Saussurean definition of language (langue) implies a quite different distinction: between language (langage), the language (langue) and idioms, and this distinction throws a new light on the problematics of general grammar.

Unified robot task and motion planning with extended planner using ROS simulator

Safe and efficient exploration of unknown and unstructured environments is critical for an autonomous mobile robot in high-dimensional workspace. Autonomous exploration is essential to safely and robustly build a complete and accurate path in an environment map with obstacles. Task planning tends to find a sequence of discrete actions in solving the symbolic problems. Motion planning finds the optimal path by avoiding the geometric obstacles in the environment. Fusion of these two approaches is advantageous in finding a path in unknown environments. This paper presents a hybrid path planning approach, termed RobMAP (Robotic Motion and Action Planning) for achieving efficient navigation by performing desired tasks in a sequence and thereby generate the optimal path in a large- scale indoor environment. In achieving this, action-planning is done using Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) planner through ROSPlan framework and collision-free path is generated using sampling-based Rapidly exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm. The ROSPlan system is used in less constrained workspace and it estimates the optimized information gain in exploring each action. Further, the integration of these two methods leads to an intelligent motion planner that searches for an optimal path towards a goal based on the PDDL action planner specification. Extensive experimentation is performed using Robot Operating System (ROS) controlled Rviz tool on a synthetic indoor environment by executing a sequence of actions specified using PDDL. The Turtlebot is equipped with a laser sensor and it explores the environment map with higher precision and accuracy in finding the optimal path. The demonstrated results corroborate that the proposed method of integrating RRT with PDDL provides optimal solutions with lesser path length in much lesser run time. The accuracy, precision and coverage area are higher when compared with other exploration strategies used in the existing work.

Using Creative Thinking in Defining Geometry Concepts via Recognizing Elementary Objects, Drawing, and Writing Process of Concept Image

Mathematics teacher's competences in understanding some properties and relationships between the elements of geometry objects support the students' learning in mastering the geometry contents. This research investigates and describes the creative thinking approach of teacher candidates in defining geometry concepts based on recognizing primitive and elementary objects, drawing, and writing process of concept image. The steps are as follows. Using pre-test, we evaluated the students who had a good basic knowledge of geometry to attend a geometry course. We provided seven geometry definitions to encourage the students to understand. Then, they were tested and ranked by their understandings of the seven definitions with passing grade minimum score sixty of interval 0-100. From the qualified students, they do the task to compose some alternative definitions of these concepts through the creative thinking scheme. We interviewed them to know the understanding process. This research found that students' creativity offers many ideas and ways to construct diverse alternative definitions. It included understanding pre-knowledge, the essential features needed to build the geometry concepts, and structuring definition language. We discovered three group types of creative thinking result in the defining geometry concepts, i.e., productive-creative, constant-creative, and decrease-creative thinking. This research contributes knowledge for students about how geometry definitions are constructed by introducing primitive and elementary objects of geometry, sketching concepts image, and writing practice of the concepts. The creative thinking scheme can guide and lead students to state the geometry definitions in both descriptive and connotative expressions with different sentences.

Modular Computational Critics for Games

Formal game modeling tools could support the automated analysis of game rules and rapid automated play-testing, but are not widely used. Furthermore, existing game design support tools are often limited to very specific classes of game, require significant programming expertise to use or customize, or are fully-automatic tools with limited affordances for human designers. We therefore propose a framework for authoring computational game design critics and a new game definition language (Gamelan) grounded in the conventions of board game rules. We show how a set of these critics could have detected specific, attested design problems in the development of Donald X. Vaccarino's influential card game Dominion. We also illustrate an extension of this approach to other collectible card games, turn-taking games, and games in general.

مفهوم الاکتتاب فی الشَّرکات الوقفیَّة وأقسامها

مفهوم الاکتتاب في الشرکات الوقفية وأقسامها آلاء بنت أحمد بن عقيل الطيار. قسم الفقه وأصوله ، کلية التربية ، جامعة الملک سعود، المملکة العربية السعودية . البريد الإلکتروني : alaa.t_7@hotmail.com ملخص البحث : يقوم البحث على دراسة مفهوم الاکتتاب في الشرکات الوقفية، وأقسام الشرکة الوقفية, من ناحية التعريف بالاکتتاب لغة واصطلاحا ثم شرح التعريف المختار, ودراسة التعريفات الواردة في الشرکة الوقفية مع نقدها وتنقيحها ثم صياغة التعريف اصطلاحا بما يتناسب مع الشرکة الوقفية في العصر الحديث, وبيان شروط الشرکة الوقفية وأنواعهما, وبيان تفاصيل الأنواع والصور المتوافقة مع مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية في الوقف. أن التعريف الأدق للاکتتاب لغة هو: إعلان الرغبة في الحصول على بعض أسهم شرکة بعد تأسيسها، أو الحصول على بعض سنداتها؛ لأنه ذکر خطوات الاکتتاب صراحة، وهي إعلان الرغبة ثم الحصول على بعض الأسهم، إلا أن کل هذه التعريفات تشتمل أسس الاکتتاب المعاصر، وهي:إعلان الشرکة طرح أسهمها، کتابة أو تسجيل المکتتب في هذه الشرکة. دفع مبلغ معين في مقابل الحصول على جزء من أسهم هذه الشرکة. أن الاکتتاب في الاصطلاح دعوة توجهها شرکة مساهمة إلى أشخاص غير محددين؛ لزيادة رأس المال، بحيث يدفع الشخص مبلغا، فتعطيه الشرکة ما يقابله سهما قابلا للتداول بمقدار معين، ويکتسب بمقتضاه صفة الشريک. يمکن تعريف الشرکة الوقفية بأنها: «ملکية وقف أو أکثر لرأس مال شرکة تجارية، تستهدف الربح، وفقا للأنظمة التجارية والشرعية الخاصة بالوقف»؛ لأن الشرکة الوقفية تهدف إلى تحقيق الربح، کما تسعى لاستخدام أرباحها في المصارف الوقفية، فهي مرتبطة بالشرکات الربحية من جانب ممارسة الأنشطة التجارية، ومرتبطة بجانب غير ربحي؛ وهو صرف العوائد على مصارف وقفية. يمکن تقسيم الشرکة الوقفية إلى قسمين: شرکة کل أصولها من الأوقاف، وهي مدار حديث المتأخرين ، شرکة بعض أصولها وقفية والبعض الآخر ملک شخصي . الکلمات المفتاحية : مفهوم الاکتتاب ، الشرکة الوقفية ، أنواع الشرکة الوقفية ، أقسام الشرکة الوقفية . Meanings of The IPO of endowment companies Alaa bint Ahmed bin Aqeel Al-Tayyar Department of Jurisprudence and its Foundations, College of Education, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. E-mail : alaa.t_7@hotmail.com Abstract: The research is based on studying the issues of IPO for endowment companies، in terms of defining the underwriting and the endowment company، jurisprudential adaptation، types and the study of endowment companies . The most accurate definition of subscription language is: declaring the desire to acquire some shares of a company after its incorporation, or to obtain some of its bonds; Because he explicitly mentioned the steps of subscribing, which is the declaration of desire and then acquiring some shares. However, all these definitions include the foundations of contemporary subscription, which are:The company's announcement of the offering of its shares.Writing or registering the subscriber in this company.Paying a certain amount in exchange for a portion of the shares of this company. In the terminology, subscription is an invitation addressed by a joint stock company to unspecified persons. To increase the capital, so that the person pays an amount, so the company gives him the equivalent of a tradable share of a certain amount, according to which he acquires the status of a partner. An endowment company can be defined as: “One or more endowment ownership of the capital of a commercial company, aimed at profit, in accordance with the commercial and legal regulations of the endowment.” Because the endowment company aims to achieve profit, and it also seeks to use its profits in endowment banks, as it is linked to profit-making companies through the practice of commercial activities, and is linked to a non-profit aspect; It is the disbursement of proceeds to endowment banks. The endowment company can be divided into two parts: A company whose origins are all endowments, and it is the discourse of the latecomers A company, some of its assets are endowments and others are personal property key words: Meanings of The IPO , Endowment Company, Types Of Endowment Company , Divisions Of The Endowment Company.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНІ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ ПРЕДМЕТНО-МОВНОГО ІНТЕГРОВАНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

In the article, pedagogical and methodological models of content and language integrated learning and the ways of their implementation in the educational process based on the respective educational technology are considered. The emergence and development of content and language integrated learning as a dominating form of multilingual education in Europe is addressed briefly, a review of the core theoretical and pedagogical concepts underpinning the aforementioned approach and the potential of their implementation in the educational process is presented. The views of foreign scholars, notably British, regarding the creation of the educational environment in accordance with content and language integrated learning, the potential of its introduction, challenges and prospects are envisaged. The definition of content and language integrated learning is discussed. The issue of providing special and academic linguistic support to students to enable learning the content of a subject through a foreign language as well as rendering individual assistance to help the learners comprehend new concepts on the basis of the acquired linguistic experience. In the article, we analyzed scaffolding, its types (linguistic, cognitive, conceptual, cultural and affective), extent, aims and conditions of its implementation in the educational process. Pedagogical and methodological models of introducing content and language integrated learning are considered. They are developed as a theoretical foundation for implementing this concept in class: the Language Triptych, which involves the analysis of the language from three interrelated perspectives (language of learning, language for learning and language through learning) and Coyle’s 4 Cs framework which integrates four contextualized structural elements (content, communication, cognition and culture). The represented models constitute both a theoretical and pedagogical basis for teachers integrating the teaching of language and content.

Autonomous Building of Structures in Unstructured Environments via AI Planning

In this paper, we offer a novel AI planning representation, based on a Cartesian coordinate system, for enabling the autonomous operations of Multi-Robot Systems in 3D environments. Each robot in the system has to conform to unique actuation and connection constraints that create a complex set of valid configurations. Our approach allows Multi-Robot Systems to self-assemble themselves into larger structures via AI planning, with the overarching goal of providing structural capabilities in harsh and uncertain environments. In comparing four different PDDL (Planning Domain Definition Language) domain representations, we show that our novel formulation satisfies the practical requirements emerging from robot deployment in the real world, resulting in an AI planning system that is accurate and efficient. We scale up performance by implementing direct FDR (Finite Domain Representation) generation based on the best performing PDDL model, bypassing the PDDL-to-FDR translation used by the majority of modern planners. The proposed approach is general and can be applied to a broad range of AI problems involving reasoning in 3D spaces.

Generative Capacity of Contextual Grammars with Subregular Selection Languages*

A contextual grammar is a language generating mechanism inspired by generating sentences in natural languages. An existing string can be extended to a new string of the language by adjoining a context before and behind the string or by inserting it into the string around some subword. The first mode is called external derivation whereas the second mode is called internal derivation. If conditions are given, around which words which contexts can be adjoined, we speak about contextual grammars with selection. We give an overview about the generative capacity of contextual grammars (working externally or internally) where the selection languages belong to subregular language classes. All languages generated by contextual grammars where all selection languages are elements of a certain subregular language family form again a language family. We compare such families which are based on finite, monoidal, nilpotent, combinational, definite, suffix-closed, ordered, commutative, circular, non-counting, power-separating, or union-free languages, or based on languages defined by restrictions regarding the descriptional complexity.

The “grammatical” nature of Wittgenstein's private language investigation

AbstractIn this paper, I examine the grammatical nature of Wittgenstein's private language argument (PLA). On my interpretation, the definition of private language implies that the private speaker has no natural expressions for his sensations. This in turn implies that he has no criterion of correctness for using his sensation‐words. This then implies, together with the grammatical rule that a word is senseless without a criterion of correctness for its use, that private sensation‐words are senseless, and hence also that private language is senseless. So in my analysis, Wittgenstein succeeds in dissolving the problem of private language through a grammatical investigation, and therefore, his treatment of private language is consistent with his metaphilosophy. I further explain that Wittgenstein provides a diagnosis of the error of the philosopher who thinks that private language is possible and that he also offers a therapy consisting of analogies or objects of comparison. I also make a comparison with previous studies on the PLA and discuss a number of novelties in my interpretation.

Gout, Hyperuricaemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) common language definition of gout

ObjectiveTo develop a Gout, Hyperuricaemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) common language definition of gout, with the goal of increasing public understanding and awareness, and ensure consistent and understandable messages...

Berufssprache

<p>Communicativ skills play a crucial part in succesful professional acitivity. This includes not only technical language and everyday communication, but also job-related language. The present article provides an approach to the question of existing definitions of job-related language as an register. Also the question of characteristic aspects of job-related language will be discussed in this article. The article ends with an outlook on the didactic potential of modeling the job-related language register and on a current research project.</p>

Language in Language Evolution Research

Many controversies in language evolution research derive from the fact that language is itself a natural language word, which makes the underlying concept fuzzy and cumbersome, and a common perception is that progress in language evolution research is hindered because researchers do not ‘talk about the same thing’. In this article, we claim that agreement on a single, top-down definition of language is not a sine qua non for good and productive research in the field of language evolution. First, we use the example of the notion FLN (‘faculty of language in the narrow sense’) to demonstrate how the specific wording of an important top-down definition of (the faculty of) language can—surprisingly—be inconsequential to actual research practice. We then review four approaches to language evolution that we estimate to be particularly influential in the last decade. We show how their breadth precludes a single common conceptualization of language but instead leads to a family resemblance pattern, which underwrites fruitful communication between these approaches, leading to cross-fertilisation and synergies.