Constraint Language Research Articles

Python source code Analysis for Bug Detection using Transformers

Effective bug detection is pivotal in software development, with the identification and localization of defects being crucial for robust applications. In Python-based programs, the conventional bug detection process relies on a Python interpreter, causing workflow interruptions due to sequential error detection. As Python's adoption surges, the demand for efficient bug detection tools intensifies. This paper addresses the challenges associated with bug detection in Python, focusing on the prevalence of built-in type bugs that can lead to code crashes. Building on recent advancements, this survey explores bug detection methodologies across programming languages, emphasizing Python, JavaScript, and C. The diverse array of techniques covered includes static and dynamic analyses, machine learning-based bug detection, and predictive analysis engines(specifically deep-learning based). The survey provides insights into bug detection in Python programs, offering perspectives on addressing built-in type bugs and optimizing tools within the language's constraints.

Identifying and Improving Problems and Risks of Management Strategies Based on GQM+Strategies Metamodel and Design Principles

Due to the criticality of software and IT in today’s business environment, organisations often align business goals and IT strategies. One alignment method is GQM+Strategies[Formula: see text] (GQM+Strategies[Formula: see text] is a registered trademark (No. 302008021763 at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office and international registration number IR992843). Although GQM+Strategies employs a vertical refinement tree grid based on rationales to align business goals and IT strategies in each department and throughout the organisation, it allows multiple perspectives. This can lead to strategic problems and risks because the GQM+Strategies grid may be unclear. To address this deficiency, this study defines modelling rules with a metamodel specified using a Unified Modelling Language (UML) class diagram and employs design principles described by Object Constraint Language (OCL) to automatically configure GQM+Strategies grids. These design principles are used in an experiment as the evaluation criteria to assess potential strategic problems and risks. The results confirm that our method has the potential to support the construction of GQM+Strategies grids with a consistent perspective, aiding in the alignment of business goals and IT strategies throughout an organisation.

Pharmacological Activities of Lonicerae japonicae flos and Its Derivative-"Chrysoeriol" in Skin Diseases.

Nine electronic databases were searched, including WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without regard to language constraints. The pharmacological activities of chrysoeriol from Lonicerae japonicae flos to fight against skin diseases were explained and evaluated through the literature review of either in vitro or in vivo studies. Chrysoeriol decreased the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. These were transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB and STAT3 to combat skin inflammation. It also showed promising actions in treating many skin ailments including wound healing, depigmentation, photoprotection, and antiaging. The cutaneous route is the best delivery approach to chrysoeriol across the skin barrier. However, toxicity, dosage, and safety assessments of chrysoeriol in a formulation or nanochrysoeriol on the human epidermis for application in skin diseases must be further investigated.

Emotional and Social Outcomes of the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model in Physical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In today's ever-changing world, fostering personal and social responsibility is essential for building strong and compassionate communities. This study aimed to provide a quantitative synthesis focusing on the emotional and social outcomes of Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model-based Physical Education (PE) programs. A comprehensive literature review covering the period from November 2022 to September 2023 identified 637 articles published between 2005 and 2023. Of these, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Data from these articles were coded, and a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, incorporating 28 effect sizes. Methodological quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Hedge's g served as the effect size measure and emotional and social outcomes subgroups were consolidated. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochran's Q and I2. Meta-regression and ANOVA-like models addressed categorical moderators, whereas publication bias was assessed through funnel plot, failsafe number, and Egger's linear regression. A significant and positive effect of the TPSR model on product outcomes (Hedge's g = 0.337, 95% CI = 0.199 to 0.476) was found. Despite considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 83.830), a random effects model was justified. Assessment of publication bias indicated a low likelihood. Moderator analyses revealed that publication countries significantly influenced the effect, with stronger effects in Turkey. Publication type (article vs. thesis) also played roles in moderation. The meta-regression analyses did not reveal significant effects for the grade level, duration of intervention, publication year or sample size on the TPSR model's impact on product outcomes. The TPSR model positively impacts emotional and social outcomes in PE, enhancing children' skills and behaviour. However, variations across cultures highlight the need for further research, considering limitations like language constraints and potential biases in study selection and data extraction.

Phenotype execution and modeling architecture to support disease surveillance and real-world evidence studies: English sentinel network evaluation.

To evaluate Phenotype Execution and Modelling Architecture (PhEMA), to express sharable phenotypes using Clinical Quality Language (CQL) and intensional Systematised Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) Clinical Terms (CT) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) valuesets, for exemplar chronic disease, sociodemographic risk factor, and surveillance phenotypes. We curated 3 phenotypes: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), excessive alcohol use, and incident influenza-like illness (ILI) using CQL to define clinical and administrative logic. We defined our phenotypes with valuesets, using SNOMED's hierarchy and expression constraint language, and CQL, combining valuesets and adding temporal elements where needed. We compared the count of cases found using PhEMA with our existing approach using convenience datasets. We assessed our new approach against published desiderata for phenotypes. The T2DM phenotype could be defined as 2 intensionally defined SNOMED valuesets and a CQL script. It increased the prevalence from 7.2% to 7.3%. Excess alcohol phenotype was defined by valuesets that added qualitative clinical terms to the quantitative conceptual definitions we currently use; this change increased prevalence by 58%, from 1.2% to 1.9%. We created an ILI valueset with SNOMED concepts, adding a temporal element using CQL to differentiate new episodes. This increased the weekly incidence in our convenience sample (weeks 26-38) from 0.95 cases to 1.11 cases per 100000 people. Phenotypes for surveillance and research can be described fully and comprehensibly using CQL and intensional FHIR valuesets. Our use case phenotypes identified a greater number of cases, whilst anticipated from excessive alcohol this was not for our other variable. This may have been due to our use of SNOMED CT hierarchy. Our new process fulfilled a greater number of phenotype desiderata than the one that we had used previously, mostly in the modeling domain. More work is needed to implement that sharing and warehousing domains.

Sleep effort and its measurement: A scoping review.

Insomnia disorder is characterized by disruption in sleep continuity and an overall dissatisfaction with sleep. A relevant feature of insomnia is sleep effort, which refers to both cognitive and behavioural conscious attempts to initiate sleep. The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale is a self-report tool developed to assess this construct. The objective of the current scoping review was to map how sleep effort has been discussed in the literature and operationalized through its respective measure. Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases were used to search for potential studies. The search query used in databases was the specific name of the self-reported tool itself (Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale) and "sleep effort" term. This scoping review followed JBI guidelines. To be included, records pertaining to any type of study that mentioned the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale were considered. No language constraint was used. At the end, 166 initial records were retrieved. From those, 46 records met eligibility criteria and were analysed. Among the main findings, it was observed that the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale has been increasingly used in recent years, with a notable observed upward trend, especially in the last 2 years. In addition to the original measure, only three published adapted versions of the instrument were identified. This suggests that there is limited research on adapting the scale for different populations or contexts. Sleep effort has been increasingly studied in the last few years. Nonetheless, more research on the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale tool is recommended, including cross-cultural adaptations.

Representation of some principles of the Agile Manifesto in the Semat Essence Kernel

The Agile Manifesto (AM) provides principles guiding agile software development as an alternative to traditional software development processes. While attempts have been madeto adapt processes to the agile context, representation of AM principles remains underdeveloped and subjective. The Semat (Software Engineering Method and Theory) Essence kernel offers a common ground for representing software development endeavors. In this paper, we represent some AM principles using the language provided by the Semat Essence kernel to establish a common ground. Additionally, we define constraints in OCL (Object Constraint Language) to enhance the Semat Essence kernel, enabling the introduction of time management in our representation. Such a representation will allow us for adapting and assessing different processes in an agile context.

Towards a GDPR-compliant cloud architecture with data privacy controlled through sticky policies.

Data privacy is one of the biggest challenges facing system architects at the system design stage. Especially when certain laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), have to be complied with by cloud environments. In this article, we want to help cloud providers comply with the GDPR by proposing a GDPR-compliant cloud architecture. To do this, we use model-driven engineering techniques to design cloud architecture and analyze cloud interactions. In particular, we develop a complete framework, called MDCT, which includes a Unified Modeling Language profile that allows us to define specific cloud scenarios and profile validation to ensure that certain required properties are met. The validation process is implemented through the Object Constraint Language (OCL) rules, which allow us to describe the constraints in these models. To comply with many GDPR articles, the proposed cloud architecture considers data privacy and data tracking, enabling safe and secure data management and tracking in the context of the cloud. For this purpose, sticky policies associated with the data are incorporated to define permission for third parties to access the data and track instances of data access. As a result, a cloud architecture designed with MDCT contains a set of OCL rules to validate it as a GDPR-compliant cloud architecture. Our tool models key GDPR points such as user consent/withdrawal, the purpose of access, and data transparency and auditing, and considers data privacy and data tracking with the help of sticky policies.

A surprising lack of consequences when constraining language

IntroductionLabels considered normatively appropriate for specific social identity groups change. Researchers have examined the effects of censorship and slur usage, but minimal research examines the psychological consequences of imposing new language constraints on people.MethodsAcross four samples of university students (Ntotal = 997), we sought participants' compliance in avoiding usage of numerous commonplace group labels while they wrote essays about obese people (Sample 1) or specific ethnic groups (Samples 2-4).ResultsWe observed consistently high compliance rates: participants either invented novel terminology to describe the group or avoided group labels entirely. We observed a substantial absence of task discomfort, attitudinal shifts regarding the group, or motivational shifts, according to Bayesian analyses. Nor did we detect negative effects of language constraint among people who saw themselves as opposed to censorship.DiscussionAlthough free speech and respectful language remain a multifaceted social debate, our findings show that university students are willing to follow even completely contrived language directives when describing social identity groups and to do so without substantial discomfort or backlash against those groups.

When Language is Played: Looking into Linguistic Creativity through Language Play

Abstract This article opens a window on linguistic creativity through an in-depth discussion of language play. To this aim, language play is initially conceptualized from a socio-cognitive perspective. ‘Language play for fun’ and ‘language play for practice’ as two dominant approaches in the relevant literature are, then, touched upon. Afterward, the paper elucidates how language play, in its various manifestations, can inform and influence linguistic creativity. In this respect, a theoretical (linguistic) and a socio-pragmatic perspective are presented. In particular, the paper addresses the possibility of playing to ‘language’ outside the box (i.e., to go beyond the conventional systemic constraints of language). Highlighting the ubiquity of language play, it also considers Wittgenstein’s notion of ‘language games’ (or Sprachspiele). Furthermore, the performative power of playful creativity to make and ‘unmake’ language in society is elaborated on. The article contends that language play may offer valuable insights to extend the borders of linguistic creativity. This argument is further developed under the purview of ‘complexity theory,’ ‘soft computing,’ and ‘computational linguistic creativity.’ Finally, the paper advocates an ‘integrated science’ approach to advance play-based research on linguistic creativity.

Optimal Polynomial-Time Compression for Boolean Max CSP

In the Boolean maximum constraint satisfaction problem— Max CSPΓ —one is given a collection of weighted applications of constraints from a finite constraint language Γ, over a common set of variables, and the goal is to assign Boolean values to the variables so that the total weight of satisfied constraints is maximized. There exists a concise dichotomy theorem providing a criterion on Γ for the problem to be polynomial-time solvable and stating that otherwise, it becomes NP-hard. We study the NP-hard cases through the lens of kernelization and provide a complete characterization of Max CSPΓ with respect to the optimal compression size. Namely, we prove that Max CSPΓ parameterized by the number of variables n is either polynomial-time solvable, or there exists an integer d ≥ 2 depending on Γ, such that: (1) An instance of Max CSPΓ can be compressed into an equivalent instance with 𝒪( n d log n ) bits in polynomial time, (2) Max CSPΓ does not admit such a compression to 𝒪( n d-ε ) bits unless NP ⊆ co-NP / poly. Our reductions are based on interpreting constraints as multilinear polynomials combined with the framework of “constraint implementations”, formerly used in the context of APX-hardness. As another application of our reductions, we reveal tight connections between optimal running times for solving Max CSPΓ . More precisely, we show that obtaining a running time of the form 𝒪(2 (1-ε) n ) for particular classes of Max CSP s is as hard as breaching this barrier for Max d -SAT for some d .

Need Analysis of English Conversation for Hawkers in Mandalika Special Economic Zone, West Nusa Tenggara

The research aimed to investigate the English proficiency level, what English conversation materials are needed, and what obstacles hawkers face in Mandalika Special Economy Zone when communicating with foreign tourists. This study utilizes a qualitative research paradigm with a descriptive approach; this study paints a comprehensive picture of the language abilities of Mandalika's hawkers, the materials of English conversation needed by hawkers, and the hawkers' obstacles when communicating with foreign tourists. Methods of collecting data consist of interviews, documentation, and observation. Some steps to analyze the data collected are data condensation, data display, verification, concluding, and data validity. Findings reveal a diverse spectrum of English proficiency levels among hawkers, ranging in primary and intermediate proficiency levels. Specifically, from 20 hawkers as research subjects, 13 hawkers exhibit a basic level of proficiency, while seven hawkers demonstrate intermediate-level skills. The assessment of English proficiency level is based on three crucial aspects that the hawkers always use namely understanding of English communication, non-verbal communication strategies employed by the hawkers, and vocabulary usage. These materials vary depending on the type of goods hawkers sell, highlighting the importance of tailored language resources. This research found 4 (four) crucial materials or topics to be mastered when communicating with foreign tourists: greetings and welcoming, describing specialties, providing personal/additional information, and discussing prices and payment. Additionally, the research uncovers obstacles faced by hawkers in their communication with foreign tourists. These challenges encompass hawkers' difficulty in explaining products, the low English proficiency of most Hawkers, and also language and vocabulary constraints of hawkers.

SysML4GDPSim: A SysML Profile for Modeling Geometric Deviation Propagation in Multistage Manufacturing Systems Simulation

In recent years, paradigms like production quality or zero-defect manufacturing have emerged, highlighting the need to improve quality and reduce waste in manufacturing systems. Although quality can be analyzed from various points of view during different stages of a manufacturing system’s lifecycle, this research focuses on a multidomain simulation model definition oriented toward the analysis of productivity and geometric quality during early design stages. To avoid inconsistencies, the authors explored the definition of descriptive models using system modeling language (SysML) profiles that capture domain-specific semantics defining object constraint language (OCL) rules, facilitating the assurance of model completeness and consistency regarding this specific knowledge. This paper presents a SysML profile for the simulation of geometric deviation propagation in multistage manufacturing systems (SysML4GDPSim), containing the concepts for the analysis of two data flows: (a) coupled discrete behavior simulation characteristic of manufacturing systems defined using discrete events simulation (DEVS) formalism; and (b) geometric deviation propagation through the system based on the geometrical modeling of artifacts using concepts from the topologically and technologically related surfaces (TTRS) theory. Consistency checking for this type of multidomain simulation model and the adoption of TTRS for the mathematical analysis of geometric deviations are the main contributions of this work, oriented towards facilitating the collaboration between design and analysis experts in the manufacturing domain. Finally, a case study shows the application of the proposed profile for the simulation model of an assembling line, including the model’s transformation to Modelica and some experimental results of this type of analysis.

生态翻译学视角下的电影字幕翻译

Eco-translatology holds that, under the constraints of language, culture, and communication in the interactive context, translators should adapt to the translation ecological environment and choose translation strategies reasonably, in order to achieve translation ecological balance. As one of the genres of literary translation, film subtitle translation is also an effective way to promote Chinese culture to go global. Taking the film Chang An as an example, this paper discusses the application of the “three-dimensional transformation” of Ecotranslatology in subtitle translation. It points out that translators should not only consider the commonalities between translation of subtitle and general literature, but also adapt to its specificities, and pay attention to the transformation of the two languages in terms of linguistic, cultural and communicative dimensions, so as to facilitate cross-cultural communication.

Predictors of social intermediate factors associated with sexual quality of life of women: systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundSexual problems and diminished sexual quality of life can adversely affect the physical, psychological, and emotional health of women. The present study was done to determine the social intermediate factors of health associated with sexual quality of life in women of reproductive age.DesignSystematic review and Meta-analysis.Data sourcesEmbase, Web of Science, PubMed/Medline (NLM), ProQuest, and CENTRAL.Eligibility criteriaObservational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort) from 2010 to 2022 with no language constraints were included. The sexual quality of life, as the main variable of the study, has been evaluated using Symonds women’s sexual quality of life scale (SQOL-F). The health social determinants intermediate factors based on WHO model were considered as exposure variables.Data extraction and synthesisThe data of included studies were extracted by two independent persons through a researcher-made checklist according to the study aims. Quality assessment of studies was done using Newcastle-Ottawa instrument. R software (Version R-4.2.1) were used for meta-analysis. Publication bias was evaluated by Egger & Begg tests. Sensitivity analysis was done through one-out remove approach.ResultsEventually, 15 studies were eligible to be included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Variables of depression, quality of marital relation, body image, self-esteem, physical activity, and sexual function were among the health social intermediate factors associated with sexual quality of life. Publication bias had no effect on the obtained results; no study affecting the results was found through sensitivity analysis.ConclusionConsidering the relationship between modifiable factors and sexual quality of life, it seems that identification of these factors can be an important step towards designing interventional studies to help women experience enhanced sexual quality of life.

Scenario-specific verification of system requirements consistency via time modeling

Traditional requirement verification methods often fail to fully consider the modeling of time-dependent behaviors during system execution, which may lead to inconsistent system requirements, thereby compromise software reliability and correctness. To address this limitation, this paper proposes the Scenario-Specific Verification Method for System Requirements Consistency via Time Modeling. The Scenario-Specific Verification Method converts use case descriptions and problem graphs into Clock Constraint Specification Language (CCSL) constraints, transformed into clock graphs for verifying requirement consistency. The resulting constraints are solved with the Z3 solver to validate correctness, thereby enhancing system reliability. The novel time modeling approach provides techniques for verifying temporal dependencies in requirements. A case study demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of the Scenario-Specific Verification Method in detecting inconsistencies. The main contributions include that a technique is demonstrated to formalize use case descriptions as CCSL constraints, improving on natural language and a method is presented utilizing CCSL time modeling and clock graphs to analyze requirements for consistency. Overall, an innovative solution for requirement verification using time modeling is offered by this paper, contributing to the enhancement of system development process reliability and correctness.

An investigation and analysis on automatic speech recognition systems

<p>A crucial part of a Speech Recognition System (SRS) is working on its most fundamental modules with the latest technology. While the fundamentals provide basic insights into the system, the recent technologies used on it would provide more ways of exploring and exploiting the fundamentals to upgrade the system itself. These upgrades end up in finding more specific ways to enhance the scope of SRS. Algorithms like the Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the hybrid versions of HMM and ANN, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and many similar are used in accomplishing high performance in SRS systems. Considering the domain of application of SRS, the algorithm selection criteria play a critical role in enhancing the performance of SRS. The algorithm chosen for SRS should finally work in hand with the language model conformed to the natural language constraints. Each language model follows a variety of methods according to the application domain. Hybrid constraints are considered in the case of geography-specific dialects.</p>

Comparative Evaluation of Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access (VISTA) Technique with other Tunneling Techniques: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction: Gingival recession is defined as the displacement of the gingival margin apical to the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ). The aim is to achieve complete root coverage. The increasing demand for aesthetics by patients has led dentists to adopt newer and more novel techniques. Since Allen first introduced the tunneling technique in 1994, several procedural adjustments have been suggested. The “Vestibular Incision SubperiostealPeriosteal Tunnel Access (VISTA)” technique was introduced by Zadeh HH and offers the benefit of being minimally invasive. Need for the study: This systematic review aims to guide clinicians in selecting the best possible root coverage procedure for better patient-centered outcomes. Aim: The aim is to compare the “VISTA technique” with other tunneling techniques in the treatment of multiple gingival recession defects. Materials and Methods: Up until December 2023, the authors will search PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase without any language constraints. Additionally, reviewers will handsearch and examine the bibliographies of relevant publications, search trial registries for active trials, and look for potentially relevant research. The keywords to be used for the search include VISTA technique, tunneling technique, root coverage procedure, and multiple gingival recession. Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) using an open or blinded assessment of outcomes will be included. Full journal publications will also be included. Exclusions will be made for brief abstracts (typically meeting reports), non randomised studies, research on experimental pain, studies based on animal models, and observational studies. The eligibility of each study will be independently determined by three review authors (SS, PD, RO). They will then extract the data and independently assess the Risk of Bias (RoB) for each study using the established Cochrane methodology. The evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), and a summary of findings will be tabulated. The Preferred Reporting Items for Synthematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines will be followed for present review.

Living will: Todays thoughts and actions.

The word "Euthanasia" relates to two different words from the Greek language "Eu which indicates good and Thanatosis which indicates death", suggesting a "satisfactory Death" or "easy and painless Death" The phrase "mercy killing" has become associated with this meaning. It comprises inflicting painless death on a person suffering from an incurable and dreadful illness. It's the practice of terminating a person's life by administering a lethal injection or ceasing medical treatment. Informed and shared decision-making between the patient and the health professional caring for him or her is crucial for the quality of care and its outcomes. Living wills are nothing more than a tangible representation of this truth. As a result of their legal approval, patients' autonomy has been recognized. However, there are some differences in the regulations that have been adopted, and the health practice linked with these documents raises a number of practical and ethical questions that should be considered. PUBMED and COCHRANE databases were searched, with no language constraints, up to July 2021. Trial registration studies, hand searching, and bibliographic references of pertinent literature were also checked. Individual authors were responsible for data collection and analysis. The studies were evaluated independently by three review authors. A thorough assessment of the current accessible literature on living will be conducted, just to focus on the knowledge of euthanasia in detail. Most importantly, the social impact of the concept of euthanasia needs to be understood by the society. Moreover, it must be considered that euthanasia is different from suicide. Few communities may show the interference of their religion with euthanasia. So it is essential to enlighten the idea of euthanasia in legal ways for different countries.

Subtractive and Additive Technologies in Fixed Dental Restoration: A Systematic Review

Today, computers and digital devices are an indispensable part of our daily lives, and dentistry is no exception. Dentistry has adopted a number of digital technologies, including CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and manufacturing) systems. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the current state of knowledge on dental alloy manufacturing using subtractive and additive techniques for metal ceramic restoration. On this topic, an electronic systematic review was conducted in various databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar searches), as well as a hand search of the scientific literature. Published work was collected, analyzed, and relevant articles were chosen for inclusion in this review from 2008 to 2021. The online databases were searched for articles published that appeared between 2008 and 2021, with no time or language constraints we grouped relevant search terms together, such as "Computer-Aided Design, CAD/CAM, dentistry, dental fabrication, restoration, additive manufacturing." We recognized publications individually and systematically screened titles, summaries, and complete texts of the obtained publications. The findings indicate that current knowledge is sufficient to recommend subtractive manufacturing for crowns and fixed dental restorations for routine clinical use, with improvements in each of the current metal-ceramic veneering materials and procedures. According to the review, several digital technologies, such as systems of computer aided design and aided manufacturing were used in different dental specialties. Application of CAD/CAM technology provided numerous benefits while posing few limitations.