Language Code Research Articles

Query-oriented two-stage attention-based model for code search

Applying code search models to search through a large-scale codebase can significantly contribute to developers finding and reusing existing code. Researchers have applied deep learning (DL) techniques to code search models, which first compute deeper semantics representation for query and candidate code snippets, and then rank code snippets. However, these models do not well deeply analyze the semantics gap (i.e., the difference and correlation between queries written in natural language and code in programming languages), or suitably apply the correlation to the code search task. Moreover, most DL-based models use complex networks, slowing down code search tasks.To build the correlation of two languages, and apply the correlation well to code search task, we propose a query-oriented code search model named QobCS. QobCS leverage two attention-based stages, which are simple and quick, and the cooperation of the two stages bridges the semantic gap between code and query. Stage1 learns deeper semantics representation for code and query. Stage2 applies their deeper semantic correlation and query’s intention to learn better code representation.We evaluated QobCS on two datasets. On dataset1/dataset2 with 485k/542k code snippets, QobCS achieves the MRRs of 0.701/0.595, outperforming DL-based code search models DeepCS, CARLCS-CNN, UNIF, and our prior study TabCS. For efficiency, our model shows desirable performances on both datasets compared to DL-based models.

Overcoming linguistic barriers in code assistants: creating a Qlora adapter to improve support for russian-language code writing instructions

This article describes an approach to learning and evaluating an adapter model for the popular zephyr-7b-beta language model. The adapter was designed to improve the performance of the basic model in tasks related to programming and understanding the Russian language. Taking into account the high quality of the original model's work in problems in English, the purpose of the study was to expand its linguistic and technical spectrum. The proposed adapter was trained using a large and diverse dataset, including question-answer pairs related to programming, as well as a text with a discussion of the code in Russian. The applied training methodology ensures an improvement in the quality of the model's responses in understanding and generating Python code based on Russian-language instructions. The authors evaluated the performance of the basic model with the adapter installed using various metrics, comparing it with the basic model, as well as with other advanced models in this area. The results obtained by the authors showed significant improvement both in tasks related to writing Python code and in processing the Russian language, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed adapter. The analysis of the experiment results showed that the adapter not only adds new functionality to the model but also significantly changes the priority of the model's output in favor of the instructions that were included during the retraining stage. To eliminate the fact of changing the model's output priority mentioned above, the following methods are proposed: 1) Using a different format for writing the query (prompt) when formatting the dataset for training the model, different from the original format in Zephyr. 2) Including instructions from the first stage of fine-tuning (retraining) in the instruction set. 3) Creating a "mixture of experts" from several different models, where each model will specialize in the most accurate solution to one or several tasks from the overall range of solvable tasks. The methods of retraining the model without losing the original characteristics are promising directions for future research in the field of resource-efficient modification of large language models. In the conducted experiment, a large language model "HuggingFaceH4/zephyr-7b-beta" was successfully fine-tuned (using the QLoRA adapter creation method) to improve its capabilities in writing Python code based on Russian instructions and providing explanations in Russian. The testing results showed that when the created adapter is installed, the model's text generation priority shifts towards generating code with explanations. Synthetic tests also demonstrated significant improvements in the model's ability to solve programming and mathematical problems. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the possibility of changing adapters depending on the type of task being solved. Changing the adapter installed on the model (loaded into memory) does not take a significant amount of time, which allows for the creation of a set of adapters tailored to specific tasks and their interchange based on the type of tasks being solved. Changing adapters instead of models eliminates the need to load multiple full versions of the model into the memory of the computational accelerator, which, depending on the implementation method, either significantly reduces the use of memory or the model loading time. Thus, the use of adapters speeds up training and optimizes the utilization of computational resources during model operation. This presented research contributes to the current efforts in the field of machine learning and natural language processing towards creating more versatile AI models. The observed potential of adapter models in improving the quality of responses in specific domains without the need for extensive retraining helps meet the growing demand for models for multilingual natural language processing and code generation. In the conducted experiment, an assessment was made of the possibility of retraining a model that had already been trained on a set of instructions. The methods of additional training of a language model with new instructions without losing the ability to perform original instructions are not well-studied, which is why a decision was made to test the feasibility and effectiveness of such retraining. Based on the description of the LoRA method, this approach is possible because during such training, the original weights of the model remain unchanged and are only supplemented with new coefficients from the adapter model (the total number of weights equals that of the base model), which was trained on new instructions. The experiment determined that multilingual adaptation of language models is viable, and that it also could be implemented using parametrically efficient methods on comparatively low-end hardware.

Linguistics in the era of digitalization as one of the modern means of language enrichment (productivity of the Verlan language)

This article examines one of the most common forms of the substandard of the modern French language from a linguistic and extralinguistic point of view. The linguistic phenomenon of Verlan – the Verlan language, which originated in the youth environment, being one of the ways of forming neologisms of the modern French language, manifests itself differently at each new turn of time, demonstrating either a decline or a sharp rise. As is known, the rules of language coding cannot be separated from the totality of processes occurring in society. Can the popularity of Verlan be explained by some social tension, intellectual conflict between people of different generations, different social strata, or is its additional purpose associated with the desire to convey maximum information with a minimum of words in the age of new technologies, in the age of digitalization? What are the sources of this phenomenon?

Two views on a single research object: mixed language code

The purpose of this article was to present the approaches and methods of Ukrainian and European scientists to the research of the interaction of two languages – Ukrainian and Russian in the communication processes between different segments of the society. As a result of close contacts, a mixed code with an uncertain status emerged, which received the figurative name “surzhyk” and was assessed by Ukrainian sociolinguistics as a threat to the development and functioning of the Ukrainian, primarily literary, language. The goal of the study was to analyze how the research object is presented in European science, namely in a scientific project in which Austrian, German and Ukrainian researchers participated (2019 – 2024). The research content was articles on mixed code published in Ukraine and abroad, as well as reports delivered at the seminar “Hybridization from two sides: Ukrainian-Russian and Russian-Ukrainian Code Mixing in the context of the (socio)linguistic situation in southern Ukraine along the Black Sea coast”, which took place in February 2024 in the Alpine-Austrian. University (Klagenfurt, Austria) and the participants of the project with the same name - researchers from the above-mentioned University named after Karl von Ossetsky (Institute of Slavic Studies), as well as Ukrainian and Polish researchers. This article belongs to the comparative and general research, therefore, the methods with which the author worked include the comparative method and the method of induction, which enabled to identify certain trends in the development of scientific thought in specific cases. The methods of analysis and synthesis allowed to analyze the approaches and methods of studying the results of the language mixing, which is Ukrainian-Russian Surzhyk. The analysis of the approaches and methods of analysis, recorded in the works of Ukrainian and Western European scholars - project participants, allowed us to draw conclusions that, when studying surzhyk, researchers have different goals in front of themselves. Ukrainian sociolinguists present it as a negative consequence of the existence of bilingualism on the territory of Ukraine, as a threat to the functioning and development of the Ukrainian language, as a space of interference phenomena in the structure of expressions. German and Austrian participants of the project, considering the historical and cultural development of Ukraine, consider surzhyk as a code that arose as a result of the complex communication interaction of languages and dialects living on the Ukraine’s territory, look for nodes of stabilization in it, single out regional lexifiers that form this code, analyze the systematic signs of the code due to the reduction of the variability of its units. Both groups emphasized the need to regard dialectal influences that allow to discuss different types of surzhyk, consider surzhyk a language of limited use and do not predict its establishing as a third language that ensures communication in society.

Ukrainian dialects of Northern Pidlasie: historical and cultural context

The article deals with the current sociolinguistic situation in the autochthonous Ukrainian dialects of Northern Podlasie (the territory of Poland) against the background of historical and cultural circumstances in which they have existed, especially in ХХ and early ХХI century. Particular attention is paid to the triad of “confessional – ethnic – linguistic affiliation”; the inculcation of the idea of “Belarusianness” to the population of this dialectal area, which has influenced the modern linguistic and ethnic consciousness of dialect speakers. The peculiarities of language education in Northern Podlasie are also analyzed. The factors that led to the preservation of Northern Podlasie dialects in multicultural conditions and, in fact, in the absence of direct contacts with Ukrainian dialects of the metropolis are identified; and on the other hand, the leveling of ethnic consciousness while preserving the specific language code. The current linguistic situation in the Northern Podlasie dialects is determined by the following main factors: age group of respondents, social status, occupation, family traditions, and, to a large extent, the size of the society, which determines the vitality of the dialect or, conversely, the loss of its prestige. The features of linguistic self-identification by modern speakers of Northern Podlasie dialects are investigated. The role of the idiolect in forming the portrait of the lateral dialect is studied. The tendency to the stability of idiolects in the context of the tangible dynamics of the dialect space is emphasized. The article also examines the written tradition of Northern Podlasie in the dialect, texts in the dialect of various functional styles, and different views on the status of Northern Podlasie dialects, including an attempt to establish a “Podlasie literary micro-language”. Dialectal features in the onomasticon and written microtexts of some other types are analyzed. Keywords: Ukrainian North Podlasie dialects, Ukrainian dialects in a foreign language environment, preservation of lateral dialects, language enclave, Ukrainian dialects of the borderlands.

English-Indonesian and Indonesian-English Code Switching Used by the Teachers in Teaching-Learning English at the 11th Grade of SMAN 2 Mataram in the Academic Year of 2022/2023

Language is the most important component of the lives of all individual’s life. People will be able to communicate with one another more conveniently and effectively if they use language. People speak a variety of languages for a variety of reasons. It could be anywhere, including home, work, school, or campus. In a communication process, people may switch language codes, such as the English language, to the Indonesian language or vice versa. This research aimed to identify and describe the types and functions of English-Indonesian and Indonesian-English code switching used by the teachers in teaching-learning English at the 11th Grade of SMAN 2 Mataram. This research concentrates on two English teachers who currently teach students in the 11th grade who are majoring in science during the academic year 2022/2023. This study employed a descriptive qualitative methodology, and observation was the primary data collection method. A pre-observation class will be held as the first step in this research project to choose the topic. From the results, during classrooms, the first English teacher’s utterances caused sixty-seven codes switching and the second English teacher’s utterances caused forty-six codes switching. While for the functions, both English teachers only used five out of six functions of code switching. The research results show that the type of code switching mainly used by the English teachers is inter-sentential code switching and the function used mainly by English teachers is managing class.

EPIC THEATER AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF COMMUNICATION

Reviewing Brecht's theatrical system as communication reveals the symbolic nature of the process of transferring a message through theatrical language (code). Combining a significant number of arts, the theatrical code contains various artistic languages that together form a theatrical text. The coding of the idea of a work of fiction in epic theater is done through a gaming strategy of distancing, reminiscent of a demonstratively rational manner of storytelling. Like Lessing and Schiller, Brecht wants not only to entertain the audience, but also to educate them in the spirit of the Enlightenment, to stimulate learning processes, and to develop critical thinking.
 The transformation of The Beggar's Opera into The Threepenny Opera is a model that demonstrates mastery of applying the material, an exemplary set of rules, and a technique of modification. The "old material" remains visible, but at the same time, the new in it allows us to "perceive things differently." Recognizability of the craft is crucial, because only transparency of approach brings the aesthetics and logic of the performance to the main denominator that makes repeatability possible: communication based on observation. Brecht conceives of observation on the basis of the visibility of a pointing gesture that functions as spectacles that the wearer does not even realize they are wearing. Everyday events are recreated in the manner of an eyewitness, repeated through demonstration, which implies the process of showing itself. The performance shows characters and scenes in an emphatically epic manner. The declared intention to avoid merging of the actor and the character as much as possible, and to demonstrate this as well, alienates the naturalness of the "street scene" and shows it as an artificially created repetition of the stage.
 The staging of the play as an "opera" generates unexpected visual and acoustic effects. The viewer sees and hears twice: an opera about an opera, as well as a denial of the attempt to imitate an opera as an opera. This performance shows that the Threepenny Opera is no longer a traditional "old opera" and at the same time not the final version of the "new opera." Trivial ideas about groups such as beggars or romantic events such as weddings, stereotypical thinking are dramatized, thus exposing them and encouraging reflection.

Analisis Penggunaan Campur Kode Dan Ahli Kode Dalam Kata Sambutan

Code switching and code mixing are various variations of language by a person or certain community groups, for example in schools, offices, housing and traditional markets. Traditional markets themselves can be said to be centers of interaction and transactions that allow speakers and speech partners to come from various regions with different backgrounds, statuses and mastery of languages. Differences in social backgrounds in speech communities in traditional market environments result in greater opportunities for the emergence of code-switching and code-mixing phenomena, and are interesting to study in more depth in terms of form, type and factors that influence the emergence of these phenomena.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative to examine data by explaining or describing the data contained in the remarks. The phenomenon of code mixing is the use of two or more languages ​​in a speech. Code mixing can occur if a language speaker, when using Indonesian, then inserts regional language elements into Indonesian speech. In other words, someone who speaks using the main Indonesian language code has an autonomous function, while the regional language codes involved in the main code are just fragments without function or autonomy as a code. Meanwhile, the Code Switching Phenomenon is a speech event with a change in language use. or dialect.

Evolution of the French Language System in Ivory Coast

This article examines the current state of the French language in Ivory Coast. The relevance of the study is related to the lack of research on the state of French in Ivory Coast, represented by the following varieties: Ivorian Popular French, Ivorian French and the Nouchi language code. Nouchi, an integral part of Ivory Coast's linguistic system and a crucial factor of Ivorian identity, remains a poorly researched phenomenon today. The aim of the work is to objectively describe the phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic changes that take place in French on the territory of Ivory Coast in a situation of interaction with the autochthonous languages under the influence of extralinguistic factors. The scientific novelty lies in the integrated approach to the study of the French language system in Ivory Coast and the differences between each of the varieties of French and standard French. The research uses general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special methods (descriptive and comparative methods). The analysis of the French language system shows the distinctive features of the French varieties from the standard French on the phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactical levels. Ivorian Popular French is characterised by the greatest influence from the autochthonous languages and numerous features at all levels of the language, caused by the lack of education of its speakers. The continuity and interconnectedness of all the varieties of language examined is highlighted: the oldest variant of Ivorian Popular French became the basis for the formation of modern Ivorian French. Nouchi, on the other hand, combines earlier variants of French with borrowings from the autochthonous and European languages. Ivorian French and Nouchi are now widespread in all social strata and contribute to the issue of Ivorian self-determination.

Phenomena of Literary and Musical Genre Migration in Ukrainian Piano Art (the Second Half of the XIXth – the First Third of the XXth Century)

The purpose of the work is to highlight the intermedial manifestations of the genre migration from literature to music based on the materials of piano compositions of the Ukrainian authors. Research methodology is based on the principles of comparative studies. In particular, intermedial approach to the study of inter-art language codes in musical compositions with the genre titles connected with the literature interaction has been used. Genological, system-analytical, generalised-typological, and comparative methods have been applied to draw parallels, to find similarities and differences between literary genre connotations and piano interpretations of a ballad, elegy, impromptu, fairy tale, legend, and poem. Scientific novelty of the research lies in an attempt of intermedial analysis of piano compositions with the existing in literature genre definitions by means of semantic-semiotic interferences. The concepts of the “genre migration” have been introduced to the comparative sphere of literary and musical genre halos, sometimes supplemented with programme guidelines, including reliance on specific folklore sources. Conclusions. Migration of the literary genres to the sphere of music is one of the dimensions of intermediality caused by paratexts of inter-artistic dialogues and polylogues in semiotics and semantic plane, as well as in composition-structural aspect. Despite the fact that these interferences are quite conditional, genre paradigm borrowings are the evidence of the direct mutual influence of literature and music, especially on the examples of the genres of ballad and elegy, which represent the genres of the double music-poetic genesis. Comparison with the genre primary basis-“paragon”, paratextual combination of musical genres with the literary ones (etude-legend, sonata-ballad) or with the programme title allow to claim the individualisation of the composer’s interpretation at different levels of the artistic organisation of a piano script. To sum it up, using literary genre models enriched figurative-semantic, stylistic, and spiritually-cognitive resources of Ukrainian piano music.
 Keywords: Ukrainian piano art, literary genres (impromptu, fairy-tale, legend, poem), genres of the double music-poetic genesis (ballad, elegy), genre migration, eminent text.

FENOMENA DIGLOSIA PADA TUTURAN SISWA KELAS 12 IBB MAN 1 PROBOLINGGO DALAM KEGIATAN BELAJAR MENGAJAR MAPEL BAHASA INDONESIA

Diglossia is a discussion of the human ability to communicate in several different language codes in a society, which means a state of society where there are two variations of one language that coexist and each has a certain role. There are two types of diglossia, namely the T function for formal situations and the R type for casual situations. One of the uses of the T variety is when teaching and learning takes place at MAN 1 Probolinggo in class 12 IBB in two meetings held on 29 August – 05 September 2023. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques by observing and noting the results are: I'm sick, come on, just do my homework, please do it, I'll let you go, I'm sleepy, I don't know, stop first, I forgot I was in a hurry, I didn't eat, why didn't I come in, I'm sleeping, my grades have to be good, I'm afraid.

Assessing the Effect of Programming Language and Task Type On Eye Movements of Computer Science Students

Background and Context: Understanding how a student programmer solves different task types in different programming languages is essential to understanding how we can further improve teaching tools to support students to be industry-ready when they graduate. It also provides insight into students’ thought processes in different task types and languages. Few (if any) studies investigate whether any differences exist between the reading and navigation behavior while completing different types of tasks in different programming languages. Objectives: We investigate whether the use of a certain programming language (C++ vs. Python) and type of task (new feature vs. bug fixing) has an impact on performance and eye movement behavior in students exposed to both languages and task types. Participants: Fourteen students were recruited from a Python course that taught Python as an introductory programming language. Study Method: An eye tracker was used to track how student programmers navigate and view source code in different programming languages for different types of tasks. The students worked in the Geany IDE (used also in their course) while eye tracking data was collected behind the scenes making their working environment realistic compared to prior studies. Each task type had a Python and C++ version, albeit on different problems to avoid learning effects. Standard eye tracking metrics of fixation count and fixation durations were calculated on various areas of the screen and on source code lines. Normalized versions of these metrics were used to compare across languages and tasks. Findings: We found that the participants had significantly longer average fixation duration and total fixation duration adjusted for source code length during bug fixing tasks than the feature addition tasks, indicating bug fixing is harder. Furthermore, participants looked at lines adjacent to the line containing the bug more often before looking at the buggy line itself. Participants who added a new feature correctly made their first edit earlier compared to those who failed to add the feature. Tasks in Python and C++ have similar overall fixation duration and counts when adjusted for character count. The participants spent more time fixating on the console output while doing Python tasks. Overall, task type has a bigger effect on the overall fixation duration and count compared to the programming language. Conclusions: CS educators can better support students in debugging their code if they know what they typically look at while bug fixing. For new feature tasks, training students not to fear edits to learn about the code could also be actively taught and encouraged in the classroom. CS education researchers can benefit by building better IDE plugins and tools based on eye movements that guide novices in recognizing bugs and aid in adding features. These results will lead to updating prior theories on mental models in program comprehension of how developers read and understand source code. They will eventually help in designing better programming languages and better methods of teaching programming based on evidence on how developers use them.

Towards Maximising Hardware Resources and Design Efficiency via High-Speed Implementation of HMAC based on SHA-256 Design

Some applications, such as Message Authentication Code (MAC), rely on different hashing operations. There are various hash functions, including Message-Digest 5 (MD5), RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest 160 (RIPEMD-160), Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), and Secure Hash Algorithm 256 (SHA-256), among others. The network layer is the third of seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) concept, also known as the Internet. It handles network addressing and physical data routing. Nowadays, enhanced internet security is necessary to safeguard networks from illegal surveillance. As a result, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) introduces secure communication across the Internet by encrypting and/or authenticating network traffic at the IP level. IPsec is an internet-based security protocol. Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH) protocols are separated into two protocols. The MAC value is stored in the authentication data files of the Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload. This article analyses a fast implementation of the Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC), which uses its algorithm to ensure the validity and integrity of data to optimise hardware efficiency and design efficacy using the SHA-256 algorithm. During data transfer, HMAC is critical for message authentication. It was successfully developed using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) code with the implementation of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device using the Altera Quartus II Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tool to enhance the maximum frequency of the design. The accuracy of the HMAC design, which is based on the SHA-256 design, was examined and confirmed using ModelSim. The results indicate that the maximum frequency of the HMAC-SHA-256 design is approximately 195.16 MHz.

TCCCD: Triplet-Based Cross-Language Code Clone Detection

Code cloning is a common practice in software development, where developers reuse existing code to accelerate programming speed and enhance work efficiency. Existing clone-detection methods mainly focus on code clones within a single programming language. To address the challenge of code clone instances in cross-platform development, we propose a novel method called TCCCD, which stands for Triplet-Based Cross-Language Code Clone Detection. Our approach is based on machine learning and can accurately detect code clone instances between different programming languages. We used the pre-trained model UniXcoder to map programs written in different languages into the same vector space and learn their code representations. Then, we fine-tuned TCCCD using triplet learning to improve its effectiveness in cross-language clone detection. To assess the effectiveness of our proposed approach, we conducted thorough comparative experiments using the dataset provided by the paper titled CLCDSA (Cross Language Code Clone Detection using Syntactical Features and API Documentation). The experimental results demonstrated a significant improvement of our approach over the state-of-the-art baselines, with precision, recall, and F1-measure scores of 0.96, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively. In summary, we propose a novel cross-language code-clone-detection method called TCCCD. TCCCD leverages the pre-trained model UniXcode for source code representation and fine-tunes the model using triplet learning. In the experimental results, TCCCD outperformed the state-of-the-art baselines in terms of the precision, recall, and F1-measure.

The cultural language code adaptation by students from East Nusa Tenggara to Javanese culture

Every human being has a different culture and self-identity. These differences can be adjusted through intercultural communication activities. This study discusses adjusting the language code in intercultural communication for students from Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) towards Javanese Culture within the Stikosa-AWS Campus which aims to find out how the process of adjusting the language code in intercultural communication for students from NTT who interact with Javanese people. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method in which to analyze data on cases that occur objects. The research subjects were five students from NTT, one of whom was born in Surabaya and lives near the Stikosa-AWS Campus. The results of this study indicate that verbal and nonverbal are used when adapting the language code between students from NTT to Javanese culture. A dialect is a verbal form that NTT students can adapt due to daily interactions. There are only slight differences in nonverbal forms such as gestures, expressions, accents, intonation, and tempo of NTT students who live in the Javanese ethnic area, namely, only body movements. The processes NTT students can go through with Javanese culture are assimilation and integration. NTT students and the surrounding Javanese community both assimilate without prejudice to each other to gain comfort and peace. The integration process is carried out by maintaining regional language codes but still interacting with each other. The
 attitude that must be possessed by NTT students and the Javanese community is to emphasize mutual tolerance.

MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ISYARAT DENGAN METODE MULTIMEDIA DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Interactive learning media is one manifestation of the use of information and communication technology in the field of education. One part of the use of information technology is Augmented Reality, where the use of Augmented Reality in education is still lacking. Education is not only for those with normal physical abilities, but all people have the right to receive an education that is general, as well as children with special characteristics, such as deaf students who are at SLB Negeri 1 Palopo. Deaf students are students who have lost the ability to hear which hinders the process of language information through hearing, because of these limitations the teaching and learning process will become an obstacle, so other media are needed to visualize the alphabetic sign language code so that it can be learned easily and interactively. Augmented Reality is the right technology to overcome this. The implementation of Augmented Reality is used for Android mobile devices with the Multimedia Development life Cycle.

Using Natural Language Processing for Programming Language Code Classification with Multinomial Naive Bayes

Using Natural Language Processing for Programming Language Code Classification with Multinomial Naive Bayes

ALTERNATIONS OF INDONESIAN SOUNDS IN SAMBAS MALAY

Indonesian is derived from Standard Malay, while Sambas Malay (SM), a language-code spoken by indigenous people mostly living in Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan, becomes one of Malay dialects; and SIL (2006) also explains it becomes one of standard variations of Malay. Therefore, the two language codes are assumed to be derived from the same ancestral language, i.e., Proto-Austronesian language. Consequently, Indonesian and SM share sameness which is shown by identical cognates of the two language codes. There are other cognates which show sound alternations. The sound alternations comprise changes, additions, deletions, and syllabic movements of segments and sound clusters. The data corpora are the phonological forms of the cognates of Indonesian and SM. The phonological forms of SM cognates are obtained from and/or based on a previous study on phonological aspects of SM lexical items conducted by Firman et al. (1998). Meanwhile, Indonesian cognates are Indonesian lexical items which are available in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (the Main Dictionary of Indonesian) and become the equivalents for SM lexical items afore-mentioned; and the phonological forms of Indonesian cognates are determined by referring to the rules of grapheme-phoneme correspondences in Indonesian proposed by Fauzi (2015). Sound alternations show morphophonemic alternations like consonant weakening, consonant strengthening, lenition, fortition, nasalization, de-nasalization, glottalization, de-glottalization, vowel laxing, vowel tensing, diphthongization, sound deletion, sound addition, gemination or consonant doubling, sound fusion, sound fission, metatheses, assimilation, dissimilation, word lengthening, word shortening, and de-reduplication. Certain findings show certain phonotactics in SM. The result of the discussion also shows the distribution of segments in both of two language codes.

Trajectory Kinematics Control for a Robotis Bioloid Premium Arm

This paper addresses the problem of trajectory tracking in one arm of the Bioloid Premium humanoid robot. The kinematics modeling of the left arm was obtained using the Denavit-Hartenberg methodology. A kinematics control strategy based on state feedback and Input-Output Linearization technique was employed to achieve accurate tracking of the desired trajectories. A C language code was written to reprogram the CM-530 controller of the Bioloid Premium to allow it to interpret and execute the trajectory positions. In addition, wireless communication was established using ROS as the development platform. The experimental results demonstrate the success of the proposed approach in applying kinematic control on the robotic arm, offering an accurate and advanced alternative to the mobility options natively enabled by the ROBOTIS software.

A review on statistical language and neural network based code completion

Code completion, also referred to as intellisense, is a prevalent feature of Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) and code editors. It aids developers by automatically recommending and inserting code segments, variable names, and method names, among other things. With the accelerated growth of the software industry and the process of digitalization in recent years, the demand for software engineers has reached a record-high level. Thus, the advancement of code completion is encouraged and has become a popular topic in software engineering. This paper examines and summarizes the development of a statistical language and neural network-based code completion system. The main contents consist of introducing the concepts of code completion system, summarizing the general process of code completion and the evaluation metrics used for performance benchmarking, reviewing and summarizing the existing work conducted on statistical language approach and neural network approach respectively, as well as the limitations and challenges of existing code completion method, and finally forecasting the future development of code completion techniques.